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Studies of India over the past decade have shared a sense of crisis and concern over the nation's future, which reflect a widespread doubt that any people can confront the inhibitions of tradition, the trauma of change, and the complexities of modern industrial society at one and the same time with any assurance of success. If it were merely a question of destroying the ancient regime and substituting for it a pre-fabricated and pre-tested modern nation state the task would be simple. The problems of social change are the problems of restructuring a people's activities into new patterns to meet new stresses and to pursue new goals, and the problems are intensified in an underdeveloped country such as India by a general mistrust of change, the parochial nature of its social institutions, and the highly diffuse power structure. At a number of points this paper stresses the need for considering the political system as an autonomous variable in social modernization. A corollary of this assumption, which has often been ignored, is that for the political system to operate in this fashion it must be possible for fundamental changes to take place in the power structure or the purposes of the power elite which, if not unrelated, are at least independent of social and economic revolutions.

This article presents news clippings related to sociology. Population control must form an integral part of any scheme of rapid development of a nation's economy. Planned production and reproduction must be undertaken simultaneously. In the case of developed economies, further expansion of productive capacity may be timed at increasing the military power and improving the quality of the population rather than providing for rapidly increasing numbers. It is true that the administrators have to face a number of difficulties, particularly in a country where large masses of people live in rural areas, where people are illiterate and poor. Nevertheless the administrators have not taken the necessary initiative and lack the imagination to understand the problem. Only one instance is sufficient to prove this. When the rhythm method of birth control was initiated by the Government of India in certain selected areas in 1952, certain difficulties were met with in teaching this method to the illiterate wives in rural areas. Such a method, whether it is one hundred per cent effective or not, is not at all a suitable one. It is too much to expect an illiterate woman to maintain an accurate record of the menstrual cycle and a record of her fertile and infertile days.

The registration of births and deaths in India, even at present, is too inadequate to be of much help in estimating fertility and mortality conditions in the country. From time to time, Indian census actuaries have constructed life tables indirectly by comparing one census age distribution with the preceding one. Because of inaccurate age reporting in Indian censuses, it was essential for those who constructed life tables to smooth the age distributions. The results obtained depended to a large extent on the method chosen for smoothing. This paper is an attempt to estimate some demographic measures for the nine census years between 1881 and 1961 by applying uniform computational methods to the data of all years. The measures, by sex, include an abridged life table, the growth rate, birth rate and death rate and as a by-product of, rather than a prerequisite for, obtaining other measures, the smoothed age distribution. The basic assumption underlying this paper is that, for all practical purposes, the Indian population can be considered as stable or quasi-stable for a period of 100 years in the immediate past.

This paper analyzes the relationships between certain socio-cultural and demographic or family size variables and attitudes toward family planning held by a sample of industrial workers in Ambarnath, a western Indian city. A comparison is made between these findings and those obtained from the nearby village of Badlapur. The major finding is that the variables which predict the presence or absence of favorable attitudes toward family planning in the village male sample are the most important ones in the male industrial sample. In both studies the education was the first ranking variable, followed by number of living sons. Caste, too, was significant in both studies. This evidence seems to indicate that the urban-industrial milieu's effect is almost non-existent in developing this attitude. Favorableness toward birth control seems to be part of a non-traditional value complex chiefly associated with educational attainment, not urban-industrial exposure or effects associated with this environment.

