Search

This paper discusses recent speculation concerning the normative bond which ties the lower class to the present structure of British society. It focuses on the assertions by some theorists that the normative opposition which can arise 'spontaneously' within the lower class is inherently limited in scope, and that any future class based movements of a radical kind depend on the action of agencies 'external' to the lower class. Some preliminary results are presented from a recent survey of council tenants in Barking, East London, some of whom were on rent strike. This evidence reveals the existence of attitudes 'deviant' to dominant values concerning the ownership and rights of property. In conclusion, the nature of lower class normative opposition is reassessed and it is suggested that the lower class are not as conceptually restricted as is often suggested, and that future possibilities of radical action do not necessarily depend on the activities of the Labour Party or trade unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the strategy for industrial relations research in Great Britain. The aim of the study is to offer a survey on the British industrial relations research and research needs and a new program for the renewal of the Social Science Research Council's Industrial Relations Research Unit. The study emphasizes the importance of institutional factors in a number situations and direct attention to the need for behavioral or political theory of bargaining. The study also attempted to show how the developed principles can be applied to the work of a single industrial relations research organization.

The article presents the study concerning the results of one section of the two surveys on the training and background of a group of 125 consultant psychiatrists. The initial survey was mainly concerned with training, which was conducted to consultant psychiatrists in the Great Britain who had been appointed to a post in general psychiatry, with at least 6 National Health Service sessions between October 1, 1963 and September 30, 1966. The next survey used a questionnaire that inquired into the background and motives of consultants appointed between October 1, 1966 and September 30, 1969. The findings of the study revealed differences in background and career of the 125 appointed consultants depending on which type of hospital they had received their psychiatric training in.

The article discusses the health of children through an analysis of the 1971 General Household Survey in Great Britain. Emphasis is given to topics such as the consulting of a general practitioner for conditions such as bronchitis and upper respiratory infections, the association between age of sick children and degree of consultation, and home visits for working class families.

The article explores the categorization of patients by medical care practitioners such as physicians and nurses through an analysis of surveyed doctors in Great Britain. Emphasis is given to topics such as managing and interacting with patients who cause trouble, the role of social class and groupings in doctor-patient relationships, and the assessment by physicians of the social aspects and behaviour of patients.

The article reports on the survey conducted on Labour Party agents regarding their role structures, perception and individual behavior within complex political organizations in Great Britain. The survey indicated that the probability of conflict is enhanced by the nature of political parties and their ideological divisions. The agents occupy positions of centrality in the communication network of the Party.

This article critical analyzes the book "Governing Without Consensus: An Irish Perspective." by Richard Rose. The importance of the book is that the author seriously attempts to tackle non-trivial problems in a non-trivial way, to relate his discussion all the time to theoretically significant issues and to make a systematic use of cross-national comparisons. His efforts can be criticized and most of this article will in fact be critical. There is possibly nobody else in Great Britain and elsewhere, with the combination of ability, drive and commitment to carry out a study of this magnitude, still less to manage an elapsed time of just over three years from the carrying out of a big survey to the publication of the book. Rose's case for thinking the Northern Ireland conflict is essentially a conflict of nationality has a number of strands, which are not drawn together in the book. First, there is a whole chapter called "The United Kingdom as a Multi-National Regime" which is concerned to attack those who have written of the homogeneity of the United Kingdom. This notion comes, he suggests, from extrapolating wildly from England, which is indeed homogeneous.

A survey of the extent of electoral opposition for top posts in 31 British, and 51 American unions of manual workers reveals great differences between and within the two countries, with more competition or opposition than might have been expected. An examination of organizational differences between the two sets of unions leads to the conclusion that most of the formal differences might be expected to generate more opposition in the British cases than in the American. While there are somewhat more defeats of incumbents in American unions, there is significantly more opposition in British unions as measured by the closeness of electoral contests, for vacant posts in particular. However, openly organized factionalism in the American case proliferates to a degree unknown in British unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks on the preliminary survey regarding the method used on psychological and other test in secondary schools in Great Britain. It reveals that the test used, include Ballard's New Examiner Achievement Test, the American Council's European Test, and the World Test. The survey further points out that the test of silent reading, completion of geographical terminology, and science terminology is used by students in College.

The article presents the results of a 1966 survey of firms in the North East of Great Britain to elicit information regarding methods of recruitment and training with reference to the adult worker. The North West Regional Office of the Ministry of Labour provided a list of seventy-seven firms who had consented to take part in the enquiry. The firms were selected on a cross sectional basis from the various sub districts in the region. A questionnaire was devised and distributed to all the firms on the Ministry's list. Fifty-one firms, employing 71,980 persons (50,313 men, 21,667 women) completed and returned the questionnaire. This represented a sixty-six per cent response. The questionnaire was divided into three parts: A. General information about the firms; B. Recruitment; and C. Training. The manufacturing processes and services covered by the firms in this survey ranged from heavy to light industry, from multiple stores to docks. The range of occupations under review extended to all five of the Registrar General's classifications. In accordance with the national pattern, small firms (500 or less employees) were more numerous than the larger.

