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This paper advocates an educationally focused definition of problems and procedures in educating handicapped children, with particular emphasis on the aptitude by treatment interaction model as a useful guide for both instructional and research activities. Specialized instructional systems based on decision variables are proposed as an alternative to simple categorization and placement of children based on source variables. A brief review of aptitude by treatment interaction research with handicapped children is followed by implications for the organization of schooling, diagnostic and instructional procedures, and preparation of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community change efforts entail the use of bargaining. This paper explores three factors that determine the nature and outcome of a bargaining process: (1) the power resources of the bargainers, (2) the formulation of issues, and (3) skill in the use of strategy. The paper also reviews the respective roles of the social worker and the community group in the bargaining transaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an intensive field investigation to determine the influence of informal social groups of a non-locality-group nature on the interpersonal exchange of farm information among farm operators in a northeast Missouri farming community. Analysis of the data clearly demonstrated the facilitating influence of informal groups on the interpersonal exchange of farm information among members of the same group. There was also considerable evidence that mechanisms of group exclusion were a factor in limiting the more selective types of information-seeking contacts. Informal social groups of a non-clique nature had much the same influence, in these respects, as social cliques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a series of rural sociological research problems which appear feasible, show promise of fruitful results, and comprise major social adjustments needed and for under way in the "Wheat Belt." The suggested research is in "large blocks" which will require scaling and sizing to conform to situations immediately at hand. A superficial description of the "Wheat Belt" is given for purposes of orientation. The regional emphasis is likely to give an erroneous impression unless it is rigidly defined in actual research because the "Wheat Belt" is neither a region nor a belt in any strict sense. As conceived here, rural sociological research may be designed within several related comprehensive areas: Rural Social Organization, Population, Levels of Living, Social Interaction, and Cultural Change, each of which is capable of almost infinite subdivision and extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the applicability of perceived similarity and social favorability scales to the assessment of reference group valences in opiate addicts. Parallel sets of questionnaire items were constructed to elicit favorable and unfavorable self-presentations and group assessments on three status dimensions where in each dimension one pole represented a specified membership group presumed to be a positive reference group, while the other pole symbolized a contrasting, and presumably negative reference group. An item by item scoring of congruent responses to pairs cif items describing self and designated subgroups yielded measures of addict identification or psychological closeness of addicts with reference groups. Configurally scored scales were not superior to single response scales in differentiating the valence levels of reference groups. Greater favorability was ascribed to membership groups. Subjects tended to attribute unfavorable qualities (and in some cases tended to neutralize their responses) to nonmembership groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the conceptualization of two personality orientations and sociometric choice. The purpose of the paper presented in this article is to bring more sharply into focus the relationship between two selected personality dimensions--called "dependency" and "personalness"--and a structural variable, sociometric choice. The core of this theory is that groups which meet over time in a relatively unstructured environment have to resolve two major issues, issues which represent invariant interpersonal tensions. The first of these is the area of group members' orientations toward authority, or more generally toward the handling and distribution of power in the group. The second is the area of members' orientations toward one another, in terms of closeness and intimacy. The personal aspect consists of the member's characteristic patterns with respect to interpersonal intimacy. The article authors hypothesize that members' orientation toward authority and intimacy contribute toward subgroup formation within the group.

Some years ago the author rejected out of hand a sociologist colleague's argument that the use of analogies or models is characteristic of insecure individuals operating in immature disciplines. This paper essays an explanation that justifies a reversal of judgment concerning the utility of analogies in sociology and social psychology. It is well to recognize, before continuing with the case against analogical analysis of sociological data, that only an extremist would argue that the very persistence of a conceptual scheme is an argument for its functional nature. The reality of these rewards makes it difficult for those employing an analogy to discern whether it has actual heuristic pedagogical value or its continued use is merely a function of rationalization designed to preserve these subjective rewards. Although not unknown in earlier periods of time, mechanistic models or analogies became much more prevalent in the seventeenth century in response to the remarkable gains of the period in mechanics, physics, and mathematics.