After the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1834, many thousand labourers left India under indenture for employment on colonial plantations. Their efforts resulted in a striking rise in exports of plantation products. At the end of their indenture, many Indians decided to settle in their new home, especially' in British Guiana, Trinidad, Mauritius and Fiji. The paper discusses the districts in India from which labourers were recruited; the conditions of service under the indenture system, and its advantages and abuses. It discusses the opportunities open to the Indian labourer at the end of his indenture, and the facilities which the government or the planters provided for his settlement on the land. Those who did not settle on the land turned to the professions or trades, often with success. The paper discusses the attitude of the communities of reception" to the Indian during and after indenture, and his adjustment to a multi-racial society. It analyses his change in outlook as a result of emigration, the increase in his ambition and initiative, and his transition from submissiveness to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the composition of Indian emigration to Fiji is analysed from documentary data. Most emigrants went as indentured labourers from 1879 to 1916. The system of recruitment, the considerable resistances to emigration and pressure stimulating it, places of origin, age, sex, marital status, economic position, religion and caste and expectations of emigrants are considered; 75 % of the emigrants embarked at Calcutta. In the main they were unaccompanied, young men and women, came from the north-eastern United Provinces and were a fair cross section of village castes. The emigrants were driven primarily by economic but also by social pressure and intended to return to India. Emigration from Madras differed in some respects. Other Indian emigration to Fiji, of Puniabis and Gujratis particularly, is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the matricentric family system as it appears in three different societies: the Caribbean, the Nayar of India and Afro-American families in the United States. The author's purpose is to show the variations in female-centered families by studying their nature and functions among different groups in diverse parts of the world. A suggestion for more conceptual clarity of the matricentric family concept is posed in order to provide more theoretical consistency in its further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purdah system, which limits a woman's mobility outside her home, may be an extreme example of highly segregated systems of sex role allocation, but shows many fundamental features in common with other societies. Purdah is an important institution among Muslims in Pakistan and India, but has not been well studied, partly because secluded women are inaccessible to male researchers. The purdah system is related to status, the division of labor, interpersonal dependency, social distance and the maintenance of moral standards; the two conceptual formulations used to analyze the system with reference to these factors are "separate worlds" and "symbolic shelter." In the present paper, special emphasis is placed on the influence of purdah observance and values on women's participation in modern occupations. Medicine and teaching are found to be the most important high prestige occupations for educated women because of the special needs of a female clientele in a sex-segregated system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a variety of sources of information and describes the biraderi system of kin relations in Pun jab. The system consists of a larger circle of relatives who share a common identity through its name and a more restricted circle determined by competitive gift giving. Functions of this institution are outlined and their implications are traced for a developing country like Pakistan. It is maintained that a fresh approach is needed to resolve the conflicting requirements of the kin groups and the development processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper an attempt has been made to study the nature and pattern of value system of educated youth in India and its probable consequences in culture change and socio-cultural integration. The study is confined to 288 university students of post-graduate standard who commonly share the condition of selective exposure to university sub-culture, thinking and ideologies and professional milieu, who also suffer from the basic and uniform anxieties to which they are partners. and crisis. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part offers theoretical analysis of some broad problems of cultural integration in India, the second part explains the objective and plan of this study, the third part embodies the substantive portion of the study and part four is a qualitative analysis of the main trends of changing values of youth. Philosophical anthropology is a "philosophical analysis" of what is essential of the "nature" of human life possibly in express comparison and contrast to that of the higher animals.

This paper discusses in some detail information pertaining certain types of political knowledge possessed by the male villagers of Badlapur in Bombay, India. Here, however, only the villagers' knowledge of the position and office held by selected politicians is investigated. One objective, therefore, of this investigation is to determine the level of awareness of the villager in respect to fourteen selected political figures, national as well as international, both living and deceased. An additional objective is to determine if significant inter-related patterns exist in the villager's political awareness. The data which provide the substance for this paper, were gathered in Badlapur Village in Bombay, during 1953-54. The population of Badlapur is divided into thirty-five endogamous caste groups which traditionally allow neither connubiality nor commensality. When the variable of caste is considered, the relationship between caste status and correct identification is shown to be a direct one.

This paper offers cross tabulations between parameters on family planning and other health practices. The findings indicate that people who act positively with respect to health practices are similarly motivated in family planning. This point lends support to the policy of integrating family planning services with health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses displacement of the traditional law in modern India. Contemporary Indian law is, for the most part, palpably foreign in origin or inspiration and it is notoriously incongruent with the attitudes and concerns of much of the population that lives under it. However, the present legal system is firmly established and the likelihood of its replacement by a revived "indigenous" system is extremely small. This paper attempts to trace the process by which the modern system, introduced by the British, transformed and supplanted the indigenous legal systems--in particular, that system known as Hindu law. One of the outstanding achievements of British rule in India was the formation of a unified nationwide modern legal system. The salient features of a modern legal system include uniform territorial rules, based on universalistic norms, which apportion rights and obligations as incidents of specific transactions, rather than of fixed statuses. In undertaking to administer the law in the government's courts, staffed with government servants, the British took the decisive step toward a modern legal system, initiating a process that might be called the expropriation of law.

The article presents a study about the studies on grasslands of the Western Ghats in India. This paper focuses on the ecological conditions, topography, climate, soil and vegetation in this area covering the period from June 1953 to December 1955. Various regions were surveyed giving the phytosociological data of the grasslands in Bombay, Khandala, and Lonavla. The methods applied in this experiment are described. Behavioral succession of vegetation were studied related to the biotic factors. Results of the study are discussed in brief.

