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This study of the 1973 Local Government Election in England and Wales shows that the position of a canal/date's name on the ballot paper can have an important effect in terms of the number of votes which he receives. In particular the lower-placed members of each party are quite seriously disadvantaged. Investigation into the relationship between this positional effect and other aspects of the election show that it occurs quite generally. A simple model is formulated which attempts to explain the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main trend in urban/rural migration is a continuous gain, in net terms, of towns from villages and large cities. But this is a result of two distinct migration streams associated with the process of family formation. While before marriage there is positive net migration from villages to both large cities and towns (and from large cities towards towns), after marriage there is a tendency for couples to move towards villages. This is explained by the desire of families, particularly those belonging to the middle class to move out of the urban centres to better accommodation in smaller communities. Considerable variations in migrations within and into regions are observed. These reflect the continuation of long-term trends in internal migration (as described in Part I of this paper) in particular, population dispersal from Greater London and larger distance migration into the Southern and Eastern regions. Some social characteristics of migrants and non-migrants are compared. Associations between the intensity of internal migration on the one hand, and occupational status, education, social mobility and family size on the other are observed. An attempt is made to assess the extent of migration associated with the marriage process. Although this process increases mobility, its relative contribution to total adult mobility appears to be only slight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a survey of housing conditions in the urban areas of England and Wales. The survey aimed to assess the general need for urban rehabilitation, to define the areas of worst incidence and to relate the problem to the varying resources of the local authorities concerned. Unfortunately, no comprehensive evidence on the condition of industrial and commercial property exists so that the paper must perforce concentrate on housing alone. However, housing does comprise in area nearly half the urban land use and accounts for a high proportion of the fixed capital investment in the country, 42 per cent in 1953 compared with 31 per cent for other buildings and works. Besides this it has the most immediate impact on human welfare. Since 1801, the stock of housing accommodation has approximately doubled every fifty years. It has been estimated that of the 12.4 million dwellings existing at the time of the 1951 census, nearly 4.7 million, or 38 per cent, were over 60 years old. Of these about 3.25 million were at least 75 years old.

The article reports on the training practices for the profession of accounting in England and Wales. There are four professional organizations in Wales and England that influence training for accounting and they are: the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants, the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants, and the Institute of Municipal Treasurers and Accountants. There are chartered accountants and certified accountants with 50% of those chartered and 35% of certified employed as partners or employees of firms in public practice.

This paper outlines an interpretation of the modern rise of population based on experience of England and Wales and examines the credibility of this interpretation in the light of the different circumstances which existed in four other European countries: Sweden, France, Ireland and Hungary. It suggests that it is desirable to consider the modern rise of population as a whole, and to examine the post-registration period before turning to the uncertainties of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Using this approach in England and Wales the authors conclude that population growth was not influenced by improved sanitation before about 1870 or by specific medical measures before the introduction of the sulphonamides in 1935. They attribute the rise of population in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to a decline of mortality which resulted from improvement in diet. The grounds for this conclusion are threefold: there was a large increase in food production; none of the alternative explanations is adequate; and in the conditions which existed at the beginning of the eighteenth century improvement in diet was a necessary condition for a prolonged expansion of population. The basis of these assertions is discussed at some length. The data for the four other countries, although less complete, are consistent with this interpretation. There is no reason to believe that medical measures or improved hygiene were elsewhere effective earlier than in England and Wales, and, with some differences in timing, advances in agriculture occurred throughout Europe from the seventeenth century. The fact that the decline of mortality and improvement in food supplies preceded industrialization in Sweden, and probably in Ireland, suggests that the initial phase of population growth was not dependent on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes trends of social mobility in England and Wales. Speculations about trends of social mobility have been prominent in contemporary commentaries on the condition of England, and on the changing structures of highly industrialized societies. Empirical research has given little support to expectations that definite changes would be observable when rates of social mobility were compared over time. The theory that in the U.S. the closing of the frontier and the consolidation of corporate capitalism must have reduced movement up and down the social scale has been questioned by recent research. And the contrasting notion, common in Western Europe, that economic, political and educational changes must have increased chances of social ascent and descent has also been empirically challenged. These studies have made little impact on the general debate about contemporary social stratification. But such evidence has also been only partly relevant to some major issues of the debate. For while the data relate to patterns of social mobility prevailing yesterday, the debate has often in effect centered on those patterns which may prevail tomorrow. It is possible that the occupational experience of those who are still only children or adolescents today will follow new lines–in consequence particularly, it has been suggested, of recent changes in educational policy.

