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This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the Second Annual Meeting of the New Zealand Section of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held at Auckland University on August 28, 1964, including "Dental-Health Status of Tokelau Islanders," "Effect of Fluoride and Soil Trace Elements on Tooth Morphology in Humans," and "Acid Mucopolysaccharides and the Mineralization of Dentin."

The article discusses the highlights of the 37th Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held in the University of Oxford in Oxford, England on January 5 to 7, 1956. A soirée was held at the university's Department of Botany at which exhibits illustrating the ecological work in progress at Oxford were shown. A series of coloured slides of New Zealand vegetation were shown by professor Gordon of New Zealand. Some of the topics of the papers read at the meeting, include field populations of Calliphorine flies.

The article presents a response by the author to a article by Jane M, Soons, criticizing author's article "Raised Submarine Canyons: An Explanatory Hypothesis," published in the 1966 issue of the journal "Annals." According to the author, Soons has criticized the canyon paper on two different counts. In all but one case the charge of error turns out conclusively to be her error, compounded by the gratuitous contribution of several new errors. The second charge concerns the interpretation of ideas presented on the nature and origin of fiords. Her treatment of what was said on the origin of fiords is misleading both in what was included and, especially, in what was omitted.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of individuals in policy formulating and policy implementing roles. Data for the comparison are from interviews with a random sample of 119 New Zealand middle-level public administrators from 27 government departments. The individuals in the policy formulating roles were slightly younger; however, those in the formulating and implementing roles varied little from each other in terms of social background, educational attainment and career patterns. Few differences were evident in regard to job satisfaction, decisional authority, and hierarchical relations. Significant differences between policy formulators and policy implementors were discovered in terms of work load, career aspirations, and awareness of political influences in governmental policymaking. From the evidence of this study, the New Zealand administrative system does not allocate policy formulating roles to individuals different from those who implement policies. Differences between formulators and implementors in the New Zealand system appear to stem from the nature of the work of the two policy roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of articles, books, etc., used in cross-referencing some general topics. The article 'Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East,' discuses the substitution of home produced for imported goods for home use and the addition of manufactured goods to the traditional basic commodity exports. It is also a thorough economic study of the ECAFK area's agriculture, industry, and trade. The article "Some Consequences of Segmentation in India," discuses such areas as modernization of customs and economy are considered to be affected by the fragmentation of India's society. The article "New Zealand: Denmark of the South Pacific," presents an economic survey including material on opportunities for selling and investing there by U. S. companies. The article "Politics of Change in Latin America," is a collection of 13 essays by historians, political scientists, economists, and anthropologists on social, economic and political conditions. The article "Focus on East Anglia," is a factual report on industrial conditions and new plants in a section of southeast England.

Annual variations are often more brutal for nuptiality than they are for other demographic phenomena. Short-term economic movements, in particular, seem to have a more direct impact. In the long run, however, nuptiality is generally considered as a much more stable factor than, say, fertility which has undergone profound changes in all industrialized countries over the past hundred years. In this article the social scientists will attempt to study these recent trends in the light of longer-term ones, by comparing nuptiality movements in four countries: Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In this paper, they study the nuptiality of birth cohorts by calculating the proportion ever-married at age 50, and mean age at first marriage. Data are not always strictly comparable between one census and another, especially in Canada and the United States where geographical coverage has varied through time. However, the numbers involved were small. Moreover, the definition of marital status has not been changed, at least not the basic distinction between single and ever-married. Through a study of nuptiality trends for the single for about a hundred different birth cohorts, they will attempt to determine whether attitudes towards marriage have changed. But first, they must eliminate the structural effects which affect the phenomenon studied. For instance, marriage becomes more difficult for women and female nuptiality decreases when there is a scarcity of potential male partners.

This paper is concerned with the relationship between the exchange rate and the protective structure; the latter is used as a collective term for all subsidies, tariffs, quotas and other non-price barriers to the international movement of goods. The basic view underlying the study is that the exchange rate and the level of protection are substitutes in achieving the target of external balance. In fact, there are an infinite number of pairs of exchange rates and protective levels which, if simultaneously implemented, will achieve external balance. External balance can be achieved at any 'disequilibrium' exchange rate if a suitable level of protection accompanies this policy. While focused specifically on New Zealand, the model developed here is applicable to any country committed to the maintenance of a fixed price of foreign exchange for extended periods. Specifically, the study is addressed to the question: if the level of protection is lowered, by how much must the exchange rate be adjusted to maintain balance of payments equilibrium? In the first section we develop a comprehensive model of the current account that relates the change in the exchange rate needed to compensate for changes in the level of the protective structure. The welfare gain from reductions in protection is also derived, and we then present the results of the analysis. In an attempt to explain the continued presence of import controls, New Zealand's post-war inflation rate is compared with that of its major trading partners. We finally consider an application of the model to the question of the impact of British entry to the E.E.C. on New Zealand's foreign exchange market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the implication of ecological studies in New Zealand on botanical taxonomic conceptions and procedure. Authors clarify that although this paper deals directly only with the country, they present it in full belief that it has a fundamental bearing on taxonomy in general. It is noted that data and conclusions presented are results of a continuous study of the country's vegetation and flora throughout the region. Expressions of opinion upon herbaria and its relation to other branches of botanical enquiry are examined. Classes and grades of polymorphy are also tackled including polymorphy in individual plant, polymorphy in groups of related individuals and artificial polymorphy of systematist.