Modern Singapore has been a focus of contact between the three cultural blocs of China, India, and Indonesia, and between Orient and Occident. Asian migrants came as laborers, artisans, and entrepreneurs; the much smaller European migrant group introduced western economic and administrative institutions. Subsequent modernization and development, necessitating improved coordination and development of all resources, has been hampered by substantial cultural divergences relating to economic and social practice and attitude. Contrasting cultural patterns are commonly identified with ethnic differences and can most readily be analyzed on this basis; the ethnic data utilized in this paper serve to highlight significant cultural differences which are only gradually breaking down despite sustained locational contiguity and the unifying force of political independence within, and subsequently outside the Federation of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents three methods for mapping levels of economic development and applies each to the case of India. First, to provide a substantive addition to knowledge about the economic geography of India; second, to demonstrate that even within nations generally recognized simply as "underdeveloped" one can meaningfully map differential sub-levels of development; and third, to stimulate critical discussion of the various methods by which maps of economic development can be made. The chief statistical problem is how best to combine the several series of individual indices into a single set of areal ratings.

In recent literature it has been generally asserted that key sectors play an important role in initiating the process of economic development and diversification of the industrial structure of the economy and that a substantial part of investment should be made in the key sectors. The paper attempts to identify key sectors in the Indian Economy, empirically with the help of two alternative methods both based on the Leontief open static model. In this paper final demand of a particular sector as a proportion of the total final demand, has been used, as the weight to bring out the relative importance of a particular sector in the national economy. Several weights can be applied for bringing out the relative importance of the various sectors in the national economy. The selection of weights depends on the objective function of the planner. It should also be noted here that if the objective function of the planner is to maximize the short-term rate of growth then the appropriate matrix to analyze capital coefficient matrix.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the stereotypes of 100 college freshmen and 100 service holders of Orissa towards their own nationality namely "Indian" and four other out-groups namely American, British, Russian, and Chinese. All the subjects were the genuine inhabitants of the State of Orissa (India). A list of .60 adjectives was prepared after the necessary pre-test. The scores of the student and the service holder groups were kept separately for comparison. Attributes checked by at least 20 per cent of either group were selected for discussion in this paper. It was interesting to note that the subjects chose the largest number of derogatory traits for the Americans and the British whereas they chose only two bad traits out of 16 selected for the Russians, and not a single such trait for the Chinese for whom there were 15 good attributes. For the we-group they selected 18 good and 5 bad traits. The rank correlation between the two sets of scores (i.e., the scores of students and service holders) in relation to these five reference groups were highly significant. This means that though the samples belonged to two dissimilar populations yet they very closely agreed in choosing the attributes for these groups. The mean scores of the service holders were higher than those of the student group in all cases. The results might suggest that the traits which had been selected by the two groups were perhaps the commonly held attributes for these groups in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, education is treated as a form of investment. No attempt is made to measure the contribution of education to economic growth. Internal rates of return to investment in education in India for the year 1960-61 are estimated and compared with Professor A. C. Harberger's estimate of the rates of return to physical capital, "Net" education capital formation during the period 1950-51 to 1960-61 is also estimated at 1960-61 prices and compared with physical capital formation during the same period. The study indicates that education is not an attractive form of investment when compared with physical capital. Within the educational system, primary education is the most attractive and collegiate nonprofessional education the least attractive form of investment. The study suggests diversion of resources in favor of physical capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally agreed that the marginal propensity to consume obtained from cross-section data pertaining to a single year may be seriously underestimated. To the extent that we need such estimates for the purpose of planning economic development, their accuracy becomes of crucial importance. Mayer has shown for developed societies, over a wide spectrum of dates and countries, that a permanent-income-type problem does exist; that is, the strict permanent-income theory is wrong in asserting that the marginal propensity to consume is equal to the average propensity, but it is right in suggesting that the marginal propensity to consume permanent income is greater than the marginal propensity to consume measured income, though even for permanent income the marginal propensity is less than the average propensity. It is the purpose of this paper to (1) extend these considerations to developing countries by looking at the available data on India, and (2) evaluate the effect of these considerations on the estimates of the marginal propensity to consume. The formulation suggested in the following sections has been applied to data collected by the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi. These include: (1) the Delhi Survey, 1959; (2) the Urban Income and Saving Survey, 1960; (3) the All-India Rural Household Survey, 1962; and (4) the All-India Consumer Survey, 1964. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of production incentives has received much attention from social scientists concerned with economic development. After some early debate, it has become generally recognized that some peasant farmers in almost all countries do respond to economic incentives. However, a number of constraints affect incentives to adopt new or increased quantities of productive inputs. The introduction of new seed varieties, along with the increased availability of fertilizers and irrigation tube wells, has greatly enhanced the production potential of Asian agriculture. Adoption of these inputs has been quite rapid in some parts of Asia by some types of cultivators. The pace of adoption has been uneven, however, implying a possible weakness of incentives for some cultivators to invest in the new input "packages." Little empirical work has been done in an attempt to assess the rates of return and constraints affecting adoption of the new, fertilizer-seed-water input packages. This study is an attempt to begin to fill that void by means of a case study of one important agricultural area in Asia. This paper combines partial budgeting and discounting procedures to compute present values and internal rates of return in an attempt to measure incentives to invest in new packages of agricultural inputs in north India. The packages include high-yielding seeds, fertilizer, irrigation inputs, and minor inputs. Returns to a number of input packages were found to be generally attractive, even when output prices are as much as 25 percent below six-year (1962-67) market averages. Small size of land holdings, extensive land fragmentation, and high down-payment requirements for loans were found to be serious hindrances to farmer investments in tube wells. For farmers with larger or less fragmented holdings, inclusion of a tube well in the investment package appears to be highly attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their recent analysis of a Punjabi market town, Walter Neale, Harpal Singh, and Jai Pal Singh have inaugurated a new line of social research for India. Hitherto, market towns and the commercial populations resident in them have attracted scant attention in the subcontinent. Because they lack the lustre and importance of the city, as well as the attractive size and relative social isolation of the village, they have not stirred field researchers. Then, too, the Indian community development program has for the most part given less attention to market towns and other small urban areas than to villages. Concurrently, the general mistrust and distaste for merchants (Baniyas) so characteristic of northern India may also have deterred such investigations. Yet the small market towns which dot the Indian countryside are essential as physical and social links between city and village, between urbanite and peasant. They may serve as centers for the dissemination of literate or sophisticated cultural traditions, as well as points of concentration and distribution for agricultural and manufactured products. Their intermediate position and economic role clearly indicate the importance of market towns for the appreciation of both rural and urban sectors of modern Indian society. The viewpoint presented by Neale and his associates is that of economists. They note the structure of the market and marketing, the nature and fluctuation of prices, and the geographical composition of the market place. However, they do not deal with the social composition of the merchant class or the "social organization" of business. This paper attempts to add a social dimension to the data on market towns. In the following pages I shall describe and analyze the social composition of a market center roughly equivalent in size and function to Neale's Punjabi town. To complement Neale's research, I shall note the nature of the commercial population, of business, of business ownership, of business... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I have tried to suggest some probable extensions and projections into the future of what is at present a dimly visible and restricted condition. As previously reported, the situation at present is stable, in the sense that the attitudes supporting the traditional way of life of both Ladinos and Indians are dominant, and some of the tensions are capable of being drained off by desertion of Indians to other areas. Moreover, the average Indian is so securely orientated and integrated to a pattern of poverty, illness, and hard work that he seems quite capable of taking considerable slack in his psychological belt to adjust to still more of the same. The dynamics of alienation from tradition are at present cumulating their forces. How quickly the power which they contain will be recognized by or forced upon the Indians and Ladinos is a matter of speculation. The evidence would seem to point to considerable resistance to any variation in the way of life to adjust to the new forces at work. It is for this reason that in a previous paper the situation was described as one which has much promise of long life. For, there always remains the alternative that the Indians will grow increasingly small in numbers, but will nevertheless stubbornly keep up their traditions. If this alternative is pursued, it may be some generations yet before they either effectively disappear as a local community, or, through various other mechanisms, become so altered as to be no longer recognizable for what they were in 1940. It seems of significance to note here, finally, that the stratification by age and generation and the vertical division of the sexes in the community have come to have special significance. It makes considerable difference to the observer whether he views the situation through the eyes of a young man or an old man, a father or a son, a mother or a daughter. One does not get the same picture from any randomly selected individual in the community. This in some measure is a decided qualification on the usual assumption of homogeneity of such peasant or primitive communities, an assumption which underlies the use of one or two "trust- worthy informants" as the principal sources of information about such communities. These materials therefore incidentally suggest that a more adequate sampling of peasant populations in transition is called for than has hitherto been practiced in typical ethnographic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book reviewed in this Article A nstey, V era, and M artin, A nne. An Introduction to Economics-For Students in India and Pakistan. B axa, J akob. Adam Müllers Lebenszeugnisse. B ergler, R einhold (Ed.). Psychologische Marktanalyse. C ampbell, R obert W. Soviet Economic Power C ohen, B enjamin J. Adjustment Costs and the Distribution of new Reserves C outsoumaris, G., W estebbe, R. M., P silos, D., M ichalakis, A., and X anthakis, N. Analysis and assessment of the economic effects of the U. S. -PL 480 Programm in Greece F riedmann, K aren J. German Grain Policies and Prices: G urvitch, G eorges. The Spectrum of Social Time. H eide, H olger. Die langfristige Wirtschqftsplanung in Schweden H elleiner, K arl F. The Imperial Loans H ershlag, Z. Y. Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East. Leiden H icks, J ohn. Capital and Growth. ISEA. Planification et analyse économiques J ohri, C. K. Monetary Policy in a Developing Economy J oint E conomic C ommittee (Congress of the United States). New Directions in the Soviet Economy K iss, G ábor. Gibt es eine ≪marxistische≫ Soziologie? L ebrecht, R obert G. Automatische Konjunkturstabilisatoren oder be-wusste Konjunkturpolitik ? L eontief, W assily. Input-Output Economics. M alinvaud, E. Statistical Methods of Econometrics M artin, A lfred VON. Mensch und Gesellschaft heute. N eufeld, M aurice F. Poor Countries and Authoritarian Rule. Ø lgaard, A nders. Growth, Productivity and Relative Prices. O ulÈs, F. Economic Planning and Democracy. P opper, K arl R. Logik der Forschung. R obinson, J oan. Economics-An Awkward Corner. S achverstÄndigenrat zur B egutachtung DER GESAMTWIRTSCHAFTLICHEN E ntwigklung. Jahresgutachten S eitz, T ycho. Preisführerschaft im Oligopol. T amagna, F rank. Central Banking in Latin America. T heil, H enri. Economics and Information Theory T illy, R ichard. Financial Institutions and Industrialization in the Rhineland T ouraine, A. (et al.). Workers' Attitudes to Technical Change T ullock, G ordon (Hrsg.). Papers on Non-Market Decision Making. Y eager, L eland B. International Monetary Relations; Theory, History and Policy. Y oung, J ohn P arke. United States Gold Policy: The Case for Change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY The object of this paper is two-fold. First, an attempt has been made to show that under certain specific circumstances a livestock production system can be raised to a higher level of output by slaughtering some of the animals. Second, it has been then shown that given a free say to exchange and clearly defined preference scales of the consuming coalitions, this policy is strongly Pareto-wise optimal. Finally the attention is drawn to the relevance of the policy to the problem of scarcity of food in India. It is suggested that India could do well by slaughtering of its animal population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY This paper touches on three models of growth, viz: the F el'dman (Soviet) model, the H arrod-D omar model and the M ahalanobis (Indian) model. Of these three, the ancestry of the first is maintained in respect of both its contents and historical sequence. It is argued that the Soviet model is superior to the other two models because it recognizes the significance of a number of factors, viz: (a) the pattern of income distribution, (b) increase in the effective utilization of the existing capital stock, (c) distinction between degrees of effective utilization of the old and the new capital stocks, and lastly, (d) consideration of the rate of growth in terms of capital capacity as well as in terms of the absorption of a growing labour supply. In other respects, the model runs more or less parallel to the H arrod-D omar and M ahalanobis models. Some striking similarities between the Soviet and Indian models exist in spite of the differences in economic and political conditions of the two countries. These are: (a) the Marxian setting of two departments of a closed economy, (b) the aim of achieving a high rate of investment by expanding the capital goods sector and (c) a relative neglect of propensity to save as a crucial variable in the process of growth. The affinity between the Indian and the Soviet models is so strong that the former seems to answer the Soviet rather than the Indian conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is threefold. First, to take account of the published material to establish what significance should be attached to the status hierarchies of territory and kinship in various regions of northern India. Second, to discuss the nature of the relationship between the hierarchies of caste, kinship and territory in terms of what will be defined as diverse positional viewpoints, and the relevance of such an approach for our understanding of social structure and social change. Finally, to analyze some features of the social organization of a particular north Indian city in terms of multiple status hierarchies and diverse positional viewpoints. This paper suggests that the social organization of much of northern India can be best understood in terms of a complex network of status hierarchies rather than in terms of a single, caste hierarchy. Further, it suggests that there is no single morphology, or structure, which describes the relationship between these hierarchies, but rather that the categories of caste, kinship and territory are the basic building blocks which are molded into structural configurations in relation to diverse positional viewpoints; or to which significance is attached on the basis of a certain limited body of knowledge about one's social universe.