The article presents two surveys, made by the author, of Jewish students in Great Britain from 1936 till the eve of the War. The first survey made during the academic year 1936-7 covered nineteen Universities in Great Britain and Ireland. The second survey, which investigated certain details omitted by the former, covered eleven universities in Great Britain during 1938-9. The proportion of Jewish students receiving assistance in relation to non-Jewish varied from university to university. Owing to the proportion of students from abroad who were unendowed, the percentage of Jewish students with scholarships or grants was lower than among non-Jewish students. The numbers of Jewish students reading economics at the universities was investigated in greater detail by the second survey. Other profession usually associated with medicine as a favored choice of Jewish students, the law, is not to be compared with it in popularity. Law and teaching are the two professions, which deserve singling out by reason of their numerical importance and they probably did not attract more than one quarter of the Jewish graduates.

This article focuses on the foundation year course in universities of Great Britain. During each year of the investigation just over 70% of the students in the current Foundation Year were interviewed. These interviews were voluntary and confidential, and each lasted between twenty and thirty minutes. One aim of these interviews was to obtain personal information from students which could not be obtained from application forms or questionnaires. A second purpose was to explore the methods and pattern of work adopted by students and the difficulties they encountered in the Foundation Year course; and in general to build up a composite and necessarily second-hand picture of the educational and social factors to which a student is exposed in the Foundation Year. The interviews embodied several common and indispensable techniques. A smaller number (fifty in all) of similar interviews were carried out with students in the first year of their principal studies. These students presented the advantage of being able to look back on the Foundation Year as a whole, and the corresponding disadvantage of a viewpoint which had tended to become selective, simplified and stereotyped with the passage of time.

This article focuses on an educational survey in universities of Great Britain. This survey covers 497 students admitted to the Foundation Year course: 242 in October 1962 and 255 in October 1963. Students were classified by previous education, which was defined in terms of the institution at which each student had studied for university entrance qualifications: a man or woman who left secondary school at sixteen and studied for G.C.E. Advanced Level examinations at a Technical College was classified under the latter. Comparable analyses for other individual universities are difficult to discover. The Robbins Committee reported figures derived from their own survey of four thousand students in universities in England and Wales during 1962. The great majority of students have spent the last two or three years in the sixth forms of secondary schools, studying a small group of related subjects. Over 90% are "specialists", in the sense that they have been categorized and taught by their schools as "arts" or "science" pupils.

This article focuses on a survey conducted by Mass Observation Ltd. on 3,000 immigrants in Great Britain. There are some conditions under which the survey was made. First, immigrants were questioned only if they had been living in the country for a year or more at the time of the survey. This accords with the official definition of a migrant, and although the scores of thousands who have arrived since mid-1960 are thus excluded from the survey, it is considered that the character and circumstances of their migration are fairly accurately foreshadowed in the responses of those who had arrived since 1958. Second, the program of interviews was confined to ten major cities and one town, and to areas within them, which were known to hold large immigrant communities. It must therefore be recognized that the survey will not have taken full account of those minorities among immigrants who have found work in rural areas, or of those in the professional, managerial and self-employed classes who may tend to live apart from the main communities of their countrymen.

The article discusses a survey relating to the number, size, and geographical distribution of synagogues and the Jewish population in Great Britain. Such knowledge is of obvious value to Jewish synagogal, educational and welfare organizations. It is also of no little importance to local government authorities who, in making provisions out of general rates and taxation to support Jewish institutions, need to know to what extent the Jewish population within their boundaries justifies separate facilities. The survey provides some indication of how the community as a whole has allocated its capital budget in the past decade to synagogue building compared, for example, with school building. The Registrar General in his annual reports has indicated that the number of synagogues reached a peak in 1952 and has since declined by some 22 per cent. The survey examines whether this recorded decline is to be relied upon and whether it can be regarded as indicating a decline in the community's size. According to the survey, there were 375 synagogues in Great Britain in 1970 with, on average, 240 male members and 337 seats, of which 194 were for men and 143 for women.

The article presents a discussion related to sex chromosome abnormalities among the mentally defective in Finland. Several reports have dealt with the incidence of sex chromatin and sex chromosome abnormalities among the mentally defective. The first of these publications established that four mentally retarded boys among 325, and eight among 336, respectively, were chromatin-positive. A very large survey of 4,514 subjects from Great Britain revealed the presence of 37 patients, 28 males and 9 females, from institutions for the mentally defective with sex chromosome abnormalities.