This short paper presents some results of an attempt to derive a suitable function to explain unit costs in the water supply industry in England and Wales. The data we used were the latest available at the time of writing. The data, in effect, were for the year 1965-66. It was not possible, because of lack of data, to carry out a time-series analysis to supplement our cross-section findings. At the moment the industry is composed of some 331 undertakings; our sample, which is based on data provided by I.M.T.A.,' covers 162 of those under- takings. In effect, it covers: 67 local authorities; 75 water boards; and 20 water companies. In this paper then we are concerned with the derivation of an industry average cost curve, or function. Although the resulting curve could be similar to the envelope curve, or to part of the envelope curve, as we know it, it will differ from the usual conception of that curve because of the nature of production conditions in the water supply industry. Section II notes the type and characteristics of the four cost functions we have fitted to the data. Section III briefly presents and assesses the statistical results obtained from using those functions. Section IV then makes some comments on the major issue of amalgamation in the light of the statistical results.

The article announces the increased cost limits for school facilities and buildings in England and Wales in 1973. According to Education Secretary Margaret Thatcher, cost limits for school, further education, college of education, polytechnic and university projects will be increased by 22 percent effective April 1, 1973. All school projects approved by the Department of Education conform to the requirements of the Standards for School Premises Regulations 1972. School cost limits are net costs per place. They were previously raised by 10 percent, 13 percent and 15 percent, in April 1970, 1971 and 1972 respectively. Allocations to local authorities for nursery building in 1974-1976 will be based on the new cost limits and will total £18.3 million in England and Wales in each year. The additional resources for secondary school building in 1975-1977, as announced in the Government's White Paper, Education: A Framework for Expansion, will now be increased from £20 million to £24.4 million.

This paper examines the proposition advanced by some commentators that divorce petitioning in England and Wales fluctuates in accordance with the changing real value of legal aid. Direct evidence, from divorce figures and details of legal aid provision, is examined and shown not to fit the hypothesis. Indirect evidence drawn from Magistrates' Court proceedings and income provision by the National Assistance Board also fails to support the proposition. It is concluded that the proposition is false, and that increased divorce petitioning reflects more fundamental social changes than amendments to legal aid provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first section of the paper criticizes the concept of inconsistency between status ranks as an explanation of variations in attitudes and behaviour between different groups. The second section argues that the concept of relative deprivation may, if appropriately qualified, prove more useful and suggests a possible application of it to the topic of attitudes towards immigrants. The third section presents some findings from a sample survey carried out in England and Wales in 1962 which furnish a limited test of two proposed hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the training of accountants in Great Britain, first discussing the situation in England and Wales and later mentioning ways in which the Scottish training differs. The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales has virtual control over the admission of people into the public accounting field in those two countries. There is no separate licensing of public accountants by a government. Membership in the Institute is comparable to holding a state license to practice as a certified public accountant in this country. Members are allowed to described themselves as "chartered accountants" and to use the abbreviations F.C.A. for fellows and A.C.A. for associates. Businessmen are accustomed to seeking the services of Institute members for their professional accounting needs, and "by far the most important part of professional accounting work is carried out by chartered accountants." To become a chartered accountant one must become an articled clerk under Institute regulation and supervision for a prescribed period of years, pass examinations prepared, administered, and graded by the Institute, be accepted by the Institute council for membership.

One of the prime needs of the physical planner is to know how many households he must plan for. Population forecasting is itself a complicated process which, in England and Wales, has only been undertaken comprehensively for local authority areas. This article seeks to discuss that population forecasting can usefully be undertaken in spite of the limitations of the basic data. The author stresses that the wide variations in the characteristics of local populations render the exercise vital, even when national household size appears likely to remain unchanged.

