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Here are five steps which will help make your firm's long-range plans pay off. They are described by a writer with practical experience in the field who takes the mystery and statistical double talk out of the subject and presents LRP as the useful, moneysaving tool for business decision making that it is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the article "Performance-Based Teacher Education: What is the State of the Art?," by Stanley Elam, which appeared in the December 1971 issue of "AACTE Bulletin." Performance-based teacher education is a multifaceted concept in search of practioners because it is not a full-fledged movement in the United States. Performance goals are specified and agreed upon in thorough detail in advance of instruction when it comes to performance-based programs. The program has to be systematic and must comply under certain standards.

The article discusses profit maximization in advertising. The author attempts to distinguish between advertisements (ads) that will work from those that will not. In his opinion, ads fail for four distinct reasons. First, some advertisers don't set clear goals in advance. Without an achievable objective, success cannot be measured. The second reason he believes ads fail is because of a breakdown in the ad's message. The message conveyed must be relevant to the product, differentiate the product from the competition, contain at least one consumer benefit, and be believable. Another reason is that few advertisers are making use of knowledge about market segmentation and purchase concentration. Finally, he feels ads fail because too few advertisers give their ads enough exposure.

The article focuses on the background of evaluation considerations and summary of procedures for assessing the Experience Teacher Fellowship Program in Economic Education in the U.S. In response to queries about program effectiveness, program directors have cited statistics that reveal the number of programs conducted, the number of participants in attendance, and the number of school systems involved. Success is implied so long as the data reveal that more teachers participated in special programs during the year under study than had participated during the previous year. Perhaps the primary benefit derived from accountability evaluation is the documentation of strengths and weaknesses, information that provides guidance for present and successive programs. Modifications are achieved through an emphasis on process rather than product and are directed toward the achievement of greater efficiency and effectiveness. Prior to 1960 evaluation often centered on determining the extent to which the educational objectives of a program were realized. To make the needed measurements at the conclusion of a program it became necessary to state objectives in behavioral terms and outcomes as percentage achievement.

The article analyses the salient variables that lead to delinquency and discusses past research on the issue. It also focuses on two different types of goal discrepancy, long range and more immediate goal discrepancy. The article concludes that long-range goal discrepancy is untenable as a cause for delinquency. The population used for this study consisted of the total male population of eight high schools in California, a total of 1,338 boys. The present is more important than future to these students. Peer pressure and academic failures also lead to delinquency. Frustration in itself was not a sufficient indicator of delinquent behavior. The pressure resulting from a discrepancy between high aspirations and limited legitimate opportunities, forces lower-class adolescents to seek alternative-often deviant-means to realize these aspirations. The pressure resulting from the discrepancy between cultural goals, that fuels the aspirations for higher goals, and socially sanctioned means, is then the cause for most delinquency in the society.

This article discusses the cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures implemented by educators in education in the United States and its effect on the learning process and its outcomes. The article says that critics and educational reformers have mixed views on these goal structures. They usually criticize the competitive goal structure, despite the high importance given to interpersonal competition in the current educational curriculum. This article emphasizes on the importance of cooperative skills in the instructional activities. It says that the evaluation of student competence should take place within individualistic or cooperative goal structures. Currently, the most popular goal structure in instruction is interpersonal competition.

The article presents an analysis of several instruments that had been constructed and validated for objectives related to the Nature of Science based on the context of education in the U.S. The instruments used and mentioned were science attitude scale, processes of science test, nature of science scale, science attitude inventory and science attitude questionnaire. These instruments contained common ideas and are based on existing philosophical and scientific models and approaches. Several criteria on the selection of instruments to be use in the study are provided. Science educators preferred those instruments which were broad and comprehensive in terms of scope as those are considered valuable in the study of the nature of science.

The Conference of Minority Public Administrators (COMPA) is an affiliate of the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). Organized following the 1970 annual ASPA meeting, COMPA has identified organizational objectives, which encompass two broad areas of concern. The first of these is improvement of the quality of public services affecting the lives and well being of minority citizens. The second is expansion of opportunities for members of minority groups to assume leadership roles in public service. Program activities, which have been undertaken by COMPA, have fallen within these broad areas. COMPA to some extent regards its second objective as further articulation of the first. This is because it firmly believes the quality of public services to any population is affected by the representativeness of the delivery systems of the perspectives and concerns of that population. This article considers briefly some of the factors which, in the opinion of the author, have slowed COMPA's realization of its potential, how these are being overcome, some of its accomplishments and, finally, what appear to be its prospects for the future.