Study of the various papers on social work interviews shows that their writers have had in mind two fairly distinct purposes. Some have aimed quite directly at the improvement of case work technique, while others have undertaken primarily an analysis of the interview as a bit of social interaction. The majority have clearly been concerned with the technology rather than with the sociology of interviews. Yet it is a curious fact that the Minneapolis-St. Paul group, whose immediate objective is frankly improved teaching of how to interview clients, has made one of the most significant contributions to the analysis of interviews. A comparison with the work of the Kansas City group may be of interest. It has been concerned primarily in studying the interview as a type of social interaction, but so far has failed to discover any means of generalizing its data. It took the interview apart and identified certain constituent elements, but it did not succeed in producing a set of concepts by means of which to describe and lable recurring processes. Some people do not think that the Twin-City group has been altogether successful either, but it has pointed the way. Its attempt to classify phases of the interview as techniques, processes and purposes is quite significant and the effort to find suitable names for these also deserves credit.

This paper is of important to sociologists in two respects. These are: first, it has emphasized the non-verbal gestures more than any previous study and has more successfully abstracted them from the rest of the interaction and from the situation so that their significance can be appreciated. Second, it is a completely descriptive account from which interpretations, appraisals, and classifications have been eliminated as completely as possible. Two questions may be raised by sociologists in regard to the technique used in this investigation: First, whether the description of non-verbal gestures adequate or not. It is clearly impractical to include a description of every gesture of every observable part of the organism for each moment of the interview. Second, whether it conform to the requirements of scientific method or not. Whether it is possible to abstract a brief incident or episode from the rest of the lives of the participants and describe it so that it will yield significant results.

The article presents a study, which aims to explore attitudes via social distance toward groups with varying degrees of acceptance. Nonverbal bodily cues, such as facial expression, orientation, posture, and distance, reflect attitudes as surely as verbal behavior, according to recent experimental evidence. The less the distance a man maintains from another person, the more positive is his attitude towards him. Actual interpersonal spatial behavior has been mirrored in paper-and-pencil figure placement tasks.

The article presents a follow-up study of patients hospitalized for drug overdose at Saint Vincent's Hospital in New York City. In an earlier investigation, incidence and degree of social pathology of 111 patients hospitalized for drug overdose were examined. This paper reports the results of a follow-up study whose purpose was to investigate selected personal and social characteristics related to post-hospital adjustment; and to determine incidence of repeated overdose and suicidal attempts since discharge.

The article presents information on education of handicapped in the New York State. The Fleischmann Commission on Education estimated that more than 200,000 handicapped children are not receiving any special services in New York at present. In an effort to alter this situation, the New York State Board of Regents issued a position paper to assure the right of each handicapped child to attend a publicly supported educational program. In addition, the Regents suggested that opportunities for social interaction within the total school environment be provided to establish healthy self-esteem. Handicapped children should be encouraged to share educational experiences with other children throughout the everyday school program.

Taft has suggested that the study of the assimilation of immigrants can serve as a prototype for other social processes whereby a group imposes pressures on new members to accommodate their attitudes, behaviour and affiliations, e.g. when a person is accepted into a profession or when a freshman enters a residential college'. (1962a, p. 90) Any process in which a person changes his social environment from one sub-cultural community to another is analogous to that of the assimilation of immigrants, although the impact on the individual may vary according to the degree of `ego immersion' involved in the communities. The transition process involved in assimilation includes such psychological factors as changes in attitudes and values; the acquisition of new social skills and behaviour norms and consequent changes in role behaviour; changes in reference group affiliations and group identifications, and social and emotional adjustment to the new environment. This paper presents the results of the application of the analysis of the social assimilation of immigrants to the processes whereby beginning teachers transfer their membership from the university student sub-culture to the professional secondary teacher sub-culture. The investigation aims at extending the social assimilation framework from the study of immigrants to the general field of professional socialization. The entry into a profession involves many of the same changes as immigration; a move from membership in one social structure to another with a consequent need to cope with and adapt to a new social environment resulting in changes in skills, attitudes, behaviour and concept of self. Although there are limitations in the analogy between the assimilation of immigrants and the socialization of teachers, the basic processes involved in both are thus similar. These will be examined in the next section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the role perspective and compares the activities of two major sociological theorists-Herbert Blumer and Robert K. Merton. As sociologists, they are widely recognized as leading exponents of symbolic interactionism and structural functionalism, respectively. Using role categories formulated by Florian Znaniecki, their performances as men of knowledge and as social scientists are compared. Blumer has presented the symbolic interactionist perspective as a framework or set of postulates necessary to the search for social understanding. As a fighter for truth, he has been more concerned with sustaining a point of view than with the accumulation of supporting data. It is, perhaps, for this reason that he has been accused of a lack of interest in refined techniques, as well as a disbelief in their utility. Yet, his persistent efforts to sustain the symbolic interactionist perspective through a period of positivist dominance have made him a major force in the field of sociology. Blumer's actions as educating teacher and fighter for truth are described, as are Merton's actions as systematizer and inductive theorist. The congruence of their sociological theories to these roles is also considered.

