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Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

From their experience of this market and using a combination of trend projection, correlation analysis and market research, Messrs. Clark and Cockram forecast that consumption of printing and writing paper in Western Europe will increase from 8.9 million tonnes in 1972 to 13.3 million tonnes in 1977: an average increase of 8% per annum over a five year period. Recovery from the recent recession will lead to a very rapid increase of consumption in 1973 ( 16% higher than 1972) and in 1974 ( 10% higher than 1973) followed by two years of below average growth. Consumption of coated paper will continue to grow at a faster rate than uncoated, averaging 12% a year. 1973 will be a year of very rapid growth (25%) followed by two years of more moderate growth (13% and 9% respectively) and in 1976 a year of very little growth (2%). By 1977, coated paper will account for 35% of total printing and writing consumption compared with 30% in 1972. The growth in demand for uncoated paper will be less dramatic and also less variable than the growth of coated paper. Between 1972 and 1977 consumption is forecast to increase at an average rate of 7%. Again, 1973 will see the fastest growth ( 12%) while the lowest growth (3%) is expected to be in the years 1975 and 1976. Indeed, there is some danger that a period of stagnation or even another recession could affect paper consumption by 1976.

Air pollution in Tajimi city and Kasahara town, where many china factories are located, was observed by the filter paper method at 15 observation points from June, 1964 to May, 1965. In Tajimi city and in Kasahara town, 256 and 131 china factories exist, respectively, and heavy oil is used in most of these factories as fuel. From the results of this investigation, it was shown that sulfur oxide values in agricultural area were the lowest, 0.02-0.22 mg SO3/day/100 cm2 paper, and in commercial and industrial area, the values were 0.04-0.72, and 0.05-0.68 mg SO3/day/100 cm2 paper respectively. Sulfur oxide values were the lowest in September and October, but were the highest in November, December and January. Nitrogen dioxide values at these observation points were comparatively high, 0.01-0.09 mg NO2/day/100 cm2 paper, and increased in winter, too. Chloride ion values were very low, and fluorine values were relatively low.

The usefulness of the physical barrier of a paper sack against insect infestation, particularly by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. in stored decorticated groundnuts in Northern Nigeria was studied. Laboratory trials and open-air field tests showed that the storage of uninfested nuts in paper sacks preserved quality and reduced losses to a greater extent than did conventional hessian sacks. Previously infested groundnuts stored in paper sacks showed lower quality and greater losses in weight than similar nuts in hessian containers. Paper sacks with a sleeve valve for filling were more proof against insects than open-mouthed paper sacks and both types were particularly successful when situated either in the upper layers or in the interior of a stack in the open air.

A YEAR ago the authors reported that the paper industry was on its way up from a minor dip that had reached its minimum in July 1952 and that a feeling of optimism for 1953 pervaded the industry. Beginning in April 1953 production ratios attained levels significantly above those of the previous year, and have remained there steadily, as shown by the accompanying graphs. This near-capacity rate was apparently leading to new high production records for the year. For the first three quarters, total production of paper and board amounted to 19,915,000 tons, a 10.6% increase over 1952, and this level was being maintained in the last quarter. Paper was up 3.5% and board 18.4%. There was, of course, considerable variation in different categories. Newsprint was down 6% for the first three quarters, and fine papers down 3%. Tissues and absorbent papers were up 15%, and book papers showed an 11% increase. All types of ...

The serviceability of lined kraft-paper bags for packaging cornflour has been assessed in statistically-designed transport trials. Closely similar results were obtained by laboratory drop-tests. Conventional strength-tests on the kraft paper showed no correlation with the behaviour of the bags in service.

By the combination of the method for isolation and concentration by using NH4SH and the calculation RMo at the paper electrophoresis, following injurious nine metals were separated and identified : Hg, Pb, As, Sb, Cu, Zu, Ag, Cd and Bi. Three test solutions for the paper electrophoresis were prepared by the NH4SH method. Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb, belong to the 1st section, were separated and identified according to RMo by using 1N citric acid, 5N acetic acid and 5N formic acid as the electrolyte for the paper electrophoresis. Hg and Bi, the 2nd section, were separated and identified as stated above by using 0.1M lactic acid or 5N formic acid as the electrolyte. As and Sb, the 3rd section, were separated and identified as stated above by using 0.1M lactic acid as the electrolyte.

It is reported that fluorine is emitted to the atmosphere from various industrial process such as the manufacturing of aluminium, clay bricks, phosphate fertilizers and steel. Fluorine concentration in air of china manufacturing area and in raw materials of china were measured. Alkaline paper method was applied for measuring fluorine in air, and modified distillation method was used for fluorine in raw materials of china. From the results of this investigation, it was shown that fluorine content in green body and glaze of china materials were 3.4-16.3mg/100g, and the content in manufacturing were less than 3mg/100g. More than 90% of fluorine in these raw materials was volatilized by firing in the process of china manufacturing, therefore it was supposed that measurable amounts of fluorine was emitted to the atmosphere in china manufacturing area. Fluorine values in the air in china manufacturing area were 3.1μg/d/100cm2 paper, and these vulues were 4 times as high as the values in Gifu city-commercial city. In the nearest observation point to china factories, the values were 20 times higher than to that in Gifu city. From these results, it was concluded that china manufacturing was the main source of fluorine emission.