The article discusses the Pendelton Act of 1883 in the U.S. The Act established the basic charter for the federal merit system and federal career service. Although one has much to be proud of in the growth and strengthening of the federal merit system tre

Discusses the formulation of objectives of geographic research in the United States. Sequent occupance as a geographic concept; Genetic studies; Remedial studies.

The article discusses the criteria for teaching models in art education for public schools in the U.S. It suggests that teachers should incorporate the models of the artist, historian and critics to combine the production, development and judgment of the work. The model should challenge the teacher's concepts and goal of education to develop more humanistic approach to education. Furthermore, the model should assists the students in developing his own unique talents and respect the uniqueness of himself and of others.

This paper is not a learned discussion of American police procedures and techniques; neither is it a treatise on police administration. It is intended to be a provocative treatment of some of the more serious and resistant problems confronting the police. Its objectives will have been attained if it stimulates productive thought and provides a foundation upon which there can be a fruitful discussion leading to sound recommendations for future treatment of these and other police problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effects of goal statements on the performance of the 40 public school and 40 institutionalized educable mentally retarded adolescents (EMR) males who were given 10 item spelling tasks at 2 difficulty levels in the U.S. Study revealed that the overall mean score of subjects making goal statements was significantly greater than that of subjects not making such statements. They also found that the performance of EMR males on a simple educational task is greater under goal-setting conditions.

The article presents a study to determine the effects of goal-setting and modeling techniques on the job performance of retarded male adolescents during a work training program in the U.S. Forty-eight educable mentally retarded adolescents from the Kennedy Job Training Center were involved in the experimental task, a taping operation for a period of 45 minutes per day for five weeks. The results of the study indicate that the work potential of mentally retarded adolescents can be effectively increased by both personal and social motivational factors.

In January 1957, the Executive Committee of the American Accounting Association appointed the first committee on management accounting; the primary charge being "to clarify just what is meant by the term management accounting. In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the potential utilization of accounting data by management for internal purposes. At the same time there has been an increasing recognition of the limitations of accounting as it exists today in meeting these needs. Management accounting is the application of appropriate techniques and concepts in processing the historical and projected economic data of an entity to assist management in establishing a plan for reasonable economic objectives and in the making of rational decisions with a view toward achieving these objectives. It includes the methods and concepts necessary for effective planning, for choosing among alternative business actions and for control through the evaluation and interpretation of performance. Management accounting concepts are especially important in that they deal with the fundamentals of maximizing return on investment, a primary objective of the business entity. This is especially true in the field of marketing where the broad and complex problems of pricing, methods of distribution, marginal cost and product mix must be met and solved.

The wide swing in the amount of disposable income for these families over the 10-year period have demanded careful long-time planning. The increase in savings has been due in part to the irregularity of the amount of disposable income received each year. More money has been saved during years of high income to offset the insecurity of the years of low income, as in 1933 and 1934. The irregularity of income has also prevented high fixed living expenditures. The average spending pattern of these families changed little after there was sufficient disposable income to support a level of living of $1300 in terms of 1910-14 dollars. Expenditures above that amount were due to price changes and major, infrequent purchases of durable goods. The use of disposable income in 1938-1940 represents a period when families had an opportunity to choose the level of living desired as far as such selection was dependent upon available income and goods and services. Apparently through careful planning and directing their use of disposable income over a period of years, these families are gradually obtaining their goals of financial security, modern homes and comfortable living.

This article discusses the problems encountered by the school related to their program and to social pressures in the U.S. In order to modify the problem of the schools, certain groups use their influence as regards instruction in health, safety, economics, conceptions of government, and the like. On the other hand, in order to achieve the school's mission, they need the support of the groups within the school community. The influence may be very specific when the achievement of particular objectives is sought.