The article discusses a study on fertility of teachers in England and Wales, Great Britain. A sample of teachers differs from a population sample as it may be reduced not only by death but also by other factors which may have a direct bearing on fertility, such as health or change of occupation. In order to compare the fertility of teachers with other occupational groups, the Family Census material was used. The two samples are not entirely identical. The Family Census included divorced and widowed women provided they were divorced or widowed after their 45th birthday. The analysis which follows the pattern set by the Family census' of 1946 describes fertility in terms of numbers of live-born children per married male teacher by marriage cohort and duration of marriage. The data were collected partly by postal questionnaire and partly by personal interview. The postal and interview data were compared and showed no significant difference with respect to the factors under discussion in the present study and only minor differences for other factors.

This article presents the grain-sampling results obtained in the Advisory Entomologists' experimental plot work on frit fly attack on spring oats from 1953-1955. Before the work was started, the results of Cunliffe and Fryer (1924) on the relative infestation of grains within the oat panicle were considered. The data obtained from the 1924 study were considered in the light of the results from the Advisory Entomologists' Extensive Survey (1954) which showed that over the 1947-1951 period, grain damage to commercial crops in England and Wales averaged about 8 per cent.

This article describes pest assessment work in England and Wales during 1946-1951. The Cabbage aphid was selected as the first pest for intensive study and by the end of the 1951 season a reliable sampling method, which could be applied independently of individual bias, had been evolved. Field experiments on the accurate assessment of loss of yield caused by naturally-occurring Cabbage aphid populations were started and the results of the first season's work were most encouraging. The Cabbage aphid plot work was continued in 1952 and is scheduled to last for another two or three seasons, by this time, sufficient reliable data should be available for the evolution of a new rapid survey scheme. Detailed work on Frit fly was also started in 1952 and results from the first season's experiments are as encouraging as those for Cabbage aphid. It has been possible to use the reconnaissance survey results as a basis for the sampling methods used.

It is well known that the early official vital registration data for England and Wales are not complete. Estimates are available of the magnitude of under-registration of births for England and Wales as a whole, but it is highly unlikely that under-registration was uniform over all counties. This article presents new estimates of the degree of birth under-registration for each of the 45 constituent registration counties of England and Wales from 1841 to 1910. The method employed involves the technique of reverse projection, using a characteristic model life table, which is defined for each county by its registered childhood mortality. Adjustments are made for the effects of non-stationarity and net migration. The variation in under-registration across counties is shown to be of considerable magnitude, and a particularly interesting pattern of under-registration and over-registration emerges for the counties of the London, England region. In 1841-50, the degree of under-registration in London was very close to that of England and Wales as a whole. The same is the case for 1851-60. However, by 1861-70 the calculated adjustment factor for the county of London indicates an apparent over-registration of births.

The method of decomposition is applied to evaluate the role played by fertility and age composition of women at risk in annual fluctuations in the number of legitimate live births in England and Wales during the period 1956–70. The analysis shows that the upward trend in the numbers of births during the period 1956–64 was mainly due to a rise in the level of period fertility and that the downward trend thereafter has been due to a declining trend in fertility alone. The analysis also shows that the size and age distribution of women at risk have strongly affected the size of birth cohorts born since 1964. Such effects have been in the direction of increasing the numbers of births to women under 25 years of age in a period of falling fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the effect of waterlogging in peat soils of varying iron content on the growth and distribution of Erica cinerea. The study of H. E. Jones and J. R. Etherington showed that before E. cinerea died in a waterlogged soil, the iron concentration in its tissue has increased substantially. The five peat samples, which were used in the pot culture experiments, were collected from different bog types including the Trelleck Bog in Monmouthshire, Wales and the Fountains Fell in West Riding in England. To determine the total iron content of the peat soils, the sodium carbonate fusion method was utilized.

The article reports on the spread of Spartina in the Chesire estuary of Dee, Wales. The spread of Spartina in Chesire shore started since 1945 due to its open sand banks, channel edges, and pans with integrated salt marshes. It came from Connah's Quay, Flintshire in 1928 and 1929. It is influenced by the formation of sward at the marsh front and consolidated marsh. It depends on the specie's annual seed set and on the survival rate and germination rate of seedlings from upper and lower marshes of the estuary.

