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The article presents a speech by Shrimati Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, delivered at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 5-16, 1972. She stresses that pollution is not a technical problem but it is due to science and technology. She discusses the industrial development that is happening in her country.

The article addresses the problem faced by developing countries in applying scientific and technological innovation to achieve economic growth. It cites the problems of developing countries in meeting the requirements of such innovations, such as the number of people with technical skills and knowledge on science and technology. According to the author, developing countries can effectively use technology and science in achieving economic progress through the establishment of an institution that would formulate problems and organizational instrument to find applicable solution to the problem.

The article reflects the views of the author on the world development. The author believes that the changes which are taking place in the world are brought by the upsurge of science and technology and by the spread of industrial civilization. He notes that the enormous revolution is characterized primarily by rapid technological change. He cites industrial-scientific revolution, and believes to have had profound effects upon human populations. Results of innovations made by man over his environment is also cited by the author.

The article focuses on the balance between the needs and the achievements of underdeveloped countries. According to economic experts, sociologists, and natural scientists, the needs of developing countries are falling farther behind, as their needs grow faster than their achievements. Irrespective of political views and the countries they come from, almost all of them agree that these countries must have capital from abroad. Some say that without this capital the underdeveloped countries will not be able to avoid the horrors of the Soviet industrialization, with all that would mean to them and to the tensions of this coldly coexisting world.

The article discusses the role of automatized industrial processes in economic growth. The author observes that many operations in industry, commerce and services are enjoying improvement in their efficiency with the application of automation processes. However, underdeveloped economies may experience difficulty in terms of transitioning to automation processes. Some of the problems in the early stages of development are the lack of capital to buy the necessary equipment, scarcity of skilled labor and well-trained engineers and applied scientists.

Western society is well embarked Oil the transition from the industrial to the post-industrial era. The structures of the industrial organization, in particular, are growing increasingly dysfunctional because they stand at the confluence of changes involving technology, social values, the economic environment, organizational design, job design and the practices of management. Unless their managers can adapt, these industries will be the first to be hit by crisis and massive dislocation. However, theoretical and practical studies in ' socio-technical systems ', under way in England, Norway and the United States during the last 20 years, suggest ways in which production organizations can fit themselves to the new characteristics inherent in the post-industrial field. In such a modified environment, jobs will be characterized by greater autonomy, adaptability, variety and participation. In return, workers will offer a higher degree of commitment to the job and the organization. Several examples and case studies are cited to support and illustrate the socio-technical approach to organizational design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imitation of institutional models from industrialized nations is disfunctional for the developing nation. The imported model often does not fit the needs of the host culture. Furthermore, the model is a product of particular historical circumstances in the exporting country. Members of that institution would not recreate it in its present form if they were free to build anew. Industrialized countries are also characterized by a high degree of specialization and by complex problems of coordination of specialties. The developing nation can progress best as it pursues an innovative strategy with an emphasis upon the integration among specialties. The argument is illustrated with cases drawn primarily from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the impact of automation on the society particularly in the U.S. It is stated that automation is part of the larger process of social change which has been going on in human society since its inception and it has had an enormous impact on the production, communication and scientific investigation. The paper emphasizes that since automation represents the highest development to technology, it is inevitable that industries will move in its direction. It discusses the relation of automation to other technologies and how technology is related to the organization of society.

This article, reprinted by permission of The Colliery Guardian, is a commentary from the employer's point of view on Mr. J. H. Mitchell's article "The Mechanization of the Miner" in a recent number of The Human Factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present we are in the midst of arguments between advocates and critics of automation—arguments which have led to conflicting predictions about the future consequences of the use of automatic machines in business and industry. An individual's perception of, acceptance of, and resistance to automation is undoubtedly related to his attitude toward automation. Furthermore, is society's agents continue to increase their reliance upon computers, some resistances must be changed to acceptance. Thus, a study of the variables which produce a change in attitude toward automation would be valuable. Requisite to this understanding is the construction of a reliable and valid instrument to assess attitudes toward automation. The purpose of the present study was the development of such an instrument. A slightly modified version of Likert's method of summated ratings was used to develop reliable items for the scale. To establish concurrent validity, the scale was administered to three groups. These groups were chosen because it could reasonably be assumed that they held markedly different attitudes toward automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the effects of industrial and technological developments upon the demand for capital. This segment comprises transportation and other public utilities and its nonparticipation in the investment decisions making for durable goods activity has been one of the major troubles of the economy. It would be difficult for a bureaucracy to survive save in a monopoly. Probably conditions are most fruitful for the sprouting of a bureaucracy as a corporation or industry approaches maturity. Seniority customs then have become well developed and the record of operations of sufficient long standing to justify the entrance of conservative money, savings institution money, bond money. Representatives of this money on the board of directors may serve to hamper an aggressive investment policy. The railroads may be the prime example of a mature industry of monopolistic status, in which conditions have been favorable to bureaucratic growth.

