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One of the features that has distinguished industrial relations in Australia from those of other countries in the twentieth century has been the legally binding awards of industrial tribunals. These have occupied the place of collective bargaining elsewhere and the Australian peculiarity has usually been traced back to the great strikes and the defeat of the unions in the 1890s.1 Nevertheless, the events leading up to B. R. Wise's very successful arbitration act of 1901 have received only cursory consideration. The New South Wales Trade Disputes Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1892, which followed by three months Victoria's Councils of Conciliation Act of 1891, was the second such measure to be passed by any Australasian colony and as a pioneer ing and useful experiment should not be dismissed merely (in the words of William Pember Reeves) as 'an amiable and nicely drafted measure' and 'a not inexpensive piece of waste paper'.2 One line of Labour historians has seen conciliation and arbitration as a Labour achievement. George Black wrongly included it among the planks of the Labor Electoral League platform of 1891 which Henry Parkes promised to implement and he considered J. H. Cann's amendment bill of 1893 to be a Labor party bill, although in fact eight Labor members voted against it.3 L. G. Churchward asserts that the Labor parties provided the main drive for compulsory arbitration in the 'nineties,4 but it should be pointed out that not until 1898 did Labour as a whole press for compulsory awards. The other line of Labour thinking is exemplified by Brian Fitzpatrick who saw that, 'the arbitration system was of the masters' making, not the men's', and that the acts of 1892 and 1901 'were not Labor measures, nor did they necessarily owe much to the Labor Party'. Here the word 'necessarily' converts a precise into an unclear statement, and Fitzpatrick's account shifts uneasily between a denial of Labour paternity for the acts and an admission that Labour pressed for and influenced the legislation. Fitzpatrick did not distinguish between Labour's attitude to voluntary conciliation and to compulsory arbitration and he gave an erroneous account of the act of 1892 which later historians have repeated.5 In seeking the origin of the arbitration system in Australia almost infinite regression is possible. English practice and precedent came

The control role of a dominant male in a captive group of pigtail macaques is described in this paper, with a particular emphasis on broadening this concept. A number of behavioral categories are shown to be highly correlated with the control role, making the concept of control role more useful in the study of non-human primate sociality.

Professor Robinson, in the chair, said that during the first four sessions of the Round Table it was intended to find possible areas of conflict between the interests of North America and of Europe. It was necessary to get the interests of each area clear, as seen by its inhabitants. Professor Wallich would talk about the interests of the United States. Professor Robinson said that, as Chairman of the Programme Committee, he had deliberately asked another American participant to comment on this paper in order to try to make it as clear as possible what were the interests of the United States. The same would be done in the following session for Canada, and later papers and their discussions would deal similarly with the areas of Europe.

An attempt is here made to survey the state of published knowledge of a branch of electrical engineering that has recently come into prominence and to present an introduction to it in general terms within a range sufficient to explain the development of what in effect is a new technique and its relation to other branches of electrical engineering. The first part of the paper describes the salient properties of electromagnetic waves in hollow metal tubes and reveals the great extent to which the theory of the subject had its origin in the researches of Lord Rayleigh and other investigators who, during the closing years of the last century, worked in Great Britain. It also indicates to how great an extent the development of the theory and its practical application are due to researches carried out during recent years mainly, in the United States. The second part of the paper gives a systematic account of the development of elementary equipment appropriate to hollow tube transmission, with analogies from acoustics, telephony, and radio engineering. The third part describes phenomena observed at the open ends of guides?flared or unflared?and exhibits the efficiency of these devices as radiators of energy into free space. The prospective field of application of guides embraces systems of communication operating over any distance, and providing telephone and television channels in numbers vastly exceeding those of any system of established type. When flared into horns, guides may serve in systems for broadcasting of music or television, for blind landing of aeroplanes, for detecting, locating and man?uvring of ships, and for other purposes for which at present radiators and receivers of conventional type are used. Although the usefulness of such systems may thereby be enhanced or extended in range, their mode of operation is well known and hence their description is beyond the scope of this paper. The full extent of the field of application of guides will ultimately be governed by costs and must, for the present, remain a matter of conjecture; but, judged from the course the development has taken during recent years, conjecture suggests that the field will be large and attractive.

The Tellurometer system, in the form of Microdistancer equipment for overland measurements, was introduced early in 1957. It may be fairly stated that since that date a new vista has been opened to the surveyor—the use of accurate radio line measurements in the art of surveying. As we all know, this has already had a profound effect upon land survey practices. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss new developments of the system as they may be applied to geodesy or hydrography.

