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The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

On November 26, 1936, the Popular Front Ministry of France, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. To a considerable extent, press susceptibility to venality results from the fact that it is very difficult for a French journal to be a paying concern by using merely ordinary channels of revenue. Low prices for daily papers have become traditional in France, but, more important than that, advertising has never developed into the gold mine for the press that it has become in the United States and in England.

The article presents the author's response to a commentary made by economist F.W. Taussig on issues concerning international trade. According to the author, Taussig in his commentary states that the U.S. and England are two nations with paper money and in consequence of a loan of England to the U.S., English paper money suddenly depreciates relatively to American paper. According to the author, the diversification of value between two national currencies change in the same proportion the price of the wares imported to the two nations, but do not change the price of the home-made products. The author claims that if English exporters to the U.S. acquire, in exchange of the constant quantity of dollars immediately received for the exported products they will raise in the same ratio the price of these products in the British market; but then even the price of all other English. Moreover, according to the author the prices raised in the English market will be in exact proportion to the diminution of the external value of English money, while all prices will remain unchanged in the American market.

The article assess the accomplishments of seven International Congresses of Accountants held to date. The first congress held in 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri sponsored by the Federation of Societies of Public Accountants in the U.S., must be attributed to George Wilkinson, an Illinois certified professional accountant (CPA) who was born in England, but spent his professional life in the U.S. The 1904 Congress was an ambitious event for the American accounting profession. It was held when The American Association of Public Accountants had a membership of only 140 scattered over 15 states, of whom 81 held CPA certificates. The Third International Congress was held in New York City in September 1929. Joseph E. Sterrett and F. van Dien, presidents of the earlier congress, served as Honorary Presidents, while Robert H. Montgomery held the role of President of the 1929 sessions. The 1952 Congress, convened in London, England, included about 80 CPAs from the United States. It exercised a constructive influence on international finance and commerce, and stimulated avid discussion and subsequent research on fluctuating price levels in relation to accounts, accounting requirements for issues of capital, the accountant in industry, the accountant in practice and in public service, and the incidence of taxation.

This article presents information on several papers and memorandums related to economic conditions in various countries. The Parliamentary documents for 1886 will contain a good deal of evidence of the increasing uneasiness as to the condition and prospects of the foreign trade of England. A Blue Book has been issued, giving the rates of duty levied on imports by the different European countries and the United States; and a second is to give the duties levied by the British colonies, these returns being on the plan of the similar documents published in 1882. The Commission on the Depression of Trade have also collected and published reports from the English consuls, showing the impediments to British trade in the different countries. Another snippet reports that the opening of fertile wheat lands in the United States, and the cheap transportation of grain to Europe have had an influence not only on England and Ireland, but on France, Germany, and Russia. French and German legislation has been invoked to protect the farmer. But now an interesting movement is in progress among the Russian peasants, by which the former serfs are becoming separated from the land. At the time of the emancipation of the serfs, Russia controlled the wheat markets of Western Europe; while the prices of agricultural products were high, and even rising.

This article discusses a study on social status and clique formation among grammar school boys in London, England. This paper reports on another aspect of the inquiry into the effects of social class at adolescence, which has been carried out at the London School of Economics and Political Science in England under the direction of Doctor H. T. Himmelweit. Within the broad framework of the research project, an important place was allotted to problems of peer group selection. Moreover, the paper is based on information from three sources: a choice of friend questionnaire, a sociometric questionnaire and an open-ended question on the attributes of a good friend. The most interesting conclusion which has emerged from these data points to an important difference between this country and the U.S. In both countries, the adolescent's value system largely determines his friendship choices. In England, it has been shown that similar class stereotypes may be found and it is quite possibly true that such friendship criteria as are embodied in the choice of a friend questionnaire reflect parental values. It could also be argued, that the working class boys in the grammar school are exceptional, in that they come from homes where middle class values are prevalent. In England, it may be said in general that by having secondary grammar and secondary modern schools, the working class pupils are divided into those who will be given an opportunity for social ascent and those who will not. England deliberately segregates the new recruits to the higher social levels and gives them more advanced training in separate schools. Under these conditions, several factors combine to give the working class boy those attitudes, interests and motives which are concomitant with his future social position.