Pre-election opinion surveys are today an integral part of election analysis. Despite the pollsters' rnispredictions in the U.S. presidential election of 1948, polls and surveys are still heavily relied upon both in the U.S. and abroad. Polls were used extensively during the British general election of 1950. At least five different polls and surveys were used in the 1950 election. The reporting by opinion polls in Britain in 1950 was uniformly vague and presumptuous. Practically no description of sampling technique or interpretative manipulation found its way into newspapers or magazines. It must be admitted that the dichotomous issue-situation which existed in the 1945 election was not as apparent in 1950. Vote decisions were made in terms of domestic, not foreign, policy positions, but the distribution of opinion on the key domestic questions was too close to permit definitive interpretations. Bearing in mind the large don't know category for all polls, and the fact that up to 6 per cent of the respondents admitted to waiting until the last two or three weeks before the election to arrive at their decisions, this distribution of opinion has special relevance.

While a number of surveys, on sex attitudes and habits have been conducted in the U.S., they are far rarer in other countries. This article outlines the results of a study along these lines in Great Britain. A national cross-section was asked for their attitudes on sex education, divorce, birth control, prostitution and related matters and a more restricted sample was asked about their personal sex habits. With some notable exceptions, results are consistent with the report given by researcher Alfred Kinsey with the help of his Mass-Observation survey carried out in the U.S. and Great Britain. The report was subjected to much criticism in Great Britain. Expert counsel was felt to be particularly necessary in a sex survey and a board of assessors was therefore assembled to give general advice throughout. Funds available for the survey were strictly limited and of the many ideas put forward for the survey clearly only a few could be implemented. Thus, it was finally decided that a national cross-section questionnaire was an essential background for comparison and therefore a direct interview was prepared and asked of a sample of 2,000 people.

The article discusses on the results of a survey on administrative developments in Great Britain in 1967. The size of the cabinet was reduced from twenty three to twenty one members. Also the Ministry of Defense was changed, Minister of Defense for Royal Navy, the Army and air force were abolished. The Social Survey, is under the Treasury Department on April 1, formerly under the Central Office of Information. Also the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources was dissolved after a short existence.

The article focuses on the survey of land use in Great Britain. According to the article, the maps of the Second Land Utilization has been implemented by voluntary workers and the classification was forced to observe on the visual and functional properties of landscape. The 64 categories that were applied had to be determined in visual terms and diagnostic features must be clearly stated for items like moorland vegetation or types of farm crop. Thus, through the survey, the author reflected that the growing excess of farmland must not dim the long term need to conserve soils. He stated that a policy of retreating the marginal land is need. He added that landscape architects have a significant role and there is range for strengthened economic arguments to aid the case to expand their work.

The article presents information on various developments related to economics in Great Britain. The Annual Meeting of the Royal Economic Society was held at the London School of Economics and Political Science on July 8, 1965. The Business Economists' Group is organizing a survey of the economists of this country. The purpose of the survey is to elicit as much information as possible about the position, function, remuneration and career prospects of the economists in Great Britain. The information so obtained will be used to publish a pamphlet. In addition to their own members, those responsible would like to include as many other economists as possible. Henry Hamilton, professor at the University of Aberdeen died on May 4, 1964. His contributions to the economic history of Scotland were distinguished. He played a major part both in the development of economics in the University of Aberdeen and in the reconstruction of the Scottish Economic Society, for which he served for a period as Secretary.

The article presents news related to training of executives in Great Britain. The Training Opportunities Scheme was announced in broad outline in February 1972 in the consultative document, Training for the Future. It replaces the existing Government Vocational Training Scheme and is designed to enable people to prepare for new employment. It is a scheme devised to meet the training needs of individuals, as opposed to companies and organizations; its aim is to offer wider opportunities to those who failed to acquire skills immediately after the end of their education or who have made a mistake in their first choice of career. Maurice Macmillan, Secretary of State for Employment, made his statement on the future of industrial training in the House of Commons. In summary he listed the three main issues as follows: the Training Opportunities Scheme ; and the proposed National Training Agency. According to a survey, the percentage of salary increases for executives of Great Britain was the lowest among a representative group of six countries.

Presents a survey on the state of the art training for manual, craft or physical skills in Great Britain. Emphasis on the traditional area of training expertise; Development of management training; Analysis on the term skill and skilled craftsman.

Focuses on an international survey of the cotton industry, in the year 1903. Data on the average annual consumption of cotton in Great Britain and the U.S. during 1830-1835; Statistics on the exports of British cotton yarn to Europe from 1830 to 1901; Conditions of machine cotton industry in the Eastern countries.