On two occasions students in a Lebanese university were asked to reply in writing to six questions which posed hypothetical situations. There was considerable similarity between the replies of the students answering in 1952 and those answering in 1956. In reply to questions eliciting wishes, our students, as compared with American students in a similar study, seemed more eager for academic, vocational, and political achievement but less concerned with world peace and family welfare. When asked to name deeds of which they were incapable, the Arab students placed greatest emphasis on inability to change themselves whereas American students had placed comparatively greater stress on inability to control the environment. Arab women expressed many more wishes for an opportunity to travel than did the men. Arab men resembled American men in expressing more interest than the women in achievement and in politics.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the politics and urban development in case of the New York region. The political system of the New York region shares a number of similarities with the political systems of many American metropolitan areas, although its tri-state expanse, historical background and other factors have yielded some unique characteristics. The region's political system--and that of any region or nation-state-can be viewed in terms of a continuum between a high degree of integration and a high degree of fragmentation. An integrated political system is one in which there is widespread agreement on the goals or values toward which the political system should be oriented, as well as on the roles of the various units in achieving these goals. A fragmented political system is one in which there is extensive disagreement on these questions. If one focuses on general values and roles, the political system of the New York region would appear to be relatively integrated. Certainly it is closer to the integration end of the continuum than the political systems of Weimar Germany, France during the Third and Fourth Republics, or contemporary Vietnam As is the case in most parts of the United States, a large majority of the residents of the region are in general agreement on the values which should be maximized by governmental policies.

The article presents information on the objectives proposed by students for the survey type of course in physics in the colleges in the United States. This course has an impact on all other branches and its increasing demand has created the need for a re-evaluation. Because this course is open for non-science students to increase their science-consciousness. Since they have no adequate back-ground in science these courses have posed a severe problem to the college administrators. To solve this problem, they have assigned the students themselves to determine their need requirements in such courses. Around 150 students from three survey courses at the University of Southern California were selected for this purpose and were asked to list the objectives, which they consider important in this course.

The article presents views of the author about leadership and management in the federal government. The context is the environment of public service and how it influences what the people can do. The government tends to get about what it deserves in the way of initiatives, response and motivation. This starts with attitudes, goals and objectives of the administration. Here and nowhere else are the headwaters of possibilities with which people are asked to cope. Do not expect leaders to emerge from a career service that is not respected nor valued. Don't expect them to lead when public policy does not lead. The quality of the public service is the direct descendant of the quality of public policy, because leadership in government is a matter of glimpsing the potential of the society and striving to overtake that potential. The country does not want to be hassled. The operative view is that the bureaucracy is fat, bloated, and expensive and that reform is in order. The calculus of presidential policy is constructed on the proposition that government has blundered with domestic policies which have triggered social conflict, strife, and disequilibrium and that the need is to right things through a settling process.

Discusses the establishment of a speech teaching program in secondary education in the United States. Importance of the high school principal's support; Selecting goals of instruction; Choosing curricular and co-curricular plans for achieving goals; Determining the nature and extent of the speech preparation prospective teachers should have.

The article talks about educational responsibility in U.S. schools. The effects of the call for greater educational responsibility on those who teach the uses of language are offered. Educational problems, such as public criticisms of educational facilities, curriculum, teacher education programs, and attempts to involve the community in school life, are overstated as propaganda and are not informative and constructive. The article also discusses behavioral objectives, critical issues involved in performance objectives, and the emphasis on personal growth and self-discovery through language.

The article presents a study which investigates the immediate, intermediate, and long range goals, challenges to the goals, and aids to the goals of male high school seniors in the U.S. The study is addressed to high school teachers, guidance personnel, and parents as to how they can help the students in making realistic goals. There were 485 male high school seniors who were chosen to answer a checklist of 193 items which determine the realistic goals of the subjects. Results of the study revealed that the goals of male high school seniors were striking evidence of a wholesome outlook on life. Outcomes of their intelligence quotient (IQ) and socio-economic levels were also evaluated.

The article discusses the aims of general education stated by a committee of the Progressive Education Association in the U.S. Its purpose is to meet the needs of individuals in the basic aspects of living and promote the fullest possible realization of personal potentialities. The objective of science for the purposes of general education is to develop certain fundamental concepts. It has the objective to acquire a working familiarity with scientific vocabulary used in literature and learn something of methods of scientific thinking.

