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This study is the latest addition to a series of bulletins on education in foreign countries published by the U.S. Office of Education. The series is intended to fill multiple and increasing needs, both within and outside the Government; specifically, to provide assistance to registrars and admissions officers in their placement of foreign students, comprehensive data on foreign systems of education for comparative education and area specialists and scholars, and general information for a variety of individuals, groups, and programs. The present bulletin is the Office of Education's first one on education in Rumania, and the subject is presented in its historical and current political, economic, social, and cultural setting. The author has brought to the study painstaking scholarship and research in primary sources, including official documents; fluency in the Rumanian language; and a personal knowledge of the country before its conversion to a Communist state. He has used the most recent available sources, many of them in collections of the Library of Congress and the Office of Education. Some of the latter were acquired by the Office's Bureau of International Education through an informal exchange of publications with the Rumanian Ministry of Education. Others, comprising a set of Rumanian textbooks, were presented to the Bureau by the Ministry in 1960. This document is divided into nine chapters, as follows: (1) The Country's Background; (2) The Educational System; (3) Preprimary Education: Nurseries and Kindergartens; (4) General Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools; (5) Vocational and Technical Education; (6) Higher Education; (7) Teachers and the Teaching Profession; (8) Organizations for Children, Youths, and Adults; and (9) Evaluation and Conclusions. Appended are: (1) Textbooks Used in the 11-Year School of General Education, Rumanian People's Republic; (2) Glossary of Rumanian Terms Appearing in This Publication; (3) Tables Showing Changes in Rumanian Education between 1959-60 and 1961-62; and (4) Bibliography. Individual sections contain footnotes. (Contains 38 tables, 3 charts, and 1 map.) [Best copy available has been provided.]