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The article presents comments on sociologist Georges Piron's paper "The Educated Unemployed," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The following comments deal with the principal points raised in Piron's paper. These points relate to the basic data, the explanation of those data in terms of agencies and processes like the enrolment of children in schools and the absorption of graduates into industry, and some policy recommendations and implications. The basic data used by Piron are taken from the Bureau of the Census and Statistics via the Rand Report. His definitions, however, are from a later bulletin of the Bureau. From the interview schedule used by enumerators to determine the employment status of respondents, it is clear that a person doing no other work but work or chores around the house is considered to be not at work. One area of ambiguity centers around the definitions of the employed, at work, unpaid family workers and of persons doing no other work except work or chores around the house.

The article presents comments on sociologist David Baradas' paper "Conflict in the Land of Promise," which was published in the October 1972 issue of "Philippine Sociological Review." Much has been written about the causes of the conflict in Mindanao. There are major differences between the conflict in Lanao and the conflict in Cotabato. The violence in Lanao del Norte seems to have been triggered by a bitter rivalry between two political leaders-one a Muslim and the other a Christian. It erupted suddenly and spread quickly, but now it seems to have been fairly well contained. While the conflict has resulted in great loss of lives and property, and has caused massive dislocations of the population, it seems so far to have brought only a standoff. The balance of power between Christians and Muslims in the province does not appear to be radically altered. In Cotabato, by contrast, the trouble began much earlier and spread more slowly. It started as a series of sporadic encounters in which the opposing sides were not well organized and were not part of any larger struggle or movement. The struggle was soon interpreted to be one between the Christian settlers and the Magindanao and Iranun.

The article presents comments on sociologist David Baradas' paper "Conflict in the Land of Promise," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The long standing abuse of numerous Christian settlers, particularly farmers and businessmen, by certain Muslim datus and political warlords was one of the causes of the present conflict. These abuses had bred deep resentment among the Christians, many of whom privately admit that they had waited for as long as 30 years for an occasion to avenge themselves Listed among the abuses were the "tong" system practiced by some datus, cattlesrustling, reclaiming, sometimes several times over, of land sold to Christians, threats and intimidations of all kinds, and abuses against women, particularly in areas inhabited by none Christian tribes. This litany of abuses could go on interminably, so that there was little reason to doubt that sooner or later alliances of political leaden would emerge who would call a halt to what most Christians regarded as an intolerable situation.

The article presents the argument that greater equality in the distribution of costs and rewards of development is demanded by the value system of the Filipino and by the development process itself. Important steps toward equality would be agrarian reform, educational reform, and tax reform. For these to be carried out there is need for organized pressure from below. There is need also for strong and efficient government, whether it will in the long run be democratic depends on the attention given to genuine education and human development at the broad base of society. The aspirations of the great majority of the people for a higher standard of material welfare are evident and reflected in many surveys. Per capita income figures demonstrate that the Philippines is a poor nation and that a reasonable level of material welfare cannot be provided by redistribution alone Economic development and accelerated economic development are absolutely necessary if the Philippines is to meet the rising demands of its constantly increasing population.

The article presents comments on sociologist Bernard C. Go's paper "The Chinese in the Philippines: Facts and Fancies," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The author limits the discussion to one area touched upon by Go's paper, namely, certain aspects of the formal educational arrangements of the Chinese in the Philippines which may help or hinder integration. The distribution of Chinese schools in the country is as follows 25 in Manila, 10 in the Manila suburbs, 45 in Luzon, 15 in the Bicol Region, 30 in the Visayas, and 26 in Mindanao. This gives a total of 151 schools in the whole country. A significant trait of the Chinese school is that it offers a double curriculum. The standard curriculum prescribed for the public and private schools by the Philippine Department of Education is offered in the morning by Filipino teachers. The material used in Chinese schools for courses in Chinese originate in Taiwan, much of it produced by the education section of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission in Taipei. The management of many schools has been under boards of trustees compliant with policies of China's Nationalist government and party.