The article focuses on the ecological and historical factors in the distributions of the British Helianthemum species. Among the specie of these plants is the Helianthemum chamaecistus which is widely distributed in short dry chalk and limestone grasslands in Wales and England. It is dominated by Festuca ovina, Seslerina caerulea, and Zerna erecta, and appears in substrata in dry Agrostis tenuis-Festuca ovina grasslands in Scotland. On the other hand, H. apenninum is confined to open xeric grasslands on slopes that faces south on Carboniferous and Devonian limestones in Southwest England.

The article offers information on Impatiens parviflora, an erect annual herb, and its presence in Great Britain. The plant has stems branching from the axils of the cotyledons. Its flowers are 10 to 15 millimeters long including spur. Its seeds are oblong with fine longitudinal striations. The plant is frequently persistent in gardens and shady waste places in various parts of England, Wales and Scotland. It discusses the habitat, climatic and topographical limitations of the plant. It lists the most frequent species at more than 1 of 19 localities in England and Scotland.

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Analysis of data on illegitimacy in England and Wales for the 25 years ending in 1962 reveal: (1) a tripling of the rate with a new high in excess of the postwar high, (2) greatest increases in the rates are not found in the very youngest groups, (3) some parallel with the rise in U.S. illegitimacy rates, and (4) a more moderate rise in premaritally conceived legitimate maternities. An examination is made of various personal, social structural and cultural factors which may be contributing to the rise in illegitimate births. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines regional differences in rates in terms of local taxes between England and Wales. In these regions, the gross annual rent is used as a basis of the calculation of assessable value. It was discovered that the relative position of a town in a list of towns of a region did not change. Also, the dispersion of the rates of towns was quite small. Moreover, the clustering of the averages in the prosperous regions was the result of a fall in the level of rates of all the averages.

The article presents figures show that the size of the domestic group in England and Wales did begin to fall sharply in 1891 and has not ceased to fall since that time. It is true to say that the whole period 1891-1961 elapsed before the decline reached the full one-third mentioned in the original article. Nevertheless the level reached in 1911 was only very slightly lower than that of 1861, and the rate of fall was markedly greater after that date than before it, the descent in the fifty years 1911-1961 was only 4% less than in the seventy years 1891-1961. Some of the variation between count and count was undoubtedly due to changes in the definition of the domestic group used by the census takers, the rise to a peak in 1851 took place when occupier replaced family, and the sharp fall in 1861 when lodgers were first officially counted as occupiers. The changes which went on between the second and the fourth decades of the twentieth century are much more likely to have been wholly due to alterations in the actual composition of the domestic group, and they appear to represent its final and definitive transformation.

An attempt to study regional patterns of urbanization in England and Wales has been undertaken for the period 1851-1951. Some of the problems that were involved and some of the results obtained are described in this article. A classification of all the counties in England and Wales into rural and urban has been used in connection with a study of the changing patterns of rural/urban and urban/suburban migration in England and Wales. The index that has been used in this study as a basis for these classifications was the percentage of adult males occupied in agricultural occupations. Every county was classified as rural or urban, according to its percentage engaged in agricultural occupations, for each of the census years 1851-1951. This eventually enabled an examination of the geographical patterns of urbanization in England and Wales since 1851 to 1951 be carried out. Then several alternative statistical rural/urban classifications were made for 1951, using in each a different percentage of adult males engaged in agriculture as the dividing line between rural and urban counties.

The history of public health changes is taken forward from 1900 to 1950. This was a period of important development in a population in which most of the adult members had at the outset of the period experienced compulsory primary education; when the full effects of industrial development had made their mark on the nation's health and, at last, on the public conscience; when the force of social and economic factors in producing and perpetuating disease was becoming appreciated; and when community responsibility for the health and welfare of the individual was becoming accepted. Not surprisingly, great improvements were made in the scope of preventive and curative services and in their accessibility. But the most important factor in the improvement of the national health was the steady rise in the level of living of the population, especially during the last two decades of the period. This article discusses several issues related to public health changes in England and Wales. Among the main contributions to the progress of public health have been (1) compulsory primary education which has enabled the population to absorb health education and to apply the simple truths preached by the public health pioneers of the nineteenth century (2) the reduction of poverty and the concomitant improvement in nutrition and in the provision of other material needs; etc.