The article presents comments of the author to the critiques of her article "Symbolic Interaction as a Pragmatic Perspective: The Bias of Emergent Theory," by Raymond L. Schimitt and Gregory P. Stone et al. Schmitt and Stone et al raised three issues. First, they reacted vigorously to the notion that the emergent theorist approaches the research setting with the atheoretical simplicity of a blank mind. The blank mind is a mind whose knowledge comes from experience. Such a mind is devoid of logico-theoretic components, a phrase whose meaning was, unfortunately, left implicit in my article. A second issue, which Schmitt discusses systematically, and Stone et al in somewhat scattered fashion concerns the bias of the researcher and of the respondents in emergent theory. Schmitt correctly observes that researchers are always biased by the glasses they wear. But he also claims that the savvy of the emergent theorist is not biasing because it is also the vehicle through which interpretations are made. On the contrary, it is precisely this savvy, which biases emergent theory. The researcher not only brings ideas to the research situation but they form the logico-theoretic component in standard formulations. The third issue is basically resolved in advance. Everyone agrees that the symbolic interactionism approach has neglected power; but Stone et al feel that this general truth is misleading. They have things turned around.

The article presents information on the books "On Social Psychology," by George Herbert and "On Culture and Social Change," by William Ogburn. George Herbert Mead's influence on social psychological thinking has been so great that much of what was genuinely original in his contribution has become the common property of social thinking. The book "On Culture and Social Change," is not only useful to the historian sociology (there is a good though incomplete bibliography of Ogburn's works) but also some of the essays in it are lucidly basic enough for the beginner student, especially, the early papers on culture.

The article cites a study that aims to account for the successful operation of a particular civic agency by means of an analysis of its social organization. This analysis will include both the formal and informal aspects of this social organization and the interrelationships between them. This study will not determine how well the specific, formal functions are being carried out, but rather the main focus of this paper is the success of the total organization. From a sociological point of view, social organization arises whenever people interact on a continuous basis in pursuit of common goals. However, the general field of social organization encompasses a wide variety of phenomena. Although every society is linked to a cultural system which provides a general pattern of meanings and values, the development of complex networks of social interaction requires special agencies for the effective dissemination and application of said meanings and values. These agencies or social groupings are commonly designated by the term "social institution," and their analysis falls within the area of studies concerning social organization.

A number of different experimental methods have been evoked for following the pattern of verbal interaction towards consensus in small groups. Naturally enough all of these have their shortcomings, but U.S.-based sociologist R. F. Bales' Interaction Process Analysis remains the most popular. Briefly this analysis consists of a series of logically exhaustive classifications, twelve in number, into one of which each contribution may be placed. Bales has claimed that none of these categories are of residual nature and in support of this he quotes correlations between recording observers ranging from .75 to .95. While work on this particular paper suggested a clouding of boundaries between Categories 5 and 4 and between 4 and 3, there is little doubt that the reliability is quite high. The verbal interpretation of these results is daunting. While there are some obvious conclusions to be drawn, these are so self-evident that the reader might wonder why such complex analysis has been necessary. At the same time there are some equally obvious relationships which have not been proven and the explanation of these failures is not easy.