The interrelation between changes in the economic structure, i.e., industrial distribution of income and labor force, and the size distribution of income is studied in this paper in a case study of India (1961–1960). The change in the size distribution of income is the sum of changes due to (1) inter-sectoral factors and (2) intra-sectoral factors. The need for this distinction is emphasized by the result obtained for India, that 85% of the changes in the size distribution may he assigned to inter-sectoral factors, and only 16% to intrasectoral factors. Since the inter-sectoral factors are significantly influenced by changes in the industrial distribution of income and labor force, our result points out a relation between economic growth and the size distribution which quite often is overlooked in studies of the size distribution. The results obtained in this paper support several cross-section results of Professor Kuznets. In particular some of these are: (a) inter-sectoral inequality in the economic structure widened with economic growth, (b) the inequality in the size distribution of India widened, (c) the level of inequality in India is higher than in any of the eight developed countries considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of areal units by population size has been suggested as a useful tool for studies of within-urban and within-rural variations. Size of population is doubtless one of the most important factors affecting mans collective life. But in studying within-urban or within- rural variations, population size will be a powerful tool only if the places so classified are approximations of communities in the sense of a collective phenomenon. That is, population size may not differentiate organizational characteristics of areal units unless the aggregates studied are inter-dependent wholes, organized units, entities exhibiting a high degree of unit character. Data from India presented in this paper illustrate this point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the differential attitudes toward the cow in India and the religious and political factors that entered into the historical development of the ‘sacred cow’ concept. Among other factors influencing the attitudes toward cattle in India today, (1) politics, (2) religion, (3) education, (4) residence, and (5) occupation are discussed. It is concluded that large segments of the population do not regard the cow as sacred, and others are indifferent. Increased technical education and other developments in India may contribute to decreasing the sacred attitude toward cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which examines whether Indian newspapers give more importance to foreign news than U.S. newspapers. It states that the New York "Times" journal was selected in the study due to its worldwide readership, stability, international character, high standards, prestige, and quality. It mentions that content analysis was the basic method used in the study. Results show that the New York "Times" and the Philadelphia "Inquirer" gave 20% and 16% of their print area for news, while Indian newspapers committed more space for foreign news than the average newspapers and newspapers are still the major reading materials for most people.