This article examines the reasons for the decline of mortality in England and Wales during the nineteenth century. Five diseases or disease groups accounted for almost the whole of the reduction in mortality between 1851-1860 and 1891-1900. In order of their relative importance, the influences responsible for the decline were: rising standard of living, hygienic changes introduced by the sanitary reformers, and favorable trend in the relationship between infectious agent and human host.

It is informed that in view of the widespread post-war interest in problems of marriage breakdown, it is surprising that so little is known of the demographic and sociological aspects of divorce in England and Wales. Since there had appeared for some time to be a need for mote information, the members of the Population Investigation Committee decided to initiate a statistical inquiry into marriage and marital breakdown. This study, now in progress, includes an analysis of the published statistics on divorce and also an examination of statistical material extracted from samples of divorce petitions filed in the two census years, 1871 and 1951. Before the middle of the nineteenth century divorce was an extremely expensive and complicated judicial, ecclesiastical and legislative process. The 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act, which first made civil divorce available, was not a great legal innovation, its main purpose being merely to simplify, and incidentally to cheapen, procedure so that it might become accessible at need to the rising middle classes. Under the Act a petitioner, who previously had to go first to a civil court, next to the ecclesiastical court and finally to Parliament for a private Act, was able to sue at all stages of divorce in one specially established section of the High Court. The grounds on which the new court could grant decrees were exactly the same as under the former ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

This article examines the validity of sociologist Gregory King's estimates of the population of England and Wales in 1695 and of its age composition. The estimates are analyzed in the light of the available King's manuscripts. A study of some of the original returns suggests that the population enumerations used by King in constructing his ratios of persons per house, while by no means perfect, were nevertheless reasonable in quality. The account given in the Kashnor manuscript provides some factual basis for King's allocation of houses between London, England the other cities and market towns, and the rest of England and Wales. Demographic ratios for London agree well with those obtained from more extensive contemporary material. For the rest of the nation, such a check is not possible. But analysis of the census returns for England and Wales during the nineteenth century suggests that, at least, the ratios used by King for the other towns and for the villages and hamlets were not unrealistic. How exactly King computed the numbers of towns in his various categories is not known, and the results cannot be tested for reliability until a fresh analysis of hearth-tax statistics has been made.

This concludes the study, the first part of which appeared in vol. I, no. 2 of Population Studies. The present section compares the results of the 1939 analysis with the pattern of occupational differences in fertility shown by the Registrar-General's statistics for 1921 and 1931. The comparison suggests that the proportion of all births contributed by occupations of low fertility has increased in recent years, but that the general pattern of occupational differences in fertility was probably unchanged in 1939. Appendices to the study discuss a number of related topics, including the application of reproduction rates to the measurement of differential fertility, and the problems involved in grouping occupations for fertility analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study to compare the fertility of various sections of the building industry of varying social status. In accordance with the wishes expressed by the Statistics Committee of the Royal Commission on Population, maternities and infant deaths registered in England and Wales in 1939, in respect of which the occupation of the father had been coded and punched, were retabulated by the General Register Office by groups of occupations. A scheme of twenty-six type groups of occupations was adopted. For purposes of analysis it has been found convenient, in general, to aggregate these twenty-six groups in thirteen main types. It is noted that even the thirteen types provide a more detailed occupational analysis than has in general been used for the analysis of differential fertility. The full classification into twenty-six groups makes possible certain special comparisons. It is seen that the differences in age at marriage between occupations follow closely the differences in fertility, as was to be expected. The differences between occupations in the age of the mother at the birth of the first child are greater than the differences in the age at marriage. This is due to the differences in the average marriage duration at the birth of the first child.