The article presents comments on papers on national renewal presented by University of the Philippines professor Zeus Salazar and National Secretariat for Social Action research director John J. Carroll as part of the Philippine Sociological Society's "Social Issues '72" public lecture series. The author speaks of national identity rather than using the more common term nationalism for two reasons. The term nationalism carries the emotional burden of struggles for political independence and of cold-war rhetoric that is no longer entirely appropriate with the receding of the western European empires, the lowering of the bamboo curtain, and the coming of age of post-colonial generations. The term national identity suggests the affinity of this quest with the aspirations of collectivities other than the nation-state, such as the aspirations of the Bengali within what used to be Pakistan, or the aborigines of the Australian outback, or even the Muslims of the South. A national identity is a kind of political religion which, like a church religion, satisfies deep personal needs for immortality, individual identity, and personal meanings and purposes.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. One of the means which researchers devised for achieving these objectives was the moshav, or cooperative. The moshav is a way of life. It stresses the benefits to be derived from joint efforts, not just when planting and harvesting, but in all phases of agriculture and even in community life outside of agriculture. Through the moshav both economic and social problems are solved. It is a form of organization that allows the people of a community to participate in broad self-development, the guiding principle being the common good. One of the economic advantages of the moshav is that it reduces some of the risks inherent in agriculture undertaken by farmers alone. Small farmers tend to minimize asks, concentrating their resources on a single crop which will provide them with the maximum amount of security. Each moshav is an independent organization, but may federate at a higher level with other moshavs in order to benefit from economies of scale in such activities as marketing, handling storage, input procurement, and machinery pools.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. According to de los Reyes, the land reform implementing programs have centered on land-tenure improvement, agricultural productivity, credit services, and administrative machinery integration. He explained the rationale of these activities and then established their relevance to the political, social, and economic objectives of the land-reform law In focusing on the NELRIDP, de los Reyes presented a sample package of land-reform activities--probably the best sample available As such, the sample is not representative of what is happening in most places in the country but it does give a reasonable indication of what can be expected of the integration of land reform-related activities and alternative approaches aimed at hastening the attainment of land tenure and productivity goals The sample seems to suggest that if land reform does not succeed in Nueva Ecija, it will probably not succeed elsewhere in the country. Or, to be more conservative, it will probably have rougher sailing elsewhere.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. The activities of peasant organizations at this period also accelerated the progress of land reform Moreover, social confusion and widespread disturbances in the traditional value one nations of Japanese society also helped to minimize any counterblow by the landed class Most distinctive of the Japanese case, however, is the fact that expropriation and redistribution did not result in a heavy burden for either the government or the newly-created owner farmers. Except in those socialist countries which simply confiscate private property without compensation to its former owner, paying for expropriated land is the most serious hindrance to the implementation of land reform In the case of Japan, though the transfer of land was compensated for, the tremendous monetary inflation experienced in the late 1940s and early 1950s made the payments asked of new owners and the land bond issued by the government relatively light obligations. Under these conditions the land was rather confiscated than expropriated. In the late 1960s, in fact, the government made amends by appropriating additional compensation to the ex-landowners.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. The agricultural enterprise, as any other, is made productive through a mixture of three basic inputs, namely, land, labor, and capital. Over the years, the Philippines has not been very much concerned about increasing the productivity of these three elements, but rather has elected to increase production by simply adding traditional mixes of capital and labor to new lands being brought under cultivation. The country has now extended its agriculture to essentially all of the economic lands, and a continuation of this expansionist policy is no longer a possibility. More intensive cultivation of existing lands is now required. Intensive agriculture can be brought into being by increasing either labor or capital input or both. Those looking at U.S. models suggest that investments in capital goods and increased reliance on machinery and chemicals is the proper alternative. But it is not reasonable to assume that a model which evolved in a country where land and capital were relatively cheap and labor dear is appropriate for a nation where the opposite situation exists.