The article reports about higher technical education and socio-economic development. It discusses social science, development studies and engineering education. Surveys are conducted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to present a factual and quantitative collation of data on social science teaching in schools and other institutions of polytechnic education at university level. It deliberates on social science teaching in higher technical education in Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. It also offers a comprehensive view of development in comparative education in social sciences, innovations in higher technical education in India, and the conditions of curricular innovation. Also, it gives a brief discussion on the technologist as the agent of a new diplomacy in teaching and research.

Focuses on a study which examined the sampling errors in the Family Expenditure Survey (FES) issued by Great Britain's Ministry of Labor in 1961. Application to the FES sample design; Principal factors that contribute to the variation in expenditure and expenditure patterns; Sampling errors in the household expenditure enquiry of 1953 to 1954.

This analysis of the British elite and its attitudes toward several international groupings is based on a recent public opinion survey. It is interesting to see how the elite sample was selected from the pages of Who's Who, and even more instructive to discover how this elite opinion divides on the value to Britain of membership in the Common Market, on the one hand, as compared with membership in the Commonwealth, NATO, the United Nations, and the European Free Trade Area, and the maintenance of close ties with the United States, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1960 a sample survey was carried out for the periodical "Socialist Commentary" among the British electorate to establish those attitudes and social values which have led the electorate to turn away steadily from the Labour Party over the past ten years and to reject it decisively at the latest General Election. One of the initial hypotheses was that many voters identified the realization of their material ambitions and their social aspirations, especially aspirations for their children, with the success of the Conservative Party. In examining a society such as the British, where for many generations acute and widespread awareness of social status has shaped religion, politics, and education, and where since the end of the 1940's educational opportunities for upward social mobility have been available on a realistic basis to a sizable minority, it was inevitable that this hypothesis should be related to class concepts. On the basis of occupation the British electorate can be divided into two broad groups, one-third are white-collar workers who, with their wives, constitute a general middle class. The remaining 66 per cent are manual workers and these, with their wives, can be regarded as a general working class.

The article presents the results of an employment survey of sociology and anthropology graduates in Great Britain in 1952 and 1954. In March, 1952, a sub-committee of the British Sociological Association was set up to inquire into the recruitment, training and employment of sociologists. This sub-committee owed its existence to a considerable degree of anxiety amongst certain sections of the B.S.A. membership concerning the employment opportunities for sociology graduates at that time. Towards the end of 1952 the sub-committee sent out questionnaires to 37 higher degree and 161 first degree graduates who had completed their university courses in the summer of that year. In order to overcome the difficulty of satisfactorily defining a degree in sociology, the London B.A. (Sociology) and B.Sc. (Economics) with Sociology as special subject were taken as the basis of the inquiry, and University Departments elsewhere were asked to supply the names and addresses of students who had undertaken courses of study similar to those pursued for the London degrees. The choice of higher degree graduates who had specialized in sociology was left to the discretion of the University Departments concerned. For reasons of convenience social anthropology was included with sociology for this purpose, and many of the higher degree graduates, in particular, were social anthropologists.

Towards the close of 1942 the Home Intelligence Division of the Ministry of Information prepared a Departmental Report on Public Feeling in regard to Post-war Reconstruction. Prof. Burt was asked to examine both the Report and the methods and materials on which it was based. He suggested that it might be helpful to make a supplementary study of the opinions held by experts on proposals for reconstruction within their own particular spheres. The first of these surveys dealt with plans for educational reform. The following article, together with its continuation in the next issue of the Journal, summarizes the main results, and argues that similar methods might be adopted for investigations on other social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the no fixed abode (NFA) survey of mental hospital admissions in the Great Britain. In 1963 and 1965, a preliminary study in Birhingham Hospital in England drawn attention to NFA patients admitted to a mental hospital. In this region, admission rate increased in the last ten years while their need for care is indicated by their homeless status before admission. Another survey was made in Hollymoor, one of the mental hospitals in the city. Beginning in 1961, those admitted were distributed on a monthly rota to each of its four mental hospitals. Data on admission rates, analysis of admissions and diagnostic categories are presented. Results showed an increase NFA admission rate compared with mentally abnormal offenders and too rapid discharge by the mental hospital.

The article refers to a survey of medium-sized firms in the textile engineering industry in Great Britain and focuses on the ineffectiveness of their export marketing strategy. Many executives on the boards of directors have technical expertise and a major role in the organization's decision-making process. However, they have little experience in export management, which results in a failure to identify market potential and develop promotional strategies for different parts of the world. These companies need to formalize the planning process, so they will be able to develop an export marketing strategy which is based on market research, technical requirements, appropriate advertising, and identification of profitable markets to be exploited.