The article presents a study on the demographic trends in marriage habits among men and women in England and Wales in the first half of twentieth century. The study has been carried out on the basis of nupitality tables. It further notes that the war of 1914-18 greatly reduced the number of men in certain generations and, therefore, among these men the proportions married were higher thereafter. In the corresponding age groups among women, the married proportions were decreased by the loss of men. These movements were mainly caused by shifts in the marriage probabilities at the younger ages. The pattern of changes differs somewhat between the sexes. Between 1900-02 and 1910-12 the marriage probabilities decreased at all ages under 40 among men, though the only serious decrease took place under age 25. Among women the probability of marriage increased between ages 25 and 35. The decrease in mortality since 1900 has resulted in a proportionately greater increase in the male than in the female survivors according to the life tables. This process has in a sense compensated the greater increase in female than in male nuptiality in the same period.

The assumption that illegitimate births are attributable to unmarried females is challenged by data recently released by the Registrar General of England and Wales. Births which are registered as illegitimate during the same month that many of the mother indicated married status to the census taker make up a significant proportion of all illegitimate live births, Of those who said they were legally married yet registered the child as illegitimate, about 63 percent said that they were cohabiting with the natural father. Estimates of changes in both illegitimate and legitimate age-specific fertility rates because of these married but separated females have been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sources for the history of teacher-training in England and Wales. As the training of teachers in England and Wales began effectively in the early years of the nineteenth century, the material for the study of its development is, generally speaking, plentiful and readily available. Moreover, as the State early took a hand in training, much of the material is well organized. One of the books is R.W. Rich's "The Training of Teachers in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century. Another shorter and less systematic work, which is a survey rather than a history, is P. Sandiford's "The Training of Teachers in England and Wales." Although intended primarily for American readers, this book gives some useful material and bibliographical details. A much more ambitious survey and a mine of information is Lance G.E. Jones' "The Training of Teachers in England and Wales: A Critical Survey." Specialist training has received even less systematic attention from historians of education than has general training. Housecraft has, however, been comparatively fortunate in this respect, as there are two works to mention: Ailsa Yoxall's "A History of the Teaching of Domestic Economy," and Helen Sillitoe "A History of the Teaching of Domestic Subjects."

The effects of education on current migration propensities in the United States are examined for each age group, and an estimate is made of how these age-specific differentials cumulate over a lifetime in determining the number of times that individuals at different educational levels can expect to move over the course of their lives. The independent effects of age, education, and occupation are also examined. Two other sections investigate trends in educational selectivity of migration in the United States and international comparisons of occupational differences in migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the discrepancies in the functioning of health centres in England and Wales. Although the so called failure of health centres arose from a variety of factors operating at national and local level, it was caused in the main by the limitations on capital expenditure required by the central government. The attitude of the British Medical association (BMA) also demands consideration, for its views and actions have influenced family doctors whose cooperation determines the success of every health centre scheme. That general practitioners can refuse to work in centres derives from their status as independent entrepreneurs. It is in fact, crucial that, whatever the profession's approval of the concept at a high level of generalization, BMA resolutely opposed the widespread provision of centres by local authorities during the planning stage of the Service. Poor communications have also affected health centre schemes. Lack of early consultation with the doctors is reported from some of the centres that came into existence.

The article addresses the interrelationships of community and occupation in the fishing industry at Hull, and in particular their relevance to the practical problems of recruitment and planned urban redevelopment as well as to the wider theoretical issues in these fields of industrial and urban sociology. Industrial sociologists have so far confined their attention to the more basic industries, notably coal-mining and steel, and fishing has remained sociologically unexplored. By comparison with the industries mentioned above, fishing occupies only a minor part of the economy. Thus in 1951, fishermen accounted for only 0.1 per cent of the total male working population of England and Wales. Even in Hull, the port which lands the most fish, the proportion of the working force so engaged was only 2.8 per cent, though fishing is the largest single industry in the city. A research project was initiated, in April 1954, by the Social Studies Department of the University of Hull. The project was broadly conceived as a community study, rather than as a study in industrial sociology. This conception of the project was based on what is common knowledge in Hull--that the fisherman inhabit a particular area of the city, and that they constitute to some extent a separate community.