Many occupations and professions in American society today are experiencing dissension and debate over the definition over responsible professional practice. Within journalism, the debate revolves around objectivity versus subjectivity, detachment versus advocacy, observer versus watchdog. In this article, the authors define two clearly distinguishable sets of belief systems concerning the functions of the media and the role of the journalist, and analyze their antecedents and correlates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an investigation which determine the effects of performance objectives in the achievement of the students in the U.S. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectivity of this instructional strategy to the performance of low achieving pupils. 210 students and 6 teachers from black inner school participated in the study. Teachers that uses performance objectives had a significant effect on the development of student cognitive. In addition, this instructional technique appears effective in the performance of low achiever students.

The article discusses the inconsistency of professional educators on aims for education in the U.S. In the past, two basic aims have been presented to the schools. First, is to educate children to be more productive and to fit into society. Second, is to educate for change and improvement in society and lead it to higher goals. However, these two objectives presents problems for the schools. Furthermore, in a recently completed study, an attempt was made to assess the level of inconsistency in educational aim held by professional educators. In the study, value statements were selected from current literature and grouped into ten pairs and then given to educators. The results were expressed in percent values.

The article assesses the lack of congruence in the aims and objectives of teacher education in the U.S. The author presents views and insights on the concerns of the general public on the state of education in the country. Educators have stressed the importance of possessing a progressive attitude. Significantly, the educational attitude of an individual would fall somewhere along a continuum between the extremes of progressivism and traditionalism. The findings of the study indicates that there are two major causes for such an ineffective goal achievement wherein: (1) there is a shift toward progressivism; and (2) cooperating teachers held more traditional educational attitudes as a direct opposition to the teacher education goals.

The article presents a research that deals with attitudes, motives, and characteristics of a cross section of the individuals involved in present-day migration to Kalamazoo, Michigan. This medium sized city with a population of 54,097 has much in common with many other American communities, and the information obtained undoubtedly has considerable application to other localities. Although the focus of the study is migration, many of the attitudes have sufficient generality that their correlation with age, sex, socio-economic status, marital status, and veteran status will be of interest to persons not primarily interested in migration. It is felt that the present research may not be comparable with most research done to date on motives and attitudes associated with migration, and a historical summary does not appear justified. Instead, reference will be made to other studies only at the several points where reasonable comparability exists. The contention that the social psychologist can make a real contribution to this area on the plane of experiences underlying the moving situation underlines the past overemphasis upon the typical census approach to this problem.

The article discusses the study on the validity of clinical ratings for an extreme environment. The study involves 600 Navy and scientist participants in seven expedition of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program, who were examined independently by psychologists and psychiatrists and rated on personality trait scales. The clinical ratings were correlated with performance measures derived from evaluations by station supervisors and peers after one year at an Antarctic scientific station. Predictions were most effective when examiners received most information concerning assessment objectives and the Antarctic environment.

The article presents information on the values in education and its implications for social work. Education today is a dynamic social process, its responsibility to our society is to protect, strengthen and extend democracy and preserve, rebuild and fortify human and natural resources. Schools must provide a program to meet the educational needs of all children. Wherever necessary, they should provide supplementary help for children so that they may use their school experiences to the best of their abilities. Another criticism of education today is the concern of many that American youth today tends to seek security and conformity in the organization and structure of our industrial society. To inspire a reactivation of creativity and productive thinking, business concerns have resorted to "brain-storming" techniques and other devices to free intellectual powers that seem to lie dormant. If social work, as an influential force in one's society, is to help achieve fundamental goals it is essential that social workers relate to the basic institution of education in a significant way. They must gain knowledge of the broad aspects of education, of its philosophy and developments in the context of changing needs in American society. Education has responded to changing conditions in different periods.