The article comments on papers on national renewal presented by University of the Philippines professor Zeus Salazar and National Secretariat for Social Action research director John J. Carroll as part of the Philippine Sociological Society's "Social Issues '72" public lecture series. The basic issues set forth by the papers are the following. It is held that the existing inequality between the rich and the poor is an obstacle to development. National renewal requires no less than radical changes, apparently the kind which come the day after the revolution. But this may never happen or if it does, it certainly will be long in coming. It will not come as long as one continues holding seminars, discussion sessions, public lecture series, and the like It is highly doubtful that change will ever emerge from the elite sector of society, except as a result of organized pressure from the grassroots, or the masses. The underlying implication here is, bluntly put unless the poor, whose strength lies in their numbers, grab power, they will never have it. Carroll cites the Latin-American experience in land reform.

The article presents comments on papers on national renewal presented by University of the Philippines professor Zeus Salazar and National Secretariat for Social Action research director John J. Carroll as part of the Philippine Sociological Society's "Social Issues '72" public lecture series. The author holds that there are two competing strategies for the achievement of economic progress and modernity. One strategy sees national development as a process of departure from the traditional concerns of the village world into the modem and rational world of the elite. The policies of its adherents focus on monetary and fiscal stability, on the establishment of norms of legality and rationality in public administration and, most important, on creating a proper climate for entrepreneurship. There is nothing wrong with stability and rationality, per se The problem is that these policies are given priority over, and often at the expense of, those that would solve more basic problems in the country's economic and social structure. Because this strategy conceives of progress as movement from tradition to modernity, it accepts the division between the masses and the elite and sees it primarily in cultural and intellectual terms.

The article presents comments on sociologist Bernard C. Go's paper "The Chinese in the Philippines: Facts and Fancies," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the "Philippine Sociological Review." The author agrees with many of Go's conclusions, notably with his statements that the Chinese no longer dominate the Philippine economy nor do they control it, that not all the Chinese in the Philippines are rich, that the Philippine Chinese community is not a fertile ground for the spread of communist ideology, that Chinese girls are willing to marry Filipinos, that never before in the history, be cause of the changes that have taken place, has the prospect of integrating and assimilating the Chinese into the mainstream of Filipino society appeared brighter than it does today. Chinese in the Philippines are far from homogeneous. Because of the existence of disparate factions sometimes working at cross purposes, the Chinese are not a monolithic group, nor are they united. However, one cannot deny the fact that the Chinese, especially the China-born, are clannish in the sense that they continue to cling to their family, clan, village, and district associations.

The article presents comments on sociologist Bernard C. Go's paper "The Chinese in the Philippines: Facts and Fancies," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the "Philippine Sociological Review." Some 30 or more years ago, the Chinese may have dominated a big portion of the retail trade but, as Go has emphasized, they never did control the economy of the nation. With the Retail Trade Nationalization Law in full force and effect for the past 18 years, Chinese domination of this facet of the economy has become a thing of the past. At the rate Filipinos are taking over retail business in the Philippines, it would not be presumptuous to assume that, perhaps 10 years from now, Chinese retailers in the Philip- pines will have been reduced to a minimum number, or entirely wiped out. The economy is made up of interdependent parts. It includes commerce, industry, agriculture, mining, servicing, and other sectors. Commerce alone embraces the retail and wholesale market and import and export trade. The Chinese investments in this country are mainly in commerce, including retail, wholesale, import, and export.

The article presents comments on sociologist Georges Piron's paper "The Educated Unemployed," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." Piron's paper reiterates the contemporary concern over the relationships between the educational system and the labor market. It also stresses the great importance of education and implies the value that the educational system should adapt to labor market areas It is also relevant, at this point, to bear in mind that rising levels of educational attainment have probably caused some changes In job requirements When the supply of well-educated people increases, their greater availability to employers becomes a crucial factor in raising entry requirements for many types of work Quality education has been singled out as a most important variable in influencing employment, and a distinction is implied between schooling and education. The author makes a distinction between education and training the product of a good education being one who will have the flexibility to adjust to job requirement changes, possessing a built-in mechanism for keeping up with change.