This paper is an essay in penology, and evaluates the social relationships of persistent criminals. Investigators of groups of habitual criminals have frequently remarked upon the tenuous and unstable nature of their relations with others. Evidence suggests that a lack of satisfactory friendships with people of either sex is characteristic of those destined to become persistent offenders, even before the first brush with the police. The most influential for this kind of behavior is the contention that there is a causal connection between inability to form friendships and criminality. The belief that criminality is the result of inadequacy in personal relationships has become an important part of the thinking of those whose task it is to organize penal institutions. The satisfactions which the child derives from these early relationships have an important role to play in criminality. The study reckons that confining men in penal institutions has several consequences which are inconsistent with the intention that they should be resocialized and ultimately resettled in the community.

This paper highlights results of a study that examined certain aspects of the class differentiation in the social life patterns among the population of Warsaw, Poland. The unskilled workers are living much less intensive social life than the rest of the Warsaw inhabitants, and they possess considerably rarely the feeling of support from other people both from their friends, their acquaintances and even on the part of their nearest family. As many as 62 percent do meet at least three persons a month, and again as many as 70 percent entertain their acquaintances calling at their home at least once a month more frequently. The intensity of the social life seems to be closely linked to the economic situation and to the living conditions. It is only 18 percent of the unskilled workers that think that in the difficult situations they may rely upon their work-mates, and the same rate of percentage believe that they may rely upon their friends and acquaintances from outside their work-place and their neighbourhood. It goes beyond any doubt that the sense of stronghold on the other people has been tightly interwoven with the intensity of social life. The fact that the professionals--in a most restricted way--choose the circle of their friends and acquaintances is connected undoubtedly with their higher standards of life and in general with much more interesting life than that of the remaining social layers.

Various commentators have stated that the ideas covered by the label symbolic interaction are part of the intellectual baggage of almost all who concern themselves with human behavior. On the other hand, persons identifying themselves as symbolic interactionists commonly hold that this theory suffers from general, albeit certainly undeserved, neglect. There is a good deal of validity in both views. This paper is above all an attempt at a straightforward review of symbolic interaction theory. Its aim is to stimulate renewed interest 10 a simple, but relatively powerful, set of ideas which remain largely unexploited. It is perhaps particularly in the family field that these are open to exploitation. Theory can be taken to mean a set of assumptions or postulates with which one approaches some part of the empirical world, a set of concepts in terms of which this part of the world is described, and a set of propositions, emerging from the assumptions and relating the concepts, about the way this part of the world "works" which are checked against observations of that world.

The social relationship is defined as consisting of the interaction which occurs between the two partners to the relationship, and those portions of each of the partner's personalities which are in any respect-oriented to, or affected by, the personality of the other partner. The primary concern of this paper is the empirical study of the marital relationship. The theory, which has been indicated, will permit a rational discussion of research operations in the study of this relationship. But prior to such a discussion, it should be noted that two general strategies can be employed in marital-relationship research. The first of these is investigation as a concomitant of therapy. Under this strategy, the therapist initiates a series of interviews with the partners, in the effort to be of help. To attain this aim, he necessarily must learn about the marital relationship, and subsequently he utilizes this information to answer research questions. The author holds that the two research approaches determined by these strategies are equally valuable, and expects that the results from each will be mutually supporting and enriching.

Although conflict, controversy, and confrontation are established social work techniques, their use in group work with older adults has been limited. This paper explores some of their constructive uses and the implications this approach presents for the role of the group worker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social workers along their colleagues from other disciplines in the broad field of human relations have been attesting to the usefulness of the group approach for many years. Clinical evidence continues to confirm the practicality of using the interaction resultant known as the group as a facilitating treatment device for certain persons experiencing relationship difficulties. In the group situation the leader or therapist is immediately faced with a reverberating system of social interaction which is difficult to understand and follow and in some ways almost impossible to guide or control. Nevertheless the consistent theoretical orientation generally apparent in the frequent reports concerning the efficacy of this approach is quite definitely related to the actual use of the developmental course of the group as an entity in itself.