Recent levels and trends of mortality and fertility of the minority Maori population of New Zealand are analysed. On this basis two projections for the year 1976 are presented, the first assuming a further rise in life expectation, which has already increased rapidly over the last two decades and the other that both mortality and the consistently high fertility levels will be reduced. Last century the decrease of the Maori population appeared to prove that culture contact led to the "racial suicide" of "inferior races." Their plight was widely recognized both in New Zealand and abroad, and gave rise to a series of speculative, even bizarre, essays dealing with the "Passing of the Maori." The sole concern of this paper is with the components of the rapid Maori growth rate-- mortality and fertility. Once these variables have been analysed it will be possible to speculate about future short-term trends of growth. At each census date some age group of males showed higher survival rates than did the same section of the female population. At the earlier period, survivorship levels were lower among females than among males over a wider span of ages, but mainly at childbearing and post-childbearing ages.

The article discusses a paper presented during the Seventh Science Congress of the Royal Society of New Zealand by J. R. Jennings, a staff member of the Occupational Psychology Research Section of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in New Zealand. In his paper, he focused on the emphasis that should be placed in consultation services. He identified several key elements determining the proper emphasis including vocational selection, personnel management, and vocational adjustment. Moreover, he offered assistive methods in attaining each element.

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the December 1964 issue of the journal Economic Record. In the article New Zealand Economic Survey, August 1964, W. Rosenberg attempted to illustrate by the example of New Zealand in 1964 the Prebisch thesis that there exists a permanent tendency in the post-war world for the terms of trade to move against primary exporters. In the article Import Substitution, B. D. Cameron examined methods of handling imports in input-output models.

This paper offers observations on the crime and penal institutions in New Zealand and discusses the innovations and experiments being carried on there in the field of corrections. First of all, the total system is centralized in Wellington, the capital of the country. Two new types of sentences which have been brought into existence are detention in a detention center and periodic detention. New Zealand is one of the very few countries in the world where statutory provision has been made for the payment of compensation to the victims of violent crimes. Group discussions have become part of the program at every penal institution in the country. In March 1964, a Classification Center for first-term adult male offenders was established. Since November 1965, selected inmates in all penal institutions have been allowed daily parole to engage in outside employment.

Presents a study that investigated the determinants of interregional trade flows between New Zealand's regions for the year ending March 1963. Use of a regression technique in presenting evidences; Rank correlation tests between the manufacturing industries of the country.

The article presents a list of books related to economics published in New Zealand. Some of the books included in the list are "A Portrait of the New Zealand Share Investor," by A.J.L Catt, and "The Nature and Extent of the Farm Labour Shortage in Cheviot, Canterbury," by J.L. Morris and R.G. Cant.

This paper analyses two New Zealand surveys conducted by the author in 1968-70, the first on patterns of consumption and the second on methods of production, costs and the optimal size of plant in manufacturing industries.[1] The consumer survey covered 50 families; the rate of response was 92 per cent. Consumers were asked to provide information on their incomes, savings, assets and daily expenditures on different items for a period of one calendar month.[2] The production survey covered 85 industrial firms of varying size distributed throughout New Zealand; 25 industries were involved. Cost accountants and production managers were asked to complete a 23-page questionnaire on production techniques, costs and optimal size of plant;[3] sales managers were questioned about their market behaviour and market strategies. The response was 87 per cent.[4] Finally, market strategies of existing firms are considered and their effects on the entry of new firms evaluated. *I should like to than all those families and firms who made this study possible. 1 The two surveys were financed by the New Zealand Universities Research Grant Committee and sponsored by Waikato University and Victoria University of Wellington. 2 The interviewing was carried out by students of Waikato University. Each student was responsible for one family and visited that family at least four times during the month of September 1968. 3 The interviewing of firms was conducted by the author. Each interview lasted four hours and the interviews were spread over the year 1970. 4 Copies of each questionnaire are available on request. Thirteen per cent of the replies were excluded as unreliable. Comments on procedures of interviewing are also available on request. greater amounts of direct investment by government to promote manufacturing industry and enhance competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the condition of the vegetation of Arthur's Pass situated in New Zealand as of 1932, and compares the result from the vegetation's condition way back 34 years ago. L. Cockayne had successfully retained the image of the vegetation during the latter part of the 19th century. He was able to take pictures that show the progression of events involving the vegetation. He also provided the fact that the previous vegetation can be divided into three: herb field proper, shrub herb field, and tall tussock herb field. 34 years, however, have brought changes to the sceneries of the land. These changes include the disappearance of dominant Gleichenia alpina on Sphagnum bog, the persistence of Ranunculus Lyallii, and the existence of exotic plants in the new vegetation.