The article focuses on the announcement made by the Columbia University, New York on October 12, 1962 on its plan to establish a Latin American Institute. This institute will be the seventh regional study project to be established in Columbia. Like its predecessors, the Latin American Institute will be part of Columbia's School of International Affairs and Regional Institute. The first director of the new institute will be Dr. Charles Wagley, professor of anthropology at the university and an authority on Latin American social structures. The primary objective of the institute will be to meet a fundamental national and educational need, namely, the achievement of a more knowledgeable basis for the conduct of inter-American cultural, political, social and economic affairs. It is expected that approximately 75 graduate students will be enrolled in the institute when it opens next September. Sixteen professors, all experts in some phase of Latin American studies, have been assigned to the institutes teaching staff from other departments of the university. A list of staff members who will offer courses in the new institute is also given.

This article presents a reprint of the paper "L'informatique etlepouvoir: Pouvoir dans l'entreprise et pouvoir de l'entreprise," that was published in the May 1972 issue of the periodical "Informatique et Gestion." A brief recall of the most recent concepts on the functioning of organizations will allow the potential implications of informatics for the distribution of power in a company to be better understood and will clarify the reactions of the cadres in this regard. Specialists on business administration and sociologists specializing in organizations have conducted studies in the United States and in Western Europe that have led to a company no longer being considered as a supra-individual entity, having an existence and a behavior independent of that of its members and capable to this extent of being explained and governed by referring to purely formal models. They have likewise demonstrated that a company can no longer be conceived of only as the network of interpersonal relationships--irrational and charged with affectivity--to which the theoreticians of human relations thought it could be reduced. Instead, an organization can more realistically be considered the resultant of strategic games carried out as a function of multiple, divergent, and indeed contradictory goals by the organizational actors and as a function of their adherence to a minimum of common norms.

The article presents information on the plan for delinquency prevention as operating in P.S. 181, Brooklyn. This section was at that time considered the most serious delinquency zone in Greater New York. The purpose of the plan was to combat the causes of juvenile delinquency. The opening move was the formation of a Child Welfare League among the teachers, which was broken up into various committees. Next, a parents' organization was formed and merged with the teachers' organization, and later, the adjoining school was organized in the same manner. The last step was the fusion of the two school-home organizations into the East Harlem Community Association. The objectives adopted by this organization were, primarily, to acquaint the people in the community with the nature of the problems that confronted them as individuals and as members of the community, and with possible solutions of these problems. In line with these objectives many projects were carried to completion. For example, a Delinquency Prevention Court com- posed of two principals, a social worker, and two community representatives was set up. Previous to a discussion of a specific case, all circumstances of the accused were investigated as, home conditions, health, and past behavior and in the light of the findings a program of action was shaped aiming at a more or less permanent readjustment of the delinquent.

The article presents information on the quality of educational process, in American Secondary Schools. The latest and perhaps the best attempt to summarize the results of this trend of thought and to define authoritatively the meaning and scope of secondary education is found in the report of the Committee on the Objectives of Secondary Education which will be published in the forthcoming yearbook for 1928 of the National Department of Superintendence. It is certainly not hard to see that in this universal application of the principle of democracy we have one of the most interesting and, at the same time, one of the most difficult and critically important problems of education. It is certainly quite as important to ascertain how well secondary education is meeting its responsibility in this direction as to discover its degree of success or failure in the preparation of young people for college. Indeed in the inevitable reorganization of collegiate education that is impending-in fact, already under way--the time is coming apparently when these two responsibilities of secondary education will be much more nearly educational than they are today.

The article reports on special considerations in counseling of Negroes in the United States. Sincere and interested workers in the field of adjustment are disturbed and uncertain today about certain aspects of counseling Negro youth and adults. They express need for special information. There is no need for "special information" in counseling Negroes. Psychologists recognize certain basic needs of all people in their culture: the need for security, recognition and status, group acceptance, successful experiences, opportunity for achievement. The Negro has these same basic needs. The need for security, recognition, and status develops in early childhood. Recognition helps to establish self-confidence and a sense of belonging. The American Council on Education cites the numerous studies of the effect of praise by teachers, parents, and others on the behavior and schoolwork performance of children to show the tremendous lift satisfaction of this need gives to the child's ego and achievement. Counselors must develop a more lively appreciation of social processes that determine values, attitudes, and personal goals of all individuals. If the worker does not envisage this immense background, he lacks the feeling for interplay and proportion, without which individual guidance and counseling may become distorted and destructive misguidance.