The article provides a discussion breakdown, suggesting discussion to be viewed more objectively in its practical, workaday setting, particularly by academic critics. It is inferred that discussion should be considered as an increasingly important and popular device for the participation of individuals in the government, social adjustments, and information gathering. Five situations for consideration on the basis presented in the paper of the discussion breakdowns are examined.

The article presents information on bias in an interview. There is some evidence that bias is likely to occur in the interview when there is social distance between interviewer and respondent. Status distance and threatening questions may create a situation in which the respondent feels pressure to answer in the direction he believes will conform to the opinions or expectations of the interviewer. This encourages the respondent to avoid the possible negative consequences of answering a question the "wrong" way. It seems likely that the role performance of the interviewer could either enhance or mitigate the biasing effects of status characteristics and potentially threatening questions. It has been suggested, for example, that the interviewer may be able to "alter the respondent's perception of the situation." Two major role-performance characteristics have received extensive discussion in this respect. First, it has been suggested that the interviewer should be able to establish good rapport. By doing so he will be able to minimize or dispel the respondent's fears of the possible negative consequences of his answers. On the other hand, rapport may also produce a strain toward consensus on the subject matter of the interview schedule. If the respondent is attracted to the interviewer, he may attempt to answer questions in agreement with his perception of the interviewer's opinion in order to maintain or even increase the reward value of the interaction.

The interplay of social relationships and attitudes during a campaign is a very attractive field for research. This study of a "middle-sized" group of students provides a limited test of a hypothesis about the social divisiveness of political issues. Personal communication about a subject of collective decision influences the attitude of the receiver toward the attitude of the communicator. Communication about such a subject is intensified when the time for a collective decision approaches, and declines thereafter. In large groups with differentiated subgroup structure, this communication produces not simply over-all consensus, but subgroup consensus. The "campaign" period preceding a collective decision also brings about a separation of groups from one another in the relevant attitudes. After a collective decision, this process is reversed. Sociometric panel studies of periodic decision processes permit this direct comparison. Studies of this kind, carried out on "middle-sized" groups, can bridge the gap between the "small" group, which rarely shows subgroup polarization, and the community, which is too large to study sociometrically.

The article discusses cognitive consistency and language behavior. Theories which incorporate the idea of cognitive consistency occupy a position of considerable importance in current social psychology. It has even been argued that they constitute the field's first truly general and compelling theoretical system. Consistency theories have already been constructed for perceptual phenomena, belief-action events, consensus formation and attitude change. The purpose of this paper is to report the test of an extension of a consistency formulation which attempts to conceptualize and explain the process through which language symbols (signs) come to take on similar psychological meanings for actors who engage in extended periods of mutual interaction. In order to specify more clearly the aspect of language behavior to which this research is addressed, it is necessary to distinguish between two types of meaning conveyed by a sign. For any user, a sign shall be assumed to possess both a formal, denotative meaning as well as a psychological or connotative meaning.

Shifts in the structure of sentiments, taking place in two stages, underlie the emergence of existential sociology to its present significance, A challenge to Parsonian structuralfunctionalism initiated the first shift which was in turn followed by a period containing the development of the basis for a possible synthesis of existential sociology. This position is developed as are some of the characteristic features of an existential perspective on social life. Research based upon existential view and employing the concepts sentiments, body, self, situation, structure, massification and levelling, is presented. Some of the implications of these ideas are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eskimo law is replete with contradictory descriptions of matters such as the functions of leadership, the imposition of sanctions, the involvement of the community as a whole in juridical matters, and the presence or absence of specific methods of conflict resolution. The major disagreements are between those who have taken the position that Eskimo society exhibits very few legal structures and processes, and those who claim that there are or must be present instituted politico-legal structures and mechanisms of adjudication. These conflicting descriptions reflect the real state of Eskimo social organization and behavior and are not to be simply explained away as a product of differential observational technique's divergent conclusions. One cannot examine Eskimo law in terms of a simple relationship between offense, resolution mechanism, authority, and sanction, for few such regularities are encountered over any period of time or over any large area. However, great consistencies are found in the cultural underpinnings of reactions to conflict, exemplifying the Eskimo's flexible situational approaches.