Since the casting of alloy iron is usually a continuous rathc.r than a hatch process, the problem of composition caontrol rcsolvc~ itself into :L c~~~trol of the drifts in the concentration of the several alloying constituc~nts in ttlc Irloltcn iron in the furnace or cupola. If the drifts are to be maintained uithin n::rro:v limits of tolerance, the analysis system used must tncet several rtquircrnc3it~ The accuracy of the analysis must, of course, be adequate; spcrifically, the, uucortainty must be substantially less thrn t,he permissible Variation irl content. In addition, it is of vital importance that the elapsed time bctwt,cn the pouring of a sample of the iron and the posting of the analysis results should bc made as brief as possible; otherwise, a control of drifts is not provided and an inspection analysis only results. Por some years, the authors have been interested in the application of the spectrograph to routine control problems in iron and steel. Papers have been published elsewhere?,3 on the development of a spectrographic method of analysis and its installation at the plant of the Campbell, Wyant and Cannon Foundry Company, Muskegon, Michigan. The procecfurc permits thr nnalysia of a sample of cast iron for chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel nrld silicon in seven minutes elapsed time, while the accl!rucy exceeds that, of the routine chemical wet methods previously used. In the analysis procedure, spectra arc recorded on a photographic plate on glass sufficiently thin to accept’without fracture the curvature imposed by the spectrograph. The plate is processed, and, sinrr efforts to measurr tlcnsities on wet plates have proved uniformly ullsatisfactory, it is dried hefurc: the rcadinps are taken. Since the processing and drying of the photographic, plate was in;tially, and still remains, the most protracted optbrution of thf;tualysis ~chcclulr, the problem of rcclucing the time required has bt2c.n given consitlrreblr~ attention. It is thought that the technique dcvrloprd may be of interest to GpCctrnscopists and to others for whom rapid plate progressing is urgc>nt. IM;lilq of t hlb pro4ure are prcscnted below \Vhile the processing of any photographic plate may he Il;l

The world catch of marine fish has doubled in 10 years and is still rising. The need for the fleets to go farther afield, and the desire for a better balance of costs and earnings together with improved quality of product, have given rise to a number of innovations, such as freezing at sea, stern trawling and sophisticated machinery systems based on the internal-combustion engine. The author reviews these developments and their potential effect on the economics of the industry. Research and development on trawl gear and freezing plant, with which the author has been associated, are described briefly. New methods are forcing the industry to approach design of ships more rationally; recent studies on a trawl winch are cited as an example. In the paper attention is drawn to lack of knowledge in several fields, e.g. flow of boiling refrigerants and heat transfer thereto, the movement of vessels in a seaway, etc. The engineering effort in fisheries development in the United Kingdom is described briefly. Much of the applied research and development requires the co-operation of engineers and biological scientists; the exchange of knowledge and ideas is by no means all in one direction.

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction Several obscure diseases attack garden varieties of perennial delphiniums (hybrids and horticultural varieties of several species of Delphinium) and cause losses to seed companies, nurserymen, and growers. One of these diseases is particularly troublesome, sometimes causing delphiniums grown from seed to fail totally the second year. Some of the choicest seeds, requiring hand-pollination and bagging, are grown in California; and often these hybrid seeds, also selected for mildew resistance, are lost owing to this disease. Because the symptoms resemble those of California aster yellows on other host plants, an investigation was undertaken to determine whether this disease is caused by the virus of California aster yellows. In the course of the work on this disease, several other delphinium virus diseases and troubles resembling viroses were investigated. The reports of these investigations have been divided into six papers. The present paper is confined to the work with California aster yellows on perennial delphiniums. Experiments with two other naturally occurring viroses of perennial delphiniums are reported in the other papers of this issue (18), (22).3 The attempts to infect perennial delphiniums experimentally with other viruses are reported in a fourth paper (20). Two leaf variegations of perennial delphiniums resembling viroses but not infectious were encountered; these are reported in a fifth paper (19). Several of the virus diseases attacking perennial delphiniums affect also annual delphiniums, or larkspur (Delphinium Ajacis); the experiments with this host plant are published in a sixth paper (21).

Available data on statistics of wave height and period have been collected on the world sea areas and routes. The purpose of this paper is to establish tentatively standard family of wave spectra for prediction of wave bending moments in rough seas based on such wave data.Theoretical wave spectra originally proposed byNeumann, Darbyshire, Roll-Fischer and Pierson-Moskowitz were modified realistically to fit the observed sea states and compared with each other. Further, the comparative investigation was carried out on the standard deviations of wave bending moments of two ships in rough seas, which were obtained from those wave spectra and response operators.There are not so significant differences between the results obtained from those modified wave spectra. The results derived from modified Darbyshire spectra, however, have a tendency rather different from the others. Modified Pierson-Moskowitz wave spectra proposed by I. S. S. C. would be appropriate for short-term and long-term pridiction of wave bending moments in rough seas and acceptable as an interim proposal.