The article examines the industrial planning and role of new technology in the economic development of Scotland. The historical background regarding the industrial development of the region is discussed such as the introduction of railways and reconstruction of industries following World War I. Several features of Scotland that attract industries with new technologies are mentioned. They include abundant supply of freshwater, good grade of coal and large number of graduates. Information on the industries found in Scotland is presented.

The article provides an overview of the technical innovation and economic progress in the ancient world. It also presents information on innovations during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages and the improvement in the wine and oil presses used on the Roman latifundia. In the course of the fourth century B.C., the taste for fine painted pottery disappeared, almost abruptly, and at once there was a sharp decline in quality. But people continued to need pots, and rich Greeks and Romans continued to demand better pots with some sort of decoration. Moulded decorations replaced painting and therefore a new technique was introduced in the industry, the only one in its history throughout classical antiquity. The century and a half after Aristotle marked the peak of ancient scientific achievement, and the man who towered over all the others was Archimedes, the greatest and most inventive scientist of the ancient world. And Archimedes was most praised for his refusal to contaminate his science. One constant factor throughout ancient history was the presence of a sufficiently abundant supply of dependent labor.

The article discuses the concepts of left wing opposition spokesman Evgeni Preobrazhenski regarding industrialization of Soviet Union. Referring to the famous "goods famine" of 1925, Preobrazhenski says that it was an accentuated expression of deep-seated maladjustments in the structure of the Soviet economy. In his view, the shortages of the present were, to a large extent, the results of the enforced prodigality of the past. to reveal themselves. While the possibility of securing output increases by more intensive utilization of available equipment was diminishing as capacity limits were approached, the deterioration of equipment was progressing. The situation as Preobrazhenski saw it, however, called for something much more far-reaching. This was due in part to the fact that such a complete renewal of equipment provided the best opportunity for a wide-scale application of the technological improvements which had accumulated in previous years and which he viewed as uniformly capital-using.

Social and industrial development have been slow, halting and uneven through the millenia. Only in recent centuries, starting perhaps with steam engines, and especially in recent decades with electrical power, has physical change become explosive. It is not surprising, then, that the high dam, the bulldozer, and the nuclear bomb have become the noire of some, while to others the scientist and engineer have become the high priests of progress. The forces for environmental change have outpaced our institutional inventions for environmental management. Ecology is the fledgling science, growing in sophistication, that is concerned with interactions between life and environment. As a consequence, to think ecologically is to try to cope with systems as they exist in nature and society; to synthesize rather than just analyze to try to see problems whole, not only their parts and to be concerned for the consequences of separate actions. Environment is the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions and influences to which an organism is sensitive and capable of reacting man included.

Offers a set of historical facts about specialization of industries which have no simple theoretical explanation. Concept of specialization; Sequence of activities in the process of technological change; Significance of horizontal specialization.

The process whereby innovations diffuse throughout an economy or throughout the world has interested many people at many times. One of the more intriguing examples of this process is the spread of the use of coke to make pig iron, which has interested investigators because of two seemingly incompatible properties. The use of coke in the blast furnace was one of the enabling innovations of the industrial revolution in Britain, and it played a similarly important role in the industrialization of many, if not all, other industrializing countries in the nineteenth century. Despite this importance, however, the spread of coke was not rapid, there was often a delay of as much as a half a century in the spread of this innovation from Britain to other countries. This article is based on economist Louis C. Hunter's masterful analysis and suggest some alterations in his hypothesis about the antebellum iron industry. This discussion has been concerned with changes in the production of pig iron and has discussed that part of the iron industry that made this material.