The article discusses the papers "The Role of Social Sciences in India," by Yogendra Singh and "Indian Sociology: Historical Development and Present Problems," by Ram Krishna Mukerjee. These papers have raised serious issues and it is the professional obligation to submit the reactions to their line of framing the perspective for the role of social sciences, particularly of sociology in contemporary Indian situation. It is necessary to avoid academic obscurantism on this issue. In search of an innovative elan for social sciences in India and obsessed with the idea of nation building through social sciences, Singh raises the populist ghost of the Western reference model. He also gives a warning that one should not be cynical towards the internationally accepted norms of scientific objectivity. Even if one takes up the author's thesis of existential linkage, the assumed threat from the alien reference model is unintelligible. One cannot be blind to the development of ideas in the world.

The article presents proceedings of meetings of the Sociological Society as of July 1913. On April 22, A. Ernest Crawley will read the paper on "The Unconscious Reason in Social Evolution." On May 7 at an additional afternoon meeting, Harold Mann, Principal of the Government Agricultural College, Poona, India, will read a paper on "The Untouchables of an Indian City." On May 20, W.H.R. Rivers will read a paper on "Survivals in Sociology."

The article introduces the first issue of the "Bulletin of the Cultural Research Institute," from the Cultural Research Institute of Calcutta, India. The Research Institute will bring out important research studies by its staff members of in these Bulletins. The entire Bulletin is printed on art paper and contains some excellent photographs of the Institute of Tribal Research, Ranchi, India.