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The article examines the relationship between the occupancy rate and size of dwellings in England, based on a census conducted in several towns in 1951. Provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act of 1947, which relate to the measurement of accommodation densities, are taken into account. It is found that one-room dwellings have the highest occupancy rates, and that the rate decreases as the dwelling size increases. Changes in housing conditions between 1921 and 1951 are also discussed, and other results of the census are also provided.

The article examines regional differences in rates in terms of local taxes between England and Wales. In these regions, the gross annual rent is used as a basis of the calculation of assessable value. It was discovered that the relative position of a town in a list of towns of a region did not change. Also, the dispersion of the rates of towns was quite small. Moreover, the clustering of the averages in the prosperous regions was the result of a fall in the level of rates of all the averages.

The article attempts to estimate the expectancy chances of an individual being hospitalized for a mental disease at least once in England and Wales. The estimation can be done by using two types of empirical information and one general assumption. The empirical information is age specific hospitalization rates during a particular year. The chances of an individual, of 0 age reaching the ages of 10, 11 and 12. Both pieces of empirical information are available from official sources. The Registrar General publishes an abridged life table, which gives existing death rates, and estimates the numbers of children aged under 1 year likely to survive to various ages up to 75 plus. Rates of first hospitalization are calculated in the reports not for particular years, but for different age groups. Survival rates will be calculated on numbers reaching the upper limit of the age group, and hospitalization rates will be assessed by the rates for the age group multiplied by the number of years in the age group. The results suggest that 6.79 percent of males born in 1959 and 10.33 per cent of females will spend some time in a mental hospital during their lives.

A decline, the first ever observed, has recently occurred in leukemia mortality rates for the white population of the United States between the ages of 1 and 74. Possible explanations include diminished exposure to medical x-rays following the release in the United States and Great Britain in 1956 of widely publicized reports on the biologic effects of ionizing radiation.

The article looks into the mortality rates of salmon occurring between upstream and kelt migration in the River Axe in Devon, England. Plastic strap tags were used to mark the upstream migrating salmon. The author of the study noted that a differential mortality can occur between spring, summer and autumn migrants. It is inferred that the plastic strap tag is unsuitable for studying the mortality rates of salmon because of the high rate of tag loss.

This article focuses on plague mortality rates by age and sex in the parish of St. Botoiph's without Bishopsgate, London in the year 1603. The bills of Mortality for London were instituted at least as early as 1528 but only a few figures survive before the extant annual series that begins in 1603. Ages at death, even in broad groups of ages, are not generally available until 1728, which is more than 50 years too late to give us any inkling of the ages, if any, at which people were specially susceptible to plague. There are reports, it is true, that suggest that children suffered from plague more severely than adults, at least on occasions but nothing more precise. The main feature of the present analysis is the attempt to estimate mortality rates by age and sex for the plague period of 1603. In order to do so, the population on the eve of the plague has to be estimated by age and sex. This is done by applying a standard mortality schedule to the deaths in the period immediately preceding the plague.

The article presents information on mortality in New Zealand, England and Wales. It is difficult to compare the mortality statistics of one country with those of another, even a neighboring country. So many various conditions influence mortality rates, and each country has its own individual characteristics, social, climatic and economic, quite distinct from those of any other. The infant mortality rate for England and Wales did not begin to decline steadily until the end of the nineteenth century. In mortality from tuberculosis and from bronchitis and in mortality from many other causes it is probable that environment accounts to an appreciable extent for the differences in rates between England and Wales and New Zealand. The expectation of life in New Zealand is considerably higher than in England and Wales, and New Zealand mortality rates are very much more favorable than England and Wales rates for the majority of age specific causes of death. Although there are also significant differences in causes of death at higher ages, it is in the younger age groups that the greatest differences occur.

The article reports a sample survey of Jewish religious instructions to children in the London, England. It was carried out mainly in the year between April 1972 and April 1973. The objects of the survey were to obtain estimates of the total number of Jewish children in London in their then final year of compulsory schooling and to discover how many hours of religious instruction they had received in each year since the age of five from all sources, that is, from day schools, synagogue classes, and private lessons, together with associated information on the frequency of lessons. The information available hitherto on the total number of Jewish children in London has been very approximate and based on indirect methods relying on population estimates which, in turn, are based on certain assumed multiples of the number of Jewish marriages or deaths; that was one reason why it was desirable to carry out a direct survey of school pupils. The result of these uncertainties was that the proportion of children receiving instruction could never be calculated with much confidence. The response rates compare well with another recent inquiry based on contacting children in schools.

The article provides information on measurements of the rate of establishment of new Spartina species at Bridgewater Bay in Somerset, England, and of succession at the upper limits of the marsh and the rate of nutrient supply to the marsh derived from accretion. The species was found to be advancing slowly at all points measured along the seaward edge of the marsh, using a combination of air and ground survey methods. Marsh formation and succession occur at about the same rate at the present time, but the build-up of levels suitable for the growth of invading species occurs more rapidly than they can be utilized. The nutrient status of newly accreted mud is high and the rate of accretion is exceptionally high.

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The article presents a study on the demographic trends in marriage habits among men and women in England and Wales in the first half of twentieth century. The study has been carried out on the basis of nupitality tables. It further notes that the war of 1914-18 greatly reduced the number of men in certain generations and, therefore, among these men the proportions married were higher thereafter. In the corresponding age groups among women, the married proportions were decreased by the loss of men. These movements were mainly caused by shifts in the marriage probabilities at the younger ages. The pattern of changes differs somewhat between the sexes. Between 1900-02 and 1910-12 the marriage probabilities decreased at all ages under 40 among men, though the only serious decrease took place under age 25. Among women the probability of marriage increased between ages 25 and 35. The decrease in mortality since 1900 has resulted in a proportionately greater increase in the male than in the female survivors according to the life tables. This process has in a sense compensated the greater increase in female than in male nuptiality in the same period.