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Discusses the developments in trade unions and labor politics between 1827 to 1837 in the U.S. Effect of Contribution of England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in development of trade-unionism; Beginning of trade unionism in Manchaster, England and Philadelphia; Year in which trades' union existed in New York; Labor movements in New York and Philadelphia; Origin of humanitarian and reform movements.

The article presents an abstract of a research paper on the working class in the United States. The research paper was presented at the Anglo-American Colloquium held at Birkbeck College in London, England from June 22, 1968 to June 23, 1968. The research paper discussed reports on some recent research which is beginning to provide something more than an impressionistic outline of working-class social mobility patterns in the United States in the past century. The first phenomenon considered--geographical mobility, or population turnover--is not normally considered an aspect of social mobility, but it has been suggested that movement through space, movement into and out of communities, may retard the development of class consciousness in a manner somewhat analogous to movement into a higher social stratum. In no American city has there been a large lower-class element with continuity of membership. The bottom layer of the social order in the nineteenth and twentieth century American city was a group of permanent transients, buffeted about from place to place, never quite able to sink roots and to form organizations.

The article presents an abstract of a research paper regarding labor unions in the United States. The research paper was presented at the Anglo-American Colloquium held at Birkbeck College in London, England on June 22, 1968. The research paper discussed the derivative nature of the ideas espoused by organized labor during the time of former U.S. president Andrew Jackson. Quotations from union circulars, declarations, and resolutions, in addition to excerpts from speeches, remarks, letters, and articles of organized craftsmen demonstrated the perception of the labour policies among trade unionists. The evidence also revealed the ease with which organized workers could vary the import of the idea about the economic and social primacy of the productive classes. At times, the versatile concept involved the entire working population and excluded only bankers, speculators, and monopolists. The origins of the idea of the economic and social primacy of the productive classes reached back to foreign realms of thought, primarily English.

The opposition of the American Federation of Labor to minimum wage legislation, is due largely to a failure to distinguish between a legal minimum wage which is meant to be merely a subsistence wage and a union minimum wage which is usually a standard wage aiming to provide more than a minimum necessary for existence. The legal minimum wage is applied in the sweated trades in England, and in the few states in this country in which it has been recently enacted aims to secure a subsistence wage for those who are earning less than the minimum amount necessary to support life. In other words, it comes to the aid of those whom the union apparently has so far been unable to organize or, having organized, has been unable to gain for them a living wage. It does not interfere in the least with the union attempting to secure more than a minimum for those of the workers who, through higher skill or through ability to force concessions from the employers, can secure bettor terms. In the Dress and Waist industry, for example, there are the minimum union rates, and a considerable proportion of the women are earning still higher rates of wages. It is manifest that no wage board under a minimum wage law would award such rates of wages at this time.

This paper traces the development of the Social Survey movement in England and the United States, with particular emphasis on the latter, and also attempts to delineate the reciprocal influence it had upon American sociology. In looking at the history of this movement an attempt is made to show how it must be approached in terms of contemporary ideologies. Research of this kind was characterized not only by a previously absent concern with the understanding of the total community by empirical means, but also by a search for the source of social problems which looked not to the individual but to the larger society. During the early decades of this century the Survey movement affected sociological research and writings in the areas of both methodology and community studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the papers that appeared in the January 2, 1962 issue of the journal "Social Compass." In every national and cultural situation, the relationship between sociology and religion is, in one way or another, of primary importance, the interaction between religion and society assumes, in social living its peculiar and specific forms of expression. The authors from the U.S., England, West Germany and Holland who have collaborated in the present issue of the journal "Social Compass," consider principally the way in which religious and philosophical values take shape in society. Considering the countries that they come from, it is not surprising that these sociologists lay particular stress on the influence that Catholic and Protestant confessions and denominations have on social life. It is in Dutch studies in the sociology of religion especially that the vertical pluralism that conforms to religious and ecclesiastical lines of demarcation, has been subjected to closest analysis.