The article traces the changes in social class by changes in occupation through a preliminary examination of the social grading of occupations in England and Wales. A survey of a large random sample of the population on a nationwide scale is being carried out in order to discover possible evidence of class mobility by change of occupational grade with changing circumstances, also by comparing the grades of parents and their children, and by change of grade on the part of women on marriage if the grade of occupation of the husband differs from that of the wife's father. The grade of occupation first entered is largely determined by educational opportunity, and particulars as to education as well as occupation will be collected in the random sample survey. The inference to be drawn from the examination of this material is that there is no major difference of opinion among those we have tested as to the social grading of selected occupations. While there may be minor differences in judgment and in variability of judgment between men and women, young and old, drawn from different social levels, in their ranking of certain occupations or grades of occupation, these differences on the average do not appear to be highly significant.

The article throws light on the recent developments in nursing education in England and Wales. Nursing and the preparation of nurses for registration are complex and have far reaching implications, with many facets reflected in a broad spectrum, extending from individual nurses to international aspects, from the patient to the Health Service, from the ward team to the hospital team and from the nursing profession to other professions. Thus, it was agreed that experience should be stated. in weeks rather than months and it is hoped that in England and Wales Nursing Education will meet international requirements.

This article examines the insolvency statistics in business failures in England as of 1965. In countries where the legal systems are founded upon the common law of England, there is a marked similarity in the structure of the legal processes for the recovery of debts. Some of these processes are of general application, but others are commonly believed to be particularly associated with business failures, and economists have used the statistics of these processes as evidence to support assertions about changes in the structure of industry and the nature of business cycles. In England and Wales, the law relating to insolvency is not unified. Individuals and partnerships are subject to the Bankruptcy and the Deeds of Arrangement Acts. The latter Act is intended to allow individuals and partnerships to make compositions with their creditors without incurring the stigma of bankruptcy. Companies, large partnerships, and some other associations, are liable to be wound up under the Companies Act. There are other legal processes which do not feature in the insolvency statistics but which may result in a business ceasing to operate. These processes are initiated only by individual creditors and are carried out without regard for the claims of other creditors.

This article focuses on the two multivariate analyses of criminal statistics in England and Wales, since the war. The numbers or the percentage of the population in a given age-group have been used as predictor variables, even though different birth year cohorts are involved at each observational point. From an examination of the data on recorded delinquents for England and Wales for 8-20 years-olds from 1946-57, the author concluded that children who passed through their fourth and fifth years during war-time were more likely to be delinquent. Author have normally used data about age-specific delinquent rates in different years; but cannot immediately infer the number of identified delinquents in a particular birth year cohort, from the delinquent rates observed in the succeeding years. Some people have therefore suggested that the only way to gauge the number of delinquents of any given birth-group is to find out how many individuals of that birth-group have become delinquent before, say, adulthood, or before retirement. This means following up the careers of a given cohort over a long period and this is not always possible.

The article focuses on the trends seen in population and housing in England and Wales, from 1801 to 1961. During the 19th century the population of England and Wales grew rapidly. Up to the mid-century, the number of families increased more rapidly. In the later 19th century, when the rates of population growth slackened, the increase in family units was roughly parallel with that in population and remained so down to the First World War. In aggregate the rate of building in Victorian and Edwardian England was above that of either population or family growth. The article will show why despite a century of rapid building, there was still a housing shortage in England and Wales to which, in many areas, must be added the increasing burden of slums. Regionally, acute problems arising from the need to replace out-of-date property existed while, at the same time, the demand for dwellings were growing far ahead of population. It posed severe problems not only in areas of rapid increase of population but even in areas of stagnation or decline.

Chrysanthemum white rust (Puccinia horiana) was first seen in England late in 1963, on stock originally imported from Japan. Infected plants were destroyed during 1964, but in autumn 1965 over 50 outbreaks occurred, nearly all in south-west England. Eleven outbreaks followed during the next season. The history of the disease and eradication measures are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in S.24 perennial ryegrass in England and Wales was carried out between January and March 1966. Of the 112 samples tested, 104 were infected and this included many samples which appeared healthy. Many of the virus isolates were severe strains and these were mainly transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi, the most efficient vector. There was no evidence of regional distribution of the virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]