In order to determine primary aromatic amines, the characteristic fluorescences of the compounds obtained by the reaction of the several amines with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde were measured. The concentration of p-dimethylaminobenzal p-chloroaniline and its relative fluorescence intensity showed a linearity. The relationship between Hammett's substituent constant of the substituents of the aromtic amines and relative fluorescence intensity of the benzalamine compounds of the amines was invstigated. The application of these observations to the micro-determination of aromatic amines was examined. Various types of aromatic primary amine were separated with paper chromatography and reacted with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to form corresponding benzalamine compound, which was detected with ultraviolet lamp and determined in its quantity.

Possible differences between susceptible and insecticide-resistant strains of the house fly, Musca domestica L., other than those related to responses to a chemical treatment, have occupied a variety of research efforts. Among these have been attempts to correlate resistance with morphological changes. Wiesmann (1947) reported a number of structural differences between a resistant strain and a susceptible strain and suggested that these differences might account for the variance in susceptibility. Other workers have found no differences, or only small variations in structure, which could not account for the great differences in tolerance to insecticides (D'Alessandro et al. 1949, Anonymous 1950, and March and Lewallen 1950). Bigelow and LeRoux (1954) reported statistically significant morphological differences between a number of susceptible and DDT-resistant strains which could be used as diagnostic characteristics in separating the susceptible and resistant strains.

It has been established that many substances can bring about a change in position of pigments in crustacean chromatophores (Florey, 1951). The extracts of certain animal tissues (pituitary, crustacean sinus-gland and post-commissure organs, insect brain and corpora cardiaca) are especially active (Brown, 1940; Knowles, 1953; Dupont-Raabe, 1952; Thomsen, 1943); there is evidence that these tissues intervene in the normal colour change of the animals which possess them and that their products may properly be considered as hormones. On the other hand, many species which do not themselves possess chromatophores (oligochaetes, molluscs, and many insects) have nevertheless been shown to contain substances in their tissues which will, after injection into crustaceans, initiate pigment movements (Scharrer, 1954). It has not yet been ascertained whether these pigment-activating substances chemically resemble normal colour-change hormones or whether the pigment movements they produce are pharmacodynamic effects irrelevant in the study of colour physiology.

Malathion deposits on wheat and Kraft paper were irradiated with several dosage levels of gamma radiation. After various periods of aging, samples were bioassay with adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Chemical analyses were done concurrently with the bioassays. Neither the toxicity nor the chemical degradation of the malathion deposits was significantly affected by irradiation with gamma dosages ranging from intermediate (25 krad) to massive (4.3 mrad).

IN spite of the claims of other systems, paper chromatography remains a major analytical tool of forensic toxicology. One of its minor disadvantages is that, in order to get sufficient material on to the paper to give an identifiable spot, a dilute solution must be applied by the tedious process of ‘spotting’ small aliquots and allowing them to dry between each application. We wish to report a very simple and reliable method in which the solution is allowed to flow continuously on to the paper, producing a spot about 0.5 cm in diameter.

Many novel solutions to the nationwide problem of solid waste disposal have been proposed. A recent one which has been studied is the feeding of paper products to farm animais such as dairy cattle as a source of cellulose (MERTENS et ai. 1971a). Cattle will consume rations containing up to 20 weight % paper and assimilate up to 90% of the dry matter of certain of them such as brown cardboard (MERTENS et ai. 1971b). Office paper has also been advantageously incorporated in sheep rations (NISHIMUTA et,ai. 1969). It is known that compounds such as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) are used as dye carriers in specialt'y printing inks. High concentrations of PCB's have been reported as present in carbonless copying paper (MASUDA et al. 1972). It is possible that these compounds may survive when specialty paper products are regenerated for use in other paper products such as cardboard. Paperboard has been reported to contain PCB-type compounds (ANONYMOUS 1972). These compounds could be transferred to cows' milk or meat as residues. Contamination of food by contact is possible if the paper material becomes part of a food container. Electron capturing peaks in extracts of cereal grains have been traced to the presence of corresponding compounds in cloth bags (LEVl and NOWICKI 1972). Certain metals may also be present in paper as constituents of the ink or as a result of the printing process. Furthermore deep rooted trees may absorb unusual elem~Its from lower soil horizons (ROBINSON et ai. 1958) which may then be present in paper. In the work reported a survey of about i00 papers and paper products has been made for the presence of chlorinated organic compounds using gas chromatography with electron affinity and electrolytic conductivity detectors and the combination gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metals and other elements in paper were also determined by spark source mass spectrometry. Experimental

Separation of toxicologically important alkaloids by paper electrophoresis in two buffer systems is described. The fluorescence observed under ultraviolet light, the colour of the spots with different spraying reagents, and the migration distance of alkaloids are recorded. The application of the technique in medico-legal autopsy analysis is stressed.