Uses and trusts originated in England shortly after the Norman Conquest. From that time to 1535 there existed two classes of trusts in England, active and passive. Where A conveyed land to B for a period of years instructing B to apply the income of the land for the use of C an active trust was created. If A conveyed land to B who was to hold the land permanently for the benefit of C with no positive duties to be exercised by B a passive trust or use was created. The latter type was far more common than the former. It was used principally to avoid some of the burdens which fell upon the holder of the legal title. Under the feudal system the lord was entitled to a "relief," or payment of money, when land descended to an heir of full age; and to "aids" upon the marriage of a daughter of the lord, the knighting of his eldest son, or when the lord was held for ransom. By conveying the legal title to another and reserving the use to himself the tenant escaped such exactions. An attempt is here made to discuss the treatment of a few items of receipt and disbursement frequently omitted in the provisions of trust instruments. Despite the fact that all the statements made in this paper can be supported by legal authority, not all jurisdictions hold alike in similar circumstances. Furthermore, with changing social conditions, and changing personnel in courts and legislatures, the law of a particular jurisdiction may be quickly modified or completely revised.

The purpose of this articleis to describe and analyze the characteristics of decision makers in an American and an English city. it has been repeatedly asserted that business men exert predominant influence in community decision making. This is the central hypothesis under test. Two cities with similar economic, demographic, and educational characteristics were selected for research, namely Pacific City in the Pacific Northwest, U.S., and English City in Southwestern England. Business men do exert a predominant influence in community decision making in Pacific City and Southern City. However, in English City the hypothesis is rejected. The key influentials come from a broad representation of the institutional sectors of community life. Two major factors seem to explain much of this difference. The first is the difference in occupational prestige values between the U. S. and England. In contrast to the U. S. the social status of industry in England, and so of its captains is low by comparison with the law, medicine, and the universities.

This paper reports results of a statistical examination of the wage-lag hypothesis. The hypothesis that wages lag behind price changes by a significant amount has been given wide support in economic analysis. Co-movements between prices and wages are analyzed by the application of spectral methods which should provide some meaningful evidence on the empirical value of the hypothesis. The objective of the spectral approach is to decompose a time-series into frequency components and determine the contribution of each component to the total variance of a series. Results for both the U.S. and England indicate that there is no agreement with the wage-lag hypothesis in the frequency range identified as the short run since wages and prices appear to be coincident here. At the short-run frequency components where there is a meaningful degree of association between prices and wages almost all of the time, differences are not significant. Results for the U.S. show that at the long-run frequency components where coherence is significant only about half of components indicate a significant time difference between prices and wages.

In this article, the author says that it is so easy to assume that similarity of ideas is based on the direct derivation of one system from another that cautious historians of thought must demand additional evidence. The article also presents information regarding bibliographies of economic publication in the U.S. The author says that the list, brief as it is, seems to be a compilation not elsewhere to be found. Until one develops a special interest, the character of bibliographies, both as to coverage and classification, may escape one's attention. The book "American Bibliography," which attempts complete coverage runs from 1639 to 1799. The book "Bibliothetica Americana," covers 1820-1861. International copyright was not granted until 1891, therefore until that date there was no official list of American reissues of foreign books. The list reveals the close intellectual link the new nation maintained with England and, to a lesser extent, with France. Titles show a liking for the theoretical and abstract side of economics, perhaps prepared for by the interest in theology so long dominant in colonies.

The article presents a conceptual structure of curriculum development and its comparative study. It refers to the motives of such development in the course of the comparison, which involves several countries including England, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Sweden, and the United States. It discusses a conceptual framework for curriculum development, its operations, strategies, techniques, participants, and the educator's role to this development. Curriculum pressure groups define not only the main aim but also the method of construction.