The effects of mental health status and social participation are examined to determine the extent to which each of these two factors contributes to the level of happiness which people experience. The findings indicate that happiness is contingent both on people's state of mental health and the extent to which they participate in social interaction with others. Each of these two factors exerts an independent influence on happiness, and the two relations are maintained under controls for age, social class position, and sex. The implications of these findings for psychiatric help-seeking are then briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a list of books received, published in the July 1965 issue of "Journal of Analytical Psychology." The books are on various topics such as analytical psychology, psychiatry, child psychology, Jungian psychology, anthropology and social psychology, behaviour and learning theory, catholic psychotherapy, delinquency, history of psychology. The book "The Psychopath," is written by W. McCord and J. McCord. "The Encapsulated Man," is written by J.R. Royce. "Anthropology," by Margaret Mead.

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a proposal of barter system for researchers. At its most concrete level, the barter system for researchers consists of two parts: a list linking various research areas with researchers willing to entertain collegial inquiries thereto, and a clerk to note the number of hours that participants give and receive in the informational exchange. The essence of the barter system for researchers can be presented through a simple model: the babysitting pool maintained in many universities by thrifty graduate students with children. Information about the pool is disseminated across campus; and interested families enter their names, addresses, and phone numbers on a list.

The article focuses on the face-to-face group interaction as a unit for a program of intercultural education. The psychiatric social worker goes says that they conceive of a group as an aggregation of three or more persons in an informal face-to-face relation where there is direct and dynamic interaction among the individuals comprising it and as a result the personality of each member is fundamentally modified. The aim of this paper is to report on the method of group conversation developed by the Intercultural Education Workshop (IEW), which Margaret Mead has called "a real social invention." Like most inventions it grew out of a recognized need and has been developed over a period of years by the trial-and-error method. For several years, IEW had been assisting schools to find suitable ways to develop, in their curricular and extracurricular activities, mutually appreciative attitudes among members of various racial and cultural groups in American school life. During those years the Workshop had consciously used the face-to-face method in elementary schools by aiding teachers to develop classroom activities which at certain points consisted of interschool visitations and inviting as guests members of the groups being studied.

This article presents information on the advantages of experimental sociology in the study of family group patterns. Experimental sociology is that study of sociological phenomena which proceeds by making observations under conditions of control. It is the contention of this paper that the study of culture and the study of interaction may be conducted under conditions of control. The author elucidates this thesis to define: certain concepts of scientific method on the one hand; and certain concepts of content and subject matter, on the other hand. Direct control which is manipulation, restraint, direction, or guidance of objects or persons present to sense perception. By this procedure one holds constant in the situation selected factors known by experience to be related to that factor which one desire to observe. When these controlled factors are constant and an effect ensues the causal factor or factors are probably responsible for this change. Indirect control of the forces or factors in the situation by manipulation, direction or guidance of symbols of objects or persons not present to sense perception. Investigation of this sort takes the form of analysis by minute sub-division or analysis by partial correlation.

The article throws light on the life and works of Charles Horton Cooley, a social researcher. Indeed in his lifetime, because of the just estimate of his colleagues, he achieved a recognition which too often comes only post-humously. It is natural that, in reviewing his work, his positive contributions to social theory should receive the principal share of attention, particularly as his thoughts on social research are scattered in five separate papers. The central principle in all that Cooley wrote is that the essential facts of social life are mental. The overt conduct of persons and groups and the forms in which institutions are clothed are simply precipitations of the more fundamental mental phenomena. Furthermore, it is only in minds, which are the loci of the human adjustment process, that the social reality can be apprehended in all its complexity. The mind of the human being and the processes of human interaction are evolutionary emergents precisely because no entities less complex could bring about anything so elaborately organized as social life.

An item analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in two different high school senior classes using the Levinson-Sanford anti-Semitism scale as a criterion yielded 32 items, each of which significantly differentiated the criterion subsamples in both classes. These items were strongly suggestive of certain personality trends on the part of both the more and the less prejudiced students. The 32 items were also considered as a scale, which appeared to be sufficiently reliable and valid to be used as a measuring instrument in its own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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