This paper concentrates on the role of the industrial sector. The growth of industrial employment opportunities and output depends mainly on the strength of two forces, capital accumulation and technological change. The greater the rate of capital accumulation, the greater the rate of expansion of industrial employment and output. Moreover, in an economy with substantial surplus labor, innovations can also make significant contributions in the same directions, especially if they are sufficiently strong and are biased in the labor using direction thus making possible maximum use of the relatively abundant factor. If the combined forces of capital accumulation and innovation yield a rate of labor reallocation in excess of the rate of population growth, the economy may be considered to be successful in the development effort in the sense that the center of gravity is continuously shifted towards the industrial sector. As this process continues, the underdeveloped economy will sooner or later exhaust its surplus labor and reach a significant turning point in the development process. The aim of this paper is to examine carefully the role of industrial capital accumulation and technological change during the development process.

Early industrial development in Soviet Union means its development during the period of the first two Five Year Plans-is commonly acknowledged to have been extremely rapid by international standards. As such, it inevitably exerts a strong attraction on the governments of underdeveloped nations. There is a natural interest in seeing what lessons can be learned from it. This paper concentrates on one such lesson. In trying to explain this rapid rate of development, three different lines of explanation have been pushed by various Western scholars. The main explanation given is the high proportion of national income set aside for investment, and the fact that such investment was directed primarily into the expansion of directly-productive rather than social capital. This investment was accompanied by a large influx of labor into industry and construction, since this labor force was more pushed out of agriculture than pulled into industry, such relocation of human resources did not interfere with a program of restricting consumption to the advantage of investment.

The industrialization's three-fold impact on a pre-industrial labor force is summarized below. People are forced to adjust to a new environment i.e. a city. This necessarily involves social disorganization which manifests itself, at the social level, in higher rates of crime, unbalanced sex ratios, political extremism and the like. These maladjustments require some centrally implemented policy if they are to be overcome. People must adjust to a new technology. This is the least difficult of the three adjustments and requires mainly an increase in the number of vocational training facilities. People must submit to new social relationships, particularly those required by factory organization. The absence of alternative social arrangements to provide such foundations for industrial communities quickly strikes one even in such a relatively advanced country as India. There would be great difficulties in execution, in potential and real abuses, in stimulating employer concern for such behavior and possibly in straining scarce capital resources.

The article presents a critical discussion by the author on two papers by Irving H. Seigel and W. Rupert Maclaurin about technological progress and it measurement. The author warns the reader about Maclaurin's potentially dangerous assertion that technological progressiveness cannot be correlated directly with monopoly or bigness. Maclaurin concedes that some degree of monopoly is essential to technological progress. Maclaurin's paper is a signal contribution to the study of innovation in selected industries. It is a commendable venture into an essentially unexplored field. The author's main criticism of the paper is its de-emphasis of policy considerations. In microeconomics there has been in the past, too much emphasis on price competition, for in the absence of technological change there are very, very narrow numerical limits to price reduction by the firms. By contrast, as a consequence of process innovation, the reduction of unit cost and price may be numerically very large indeed.

The article analyses the role of large corporations in insuring a steady and rapid technological growth. Progress is defined here as the introduction of important new or improved products or progresses. The author starts with certain assumptions concerning the technological progressiveness of the industries under consideration. He remarks that it must be understood that until American industries themselves become more self-conscious about the question of how technologically progressive they are and set out seriously to assemble information from their performance to explain their record, a theorist shall have to do the best he can with inadequate data. Measuring technological progress depends on what we are interested in and what we hope to accomplish. The aspect of technological progress that the author explores is that which leads to the opening of major new investment outlets. According to this definition, therefore, an industry is not likely to show a high rate of technological progress if its research and engineering are directed primarily to refinements in existing products rather than to radical improvements or the creation of entirely new products or processes.

The article explores the psychological effect of automation and technological changes on workers and on vocational counseling. It looks at several revolutions that were taking place, which include industrial, social and personal. Impact of automation to individual, particularly on the working group, was seen to be meaningful in counseling as the new techniques of production and distribution will require new ways of living that intensified emotional tensions. Effect of automation on women workers and education are also discussed.

Examines sources on manufacturing growth in Australia and Argentina from 1946-60. Importance of technical progress as a source of growth; Comparison on manufacturing growth of Australia and Argentina; Impact of capital formation on development.

The article focuses on the impact of technological change on human behavior. It recounts the beginning of technological transition that has started in the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. It states that the expansion of markets and the opening of new trade and commerce abroad have stimulated man's inventiveness and enterprise. It stresses that the effects of industrial changes depend on the nature of the change and the circumstances under which it is introduced. Furthermore, it enumerates the human and social factors that have influenced the individual's desire of an industrial change.