The article comments on the paper related to social development in the Philippines. The author of the paper had neglected the vast body of European and American study of and in both Western and non-Western societies. Even though it is justifiable that conceptualization and methodology must be developed in relation to the particular "time-space characteristics" of the research situation, it not justifiable to adopt some as yet undeveloped and essentially unknown "new" theory. The author of the paper had discarded too lightly the enormous experience of "Western" social scientists in observation and interpretive analysis of socio-cultural patterns ranging from the most "scared" to the most nearly "secular." The use of scientific experience remains the most powerful intellectual guide which man has yet devised. The de-emphasis of "quantitativism" in favor of field and problem-oriented study is vitally necessary. The author of the paper easy slip into the concretistic error of assuming that the historical peculiarities of Philippine societal development require unique interpretive tools.

The article presents an abstract of a paper presented by University of the Philippines associate professor Zeus A. Salazar on March 23, 1972, as part of the Philippine Sociological Society's "Social Issues '72" public lecture series. The first point of view sees Philippine problems rooted in the nature of man in general, and of the Filipino in particular. The Filipino is tainted, both by nature aid by the historical heritage of a vanquished race. Basically this point of view is psychological, and takes no account of structural, systemic features of the environment. The second point of view, the scientistic, draws on four kinds of findings the economistic, the political-scientistic, the socioanthropological and the historicist-humanist. To the economistic mind, the Philippines' problems may be traced either to a state of stagnation induced by the malignant action of certain external forces, or alternatively to a transitional phase on the route to progress with the help of those nine external forces. The problem is, in essence, that of articulating in the most efficient but democratic manner the needs and aspirations of the national community, of correcting a maladjustment in the interplay between political man and his institutions.

The article reports on the testimony by Federal efficiency expert Herbert D. Brown before the House Appropriation Committee which revealed that a change in the size of the American paper money was under consideration. Brown testified that greater efficiency, economy and convenience will be achieved if the size of U.S. bills were reduced in size to that of the Philippine currency, which is two-thirds the size of its American counterpart.

The article discusses the print tradition in the Antique province. It says that Antique print tradition is based in part on experience with election papers and the national dailies arriving from Manila. It mentions that the Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines are the writers that establish the monthly newspaper in rural province and their primary assignment was teaching English as a second language in Antique and one summer, they had worked with a group of students to have experimental issue and they have published three mimeographed issues under "The Special Gazette". Moreover, their language Kinaray is a complicated issue and it has been studied only randomly and most of the dictionaries compiled have been done by foreign priests.

Examination of 13 members of a Filipino family revealed that 6 had erythrocytosis inherited as a simple autosomal dominant trait. Application of several electrophoretic and chromatographic tests failed to reveal the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin in hemolysates from affected individuals. However, measurements of oxygen dissociation curves using whole bloods, dialyzed hemolysates, and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid-stripped hemolysates clearly showed that affected persons had an abnormal hemoglobin characterized by a high affinity for oxygen. Compositional analyses of all tryptic peptides from the beta-chains of the proband revealed a valyl-methionyl ambiguity in betaT12a. Blockage of lysyl residues and subsequent tryptic hydrolysis at arginyl residues permitted the isolation of fragments containing residues 105 through 146. Automatic sequence analysis of the fragments demonstrated the presence of both valine and methionine in nearly equal proportions at position beta109. This new hemoglobin variant is designated Hb San Diego (beta109(G11) Val-->Met).

The article presents several papers on rural sociology. The paper "Technology and Social Change: The Case of Miracle Rice," by Gelia T. Castillo, presents the many changes directly or indirectly associated with the introduction in the Philippines of IR8-28S-3, more popularly known as miracle rice. No other single piece of agricultural technology seems to have generated as many ramifications in the country as this particular rice seed. The paper "A General Systems Approach to the Analysis of Social Structure and Change," by J.D. Flynn. Techniques were derived from general systems theory to indicate a measure of the variety of sub-systems, and several measures of unity derived from a matrix of subsystem interactions. Changes in the measures over time reveal some causes of structural change and are used to predict implications of planned change. The techniques were used to analyze data from a village in the Canadian Arctic. The data were not very reliable, but the development of variety and changes in unity were both noted.