In this paper an attempt is made to construct a macro-economic model of the New Zealand labour market, in which the parameters of male and female supply and demand functions are estimated from a simultaneous equation system. This represents something of a departure from the prolific literature on labour force behaviour (for example, [1], [2], [3], [6], [7], [8] and [11]) in that: (a) the structure of the model incorporates both supply and demand relationships; (b) these relationships refer to macro-economic concepts; the model is estimated using Theil's two-stage least squares estimation procedure [10, pp. 225-232] applicable to simultaneous equation systems. It should be noted that while these features are common in models of other markets, they are novel in a cross-section labour market context at this level of detail. Many previous studies have employed ordinary least-squares multiple regression techniques to examine labour-force behaviour and have used either time-series or cross-section data. It is essential to this approach that all the regressors be exogenous or independent variables. If any regressors are endogenous, the estimates of the parameters in the model will be neither consistent nor unbiased, and the problem of identification cannot be ignored. Another practice has been to investigate the behaviour of a section of the labour force and to hypothesise that such variables as overall unemployment and wage rates, which are clearly endogenous to the labour market as a whole, are independent oF, or uninfluenced by, the section under consideration. This hypothesis is obviously fallacious in the classic Girshick and Haaveimo sense [5], i.e. in the sense of the inter-dependence of the components and the whole. This work allows for the endogeneity of such variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of appropriate fiscal measures to stabilize the aggregate economy has been extensively studied in the literature. Much of the earlier work, which originated with Phillips, tended to be descriptive in nature and to consider the stability properties of the system when alternative plausible, although arbitrary, policies were implemented. More recently, some attention has been devoted to determining optimal stabilization policies, again at the aggregate level. While aggregate analysis is obviously extremely important, in many instances the government may need to know more precisely how to deal with a specific market or industry. This paper investigates the optimal stabilization policy for a single market in disequilibrium in a situation where the quantity of new commodities supplied to the market is assumed to be under government control. The government is faced with the decision of how to exercise its control so as to eliminate any disequilibrium which may exist, in an optimal way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to describe the exercise in indicative economic planning which was carried out in New Zealand in 1968 and 1969. After outlining the background to the National Development Conference, a description is given of the sectoral projection model used for the Conference and the process of reconciliation carried on between estimates by individual sector committees and the estimates derived from the overall model. Some comparisons of different estimates are given, and some of the deficiencies of the present model are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Zealand Tariff and Development Board, like its Australian counterpart, conducts enquiries with the purpose of deciding on the level of protection appropriate for particular industries. In reaching its decisions, the Board takes into account criteria which include the desirability of providing employment opportunities and encouraging the best use of labour and management, the necessity of saving overseas funds both in the short and long term, and the need to maintain the growth of sound and efficient industries. This paper suggests methods of quantifying these criteria and illustrates these methods by using evidence on price differentials existing between similar commodities from domestic and foreign sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the main aspects of the backwash phenomenon on capital and skills in New Zealand. Many countries are faced with the economic dilemma whether to aim at joining a customs union or free-trade area or whether to opt for the indefinite maintenance of their tariff autonomy. The strongest argument in favour of joining is the fact that most modern manufacturing activities cannot be carried on economically unless the volume of sales reaches a certain minimum; and this can be achieved only through either a high degree of international competitiveness or through access to a sufficiently large protected market (or through some combination of the two). Since in the crucial early period after their establishment infant industries cannot hope to make much headway on the open world market, the attractions of constituting bigger protected markets are obvious. A technique has been described which would make it possible to eliminate the payment of duties on the bulk of the trade between two or more countries and yet to prevent backwash by keeping the composition of this trade under control. We have also sought to demonstrate that the proposed arrangements were theoretically sound, administratively practicable and consistent with the relevant international agreement. But the underlying concern of this paper is not with conformity to received doctrine, to administrative routine or to legal precedent: it is with growth.

The article deals with the recent widespread increase in marriage rates in the Western world. A convenient method of studying aspects of the recent history of marriage is provided by easily available data regarding the proportion of single persons at various dates. The article uses these data to disentangle two effects in the marriage boom: the extent to which the cohorts whose marriages have formed the main contribution to the marriage boom are marrying more, i.e. whether the proportion who will ultimately remain single is likely to be lower than in previous generations, the extent to which the mean age at marriage of these generations is likely to fall below that of their predecessors. The raw material for the computations to be presented consists of the proportions single at two recent dates for each of thirteen countries used in the study. The countries included in the study are Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. The study from the proportion single shows that both reduction in the age at marriage and an increase in the proportion marrying at least once in the course of their lives is occurring in several countries.

This paper is a study of retail trading in New Zealand and its object is to explain, and produce projections of, domestic consumption of certain commodity groups at the retail level, and also for all groups as a whole. The individual commodity groups, chosen on grounds of general interest, data availability and computational feasibility, are called (1) meat, (2) other food, (3) apparel, (4) household operation, and (5) miscellaneous. Point projections and tolerance limits in both `real' and current value terms are given for 1970 and 1975 for each individual group and for the aggregate of the groups. Some short-term forecasts are also given to show the possible usefulness of the projection method in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]