The article discusses management in Great Britain. The author notes its great potential for industrial development and technical innovation. He recognizes that the ideas and practices which characterize industry within Great Britain had been developed over several decades. He feels that, had the technological and scientific bases of business continued to expand at the pre-World War II rate, the culture of British industry would have been likely to adapt most effectively to the changes. Science and technology have had an unprecedented rate of growth from 1945 to 1970, as revolutionary ideas and practices promote a greater change over much shorter periods of time. An effective industry needs to have a culture that is highly adaptive to the technical innovations affecting it.

This article refers to some policy considerations arising from actual mechanisms of technology purchase by developing countries within or outside the framework of direct foreign investment. Given the complexity and extent of the subject matter we will not deal with issues related to the selection of appropriate technologies nor with the existence of domestic scientific and technological activities which are complemented or substituted by know-how flows from abroad. Furthermore, we will not deal with broader issues referring to the re-enforcing interrelationship between income distribution, consumption structures and technology utilization. Rather, we will limit ourselves to the evaluation of the process by which production know-how becomes a negotiable unit which is traded among transnational enterprises and developing countries. Thus, a reference has been made to the market within which technology is being commercialized. In the latter part of the article parallel conclusions are drawn between the experience of developing countries on concession agreements in extractive industries in the first part of this century and their negotiations in technology licensing agreements in the 1960s. The empirical evidence provided comes from research undertaken in the Andean Pact countries.

The International Social Science Council and the International Research Office on Social Implications of Technological Change held a round table conference, devoted to the social implications of technological change, as of August 1, 1958. According to the work programme, the discussion was centred on three aspects, i.e. changes occurring at the level of the firm, the family and the community. A historical and geographical comparison was also planned with the intention of demonstrating these differences between the industrialization process of the 19th and the early 20th century and the development to be observed today in new regions. Reports specially prepared by some participants provided the basis for discussion at each meeting. Most of these papers examined the problem of social change by means of an analysis of the situation in a particular country and the discussion was almost always directed to general situations which these national and regional analyses made it possible to identify.

The article discusses the changes occurred in the transition age. The real test of the matter lies in the extent to which the actual bases of human life and endeavor are being changed. The period is not something new to this generation. There is good evidence that society has been in a state of mobility since at least the 1890's. In all probability, present changes have their roots much farther back than that. The rapid rise of technology and the trend toward corporate, social, and collective action in the economy have made difficult the determination of ordinary and transitory changes in the culture. The preindustrial society was based principally in the tradition of economic individualism, either of the type common to the freehold farmer or that of the enterpriser. There are many factors that mark present transitional state. By no means the least of these is the rapid rise of technology. It has left its mark upon every phase of human life. Further evidences of transition may be found in the disintegration of the family brought about by the industrialization of the world.

This article presents researches published in the March issue of the journal "International Journal of Production Research." Technological developments, particularly in the metal and plastics fields, are causing rapid changes in industrial methods and are the subject of research in many parts of the world. Although these are extensive research areas, the Board welcomes papers relating to any branch of technology, since the production research worker must be aware of trends in manufacturing techniques. According to the article, researches into organizational or human aspects of production are being conducted in only a few countries, at present, but there is evidence of a growing interest in these research areas in the technologically advanced nations. The work being done in these fields of study can, at the moment, only claim to be exploring small parts of them, and it is probable that any researcher undertaking studies would produce results of considerable interest. The editors would, therefore, urge research workers to submit their reports for wide dissemination and comment by others in the international context of this Journal.

The article reports that the industrial division of CPC International Inc. is building a new starch flash dryer at Argo, Illinois. The dryer is designed to load 12 large or 20 smaller bulk rail cars a day. The dryer is part of the CPC's starch modernization program announced in January 1974. The dryer, expected to be operational by early 1975, will remove moisture from starch cake at an extremely high rate of speed. A photograph of the dryer is also presented.

The article focuses on the implications of technological innovation on the status of education in the U.S. The director of the National Education Association's Project on the Educational Implications of Automation Dr. Luther H. Evans has predicted that the schools and other educational institutions have a greater responsibility in giving balance if automation is to bring a higher standard of living instead of more unemployment. There were 60 leaders in education, industry, science and labor who met at a symposium in Washington in the late January 1962, who concluded that one education is not enough to carry people through the many jobs they will be holding in one lifetime.