The article focuses on an experiment made to reduce the number of calls on an interview study. Under the experiment at the pilot stage of a survey, letter were sent to half the people in a sample and others were visited in the normal way. The sample for the inquiry was selected from the electoral register in two parliamentary constituencies in London, England. The response to postal inquiry was very low. 70% did not reply and 5% letters were returned as the subjects had moved or died. People, who did not reply to letters, were visited at the interview stage. The proportion of successful interviews was greater when no letters were sent.

This article examines the factors affecting the pricing of public transportation in London, England. It presents excerpts from other articles summarizing a leading example of the problem. In general, this article addresses the problem of operating a system of public road services in the public interest, in a city which experiences continual conflict between private and public road transport with the resulting congestion, and also bunching of commuter travel into peaks. The principal conclusions are that optimal prices may well be below marginal social cost in both peak and uncongested, off-peak periods, that peak prices might be below off-peak prices and that it may be optimal to operate during either or both periods at a loss.

This paper seeks to expand upon an aspect of rights issues investigated by Merrett, Howe and Newbould in Equity Issues and the London Capital Market, of the prediction of the ex-rights price. It is suggested on the basis of an Australian sample that the London results are sustained, but that varying the assumptions made we are able to extend our knowledge of the adjustment of share prices to the new information which becomes available in relation to rights issues. This study supports the opinion that the market is comparatively efficient in its assessment of ex-rights prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines money-lending practices among poor people in London, England. The only practicable method was to select households which were being visited to lead the conversation to the subject of borrowing. The names were taken mainly from the list of applicants for relief from the fund of Prince of Wales and the list of dental cases in connection with the School Care Committee. Some doubtless people deny the fact of borrowing through fear of prosecution and imprisonment. One of the systems of money-lending is a lump sum may be advanced which is repayable by weekly installments. There are several types of money-lender to whom the borrower turns in his of her need such as a company formed for the express business of money-lending. The rate of interest that, when once a debt has been contracted, it becomes increasingly difficult to the borrower to escape from the control of the lender. The often reason why do borrowers submit to the payment of such a high rate of interest because there is no written agreement. And event he transaction is legal the borrower could frequently obtain relief from the courts. In England, there is no limit fixed by law to the amount of interest which may be charged. The Money-lenders' Act of 1900 provided the evidence which satisfies the court that the interest is harsh and unconscionable. When the amount of the debt has been paid two or three times over in interest in a short space of time the judge would consider that enough had been paid to satisfy the creditor without the repayment of the principal amount. It is an example of the high prices the poor have to pay for everything in proportion to their poverty.

This article discusses a study on attendance in the English coal mining industry, conducted by the Statistics Branch of the National Coal Board in 1954. The official method of measuring absence has remained unchanged since 1921, although the basis has been altered slightly from time to time. Shifts worked are recorded, taking account of the time actually worked, including overtime. The study is concerned with the number of occasions on which a man attends or absents himself. The conventional absenteeism rate is affected by overtime. Attendance tends to be better at small pits than at large and is affected by weather, accessibility of a pit, provision of nursing services and times of start of shifts but not by inquiries into reasons. Men reacted to the attendance bonus associated with the five-day week agreement and that voluntary absence is greatest among face-workers, whose work is harder and whose rates of pay are highest. In conclusion, there are some men who, habitually, have a lot of absence and others who have very little. Habitual absentees have fewer financial responsibilities than other men, but some of the other evidence appears contradictory. A possible explanation is that there are different traditions and emotions affecting men in different places.

This a survey of the changing causes of death in England and Wales during the past 100 years. Based on the published mortality statistics of the General Register Office the framework of the survey is a series of specially prepared tables of death rates by sex, age and cause of death for the periods 1848-72, 1901-10, 1921, 1931, 1939 and 1947. Adjustments were made wherever necessary to compensate for changes in medical nomenclature and in the statistical classification of disease. After allowance has been made for the changing age structure of the population, the male death rate at all ages in 1947 was 42 % of the rate in 1846-50, and the female rate 35 %. Maximum improvement was among girls aged 5-9 years, whose death rate in 1947 was 9% of the rate 100 years before. In 1848-72 the group to which were allocated the largest proportion of the deaths at all ages were the infectious diseases with one-third of the total; and these were followed by the respiratory, nervous and digestive diseases. In 1947, on the other hand, diseases of the circulatory system came first with rather more than one-third of the total at all ages, and these were followed by cancer. Changes in proportionate mortality rates from various causes have been examined at successive ages from infancy to old age. There was a decline in proportionate mortality from the infectious diseases other than tuberculosis, but increased mortality from tuberculosis in the younger age groups and from violence, circulatory diseases and cancer. The trends of absolute mortality from the various causes were also studied. The reduction in total mortality was such that whereas there were half a million deaths of civilians registered in England and Wales in 1947, the total would have been over a million had the death rates of 1848-72 still prevailed. The article concludes with a brief review of the factors responsible for the changes that have taken place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the ecology of corticolous lichens. The study involves the use of a mathematical simulation model for predicting the productivity of epiphytic corticolous lichen in relation to the environmental conditions at Devon, England. Rates of net carbon assimilation were calculated for Parmelia caperata for a simulated time period of two years and weekly totals of net carbon assimilation were computed for lichens at each height. It was found out that the model appears to yield a calculated result which compares with the vertical distribution of P. caperata measured in the field. Moreover, the alterations in the vertical evaporation gradient are shown to have a strong effect on the vertical distribution of these species.