The article reports on attitude content and agreement set in autonomy-authoritarianism items for the United States, African, and Philippine university students. For the past 10 years, the relationship between attitude content and agreement set in a variety of scales has been discussed in the social-psychological literature. The problem is that when a person is asked to agree or disagree with a statement from a scale, he may or may not have a relevant attitude, so his response may indicate either attitude content or a response tendency to agree or disagree. One method for dealing with this problem is to use balanced scales where half the items are scored in each direction. Thus, in developing a 36-item Autonomy-Authoritarianism scale for cross-cultural comparison, an equal number of autonomy and authoritarian items were included. The present paper will consider the implications of these findings for the problem of attitude content and agreement set. These results have the advantage of extending the problem to several non-European groups and to a new set of items.

A conference paper about the study of community power through the use of the elitist-pluralist continuum in the Philippines is presented. It discusses the difficulties on the theoretical and methodological formulation distribution of power in the Philippines, and the elitist and pluralist condition. It offers the study on the format of communities's power structures conducted in Baguio City and San Fernando, Pampanga.

A conference paper about the social science community in the Philippines and its government is presented. It discusses the concern for the development and progress of the social sciences in the Philippines and its history dated from the World War II. It also discussed the history of the Philippine Sociological Society.

A conference paper about behavioral scientists in the Philippines is presented. It discusses the demand for behavioral scientists in the Philippines, and explains the roles of the profession in the country. A resolution to the conflict of demand of behavioral scientists from the society and the profession through the distinction of the two levels of demands, which are the ones made on the individual behavioral scientists and the ones made as a group, are also discussed.

The article focuses on the topics that were discussed at the meetings of the members of the Philippine Sociological Society from August 1970 to January 1971. At a meeting held August 8, 1970, at the home of the appointed Program Chairman, Aurora SilayanGo, the general theme and most topics of the series were decided on by the Society's Board of Directors. Action followed swiftly on these basic decisions--the setting of a tentative schedule, sending invitations to speakers, discussants, and panelists, and making the myriad practical arrangements that necessarily accompany any such public venture. The Brain Drain was the subject of two papers at the third meeting on October 22, 1970. Josefina Cortes and Florence McCarthy each considered the subject from a distinctive viewpoint, the former emphasizing psychological factors and the latter, the social environment of the Philippine scientific community. The paper of F. Landa Jocano was on another aspect of Filipino outmigration, the fate of Laborers and others who have moved to Hawaii, especially in recent years.

A conference paper about the failures in the forecast of behavior from survey responses in the Philippines is presented. It discusses the magnitude of correlation acquired between theoretically corresponding attitude and behavior measures and its relationship to the discrepancies in survey results. It also discusses the magnitude of relationship from Hartshorne and May, and Koyang in Korea.

A conference paper about the squatter problems in Manila, Philippines and other developing countries is presented. It discusses the housing programs for the squatters in the Philippines and other developing countries, and the relationship of poverty and squatting. It also offers the study on the squatters area in Barrio Magsaysay near Manila Bay.

The article presents abstracts of various research papers related to sociology. The paper "Child-Rearing Practices in the First Year of Life of 200 Filipino Babies," by Miguela Solis, is part of the 25-year period longitudinal study of 200 Filipino infants being conducted by the NCCSDFCY. Its objectives are to determine the pattern of child-rearing practices of the Filipino family from three socio-economic levels, high, middle, and low, and to determine whether there is a significant difference in the child-rearing practices of the socio-economic groups. The paper "Family Solidarity--An Explanation Through the Study of Samtoy Kinship Terminologies and Allied Expressions," by Manuel M. Gapuz uses several Ilocano terms used in referring to lineal and collateral relatives in both ascending and descending generations reflect a few of the values attached to the family. The use of the human body and the tree as bases for the formation of such terminologies likewise suggest the closely-knit character of the Ilocano family.

The article discusses a comparison of two studies of Utang na Loob. In recent years the Utang na loob concept has generated much interest among students of Philippine culture. Two authorative studies of utang na loob are Charles Kaut's "Utang na Loob: A System of Contractual Obligation among Tagalogs and Mary Hollnsteiner's "Reciprocity in the Lowland Philippines." There are similarities as well as differences between both the studies. On the level of scholarship, Hollnsteiner translates utang na loob only twice, once as "debt of gratitude" and then later as "a debt inside oneself."Both translations are inadequate. Kaut translates it as a "debt of primary obligation" and then gives the term extensive linguistic treatment which is more satisfactory. Hollnsteiner offers no description of the social context in which utang na loob operates. Hollnsteiner's paper is on reciprocity, not only on utang na loob, and she investigated two other types of reciprocity, contractual and quasi-contractual. Kaut's and her paper coincide only on utang na loob. Kaut's study should be read for good scientific data and expert interpretation, and Hollnstenier may be read as an impressionistic study brightened by some interesting and important insights.

The article reports on the status of population growth in the Visayan region in the Philippines in 1960. The article uses the results of the 1960 population census, by provinces, to show the relevant uses of statistical techniques in the estimation of population. One of the most important statistical uses of census results is to provide a sampling frame for surveys. The Visayan region includes the provinces of Aklan, Antique, Bohol, Capiz, Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte, Masbate, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Palawan, Romblon, and Samar. The 1960 population census is tabulated by barrios in each municipality. Municipalities can be considered as strata and the barrios as the units in each stratum. One statistical tool that is effective in the preparation of homogenous strata is the use of paper strata. This technique consists of arranging the barrios according to increasing or decreasing population count. The strata with the smallest and the largest mean population count and the strata for the provinces of Palawan and Romblon have high coefficient of variation. For the rest of the strata, the range of the coefficient of variation is between 6 per cent and 13 per cent. The use of paper strata definitely will increase statistical efficiency in the estimation of total population count of a province.

The article presents information on the Fifth Annual Baguio Religious Acculturation Conference, held in December 1961 in Philippines. The purpose of the conference was to implement the suggestions for program content received at the close of the 1960 conference. The evaluation of the 1960 conference had indicated unanimous approval of the social science emphasis in those meetings. But there was also agreement on the desirability of having more papers by missionaries on actual field problems regarding local religion. In his paper on Philippine values, professor Jaime Bulatao presented the benefit of his training as a practicing clinical psychologist. Another paper was presented by James N. Anderson, who is an anthropologist and has been in the Philippines as a Ford Foundation Fellow, studying land tenancy and social structure in a barrio of Pangasinan. The author feels indebted to the Asia Foundation for a modest but crucial grant for travel assistance for some of the conference participants. He also extends his gratitude to the journal "Philippine Sociological Review," for offering the pages of the journal to publish the conference proceedings.

This article presents a reply from Francis Madigan to Aromin's comments about his article on Philippine population growth. As for a criterion of overpopulation or underpopulation, asked for by Aromin, I belive that the concept of an optimum population, although much criticized for its inability to locate exact positions on the continuum, is nevertheless useful in finding the ranges within which we may very generally place a country's population on the continuum. It has also been customary to use food production per capita as a kind of rough index of whether a country is overpopulated or not; and this was the point of the comparisons between population growth and both actual and potential food production growth for the Philippines which I made in my paper. Food production by itself is of course by no means an adequate measure of overpopulation or underpopulation, but it does have some merits as a handy crude index in a short paper where the development one can give to the point must be short. Now to show that the Philippines is relatively rather densely populated, Aromin cites density figures for three relatively sparsely settled countries and compares them to the Philippines. Why did he not complete his comparison by also citing density figures for densely settled countries?

Based on data from 1,521 families in the City of Cebu, the second largest city in the Philippines, this paper reports on the structure and role constellations of the urban family in Cebu. Findings include: (1) Kin solidarity is a function of both the class and the ethnic variations. The unilateral system of the Chinese family and its economic functions reinforce the clan solidarity but are in-adaptive to the political structure. The bilateral system of the mestizo ad the Filipino family is more responsive to the polity than the Chinese kinship system. (2) The peer-group system serves as an agent in the shaping of conjugal roles in the nuclear unit. (3) Sex-segregated friendship patterns in the community greatly influence the affective relations between husband ad wife. (4) Finally, such segregated role relationships within the nuclear unit give the wife a greater monopoly and autonomy of household decisions and family activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]