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A simple filter paper method for estimating a wide range of moisture potentials has been tested for fifteen soils ranging in texture from sands to heavy clays. The method has given estimates of moisture potential from -0.1 to -900 bars with an accuracy that should be acceptable for many types of field experimentation. Relationships between 15-bar percentages determined by both the filter paper and pressure membrane methods, and biologically determined permanent wilting percentages for wheat, are discussed.

Translation (by J. E. Upson) of an unpublished paper presented at a meeting of the Royal Netherlands Geological and Mining Society in 1950. Data from borings in the Ijsselmeer basin indicate that, in general, the chloride concentration increases gradually with depth in ground waters of the Pleistocene deposits, mainly pre-Riss fluviatile sands, which overlie fine-grained marine Tertiary (and Icenian) sediments. The observed depth/salinity curves can best be explained by postulating an essentially continuous modification of fresh waters by upward diffusion of salt from the marine deposits during the past 500,000 years.

Dean (1892) saw that South Carolina oysters did not live below low tide in high-salinity areas and he postulated a previous "ostreous golden age" when there was more fresh water draining into the bays. Oemler (1894) noted failure of oyster plantings in high-salinity waters of Georgia and concluded that the American oyster could not endure waters of great density in the South. Ritter (1896) observed that oysters in Mississippi and Alabama did not "thrive so well" in waters of high salinity. Grave (1905) noted a much lower mortality following plantings in low salinity compared to those at high salinity in North Carolina waters. He said that reduction of salinity by a few points would exclude many oyster enemies. Pearse and Wharton (1938) found that attacks by the Florida oyster "leech," a turbellarian, declined during low-salinity periods. Various oyster growers and State officials have remarked, during the past fifty years, that oyster production bordering the lower Mississippi River failed as levees cut off fresh water and caused the salinity to increase (Gunter 1952). Ray, Mackin, and Boswell (1953) have stated that mortality caused by the fungus parasite Derwnocystidium inarinum is greatest in summer at moderate and high salinities in Louisiana. Some cases of high mortality associated with high salinity were mentioned by Sewell H. Hopkins in "History of some oyster mortalities reported in foreign countries," an unpublished paper read before the Symposium on Oyster Pathology held at Pensacola, Florida on February 1, 1950. This communication presents certain data on the relation of oyster mortality to salinity. They were gathered in the course of a field study on the south Texas coast.

Juvenile coho salmon were exposed for 200 days to neutralized, filtered bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.25 of the samples' 96-h LC50 values. From 50 to 200 days, mean weights of fish exposed to 0.25 LC50 BKME were significantly higher than control values; those of fish in 0.1 LC50 BKME were consistently but not significantly higher than control weights. By 200 days, mean weight of fish receiving the higher BKME concentration was twice that of controls. Length and condition factor of this group of fish were also increased. Growth results are considered in terms of BKME-induced behavioral changes, increased nutrient supply, effluent salinity, hormetic effects, and hormonal changes.Lactate levels were elevated in the blood and muscle of coho fry exposed to the higher BKME concentration only; serum pyruvate levels were decreased in fish receiving either concentration. The serum lactic acid:pyruvic acid ratio was increased in both groups of fish continuously exposed to BKME. It was concluded that these fish had developed an oxygen debt.Plasma glucose levels were elevated in BKME-exposed fish. The liver muscle glycogen ratio was increased in fish held in 0.1 or 0.25 LC50 BKME for 200 days. Body moisture and lipid content were not altered by prolonged exposure to BKME. Body protein content was decreased in those exposed to 0.25 LC50 effluent. Total blood cell, erythrocyte, leukocyte–thrombocyte and differential leukocyte counts were not altered. Numbers of circulating neutrophils were increased by the higher effluent concentration.The chronic stress response pattern displayed was similar to a previously proposed stage of resistance to stress for mammals.

subject of research for many years research to determine the mechanisms by which coagulation proceeds, in order to allow a greater degree of control over treatment processes the behavior of a given water is not always predictable. Numerous articles have been published on the theory of the action of metal coagulants. A large number of these have been listed in a comprehensive bibliography on coagulation prepared by R. F. Packham of the British Water Research Association.1 It has been shown that the coagulation of water may be affected by the type and amount of turbidity present, cations and anions in solution, size distribution of particles, pH, coagulant type and dosage, and alkalinity and salinity. Any experimental conditions must include these factors, and any departures from the given conditions must be evaluated as to the overall effect on

1. 1. Acclimatized specimens of Hydrobia ulvae show a linear increase in oxygen consumption with decreasing salinity. The quantity of amino acid tends to decrease with decreasing salinities. 2. 2. Specimens transferred to different salinities may show a temporary increase in oxygen consumption and α-alanine concentrations. The temporary increase in oxygen consumption appears to be a standard increment. The increase in α-alanine presumably reflects quantity of pyruvate, the respiratory substrate. 3. 3. The linear relationship of oxygen consumption to salinity in acclimatized animals is related to osmoregulation. The temporary, incremental increase in oxygen consumption may be related to the cyclical behavioural activity of the prosobranch mollusc H. ulvae under estuaraine conditions.

1. Attempts to obtain good cultures of Thalassiosira gravida in a purely artificial medium, made by dissolving in doubly distilled water Kahlbaum's pure chemicals in the proportions in which the salts occur in sea-water, adding nitrates, phosphates and iron according to Miquel's method and sterilizing the medium, have not succeeded.If, however, a small percentage of natural sea-water (less than 1 per cent will produce a result) be added to the artificial medium and the whole sterilized excellent cultures are obtained, which are often better than any which have been got when natural sea-water forms the foundation of the culture medium.The result appears to be due to some specific substance present in minute quantity in the natural sea-water which is essential to the vigorous growth of the diatoms. The nature of this substance it has not been possible to determine, but some evidence seems to suggest that it is a somewhat stable organic compound.Provided the 1 per cent of natural sea-water is added, the various constituents of the artificial sea-water forming the basis of the culture medium can be varied in amount within wide limits. The salinity of the medium can also be considerably altered without serious detriment to the cultures.The experiments recorded are of interest as furnishing another instance of the importance in food substances of minute traces of particular chemical compounds. They may also eventually throw light upon the nature of the conditions in the sea which are specially favourable to the production of plant life and therefore also of the animal life which that plant life sustains.

In the previous paper, it was shown that the movements of yellow-fin sole, Limanda aspera (PALLAS), is related to the change of bottom temperature on the trawl fishing ground in the eastern Bering Sea, 1960. In this paper, the authors compare the oceanographical conditions in 1963 with 1960, and they report on the distribution of yellow-fin sole and alaska pollack, Theragra chalco-gramma (PALLAS), in 1963. The results are as follows: 1. The sea water temperature on the bottom in the central portion of cold water mass in 1963 was 1°C higher than in 1960. The isothermal-line of 0°C in the cold water mass extended from south-east of St. Matthew Island to 57°N, 164°W in 1960, but in 1963 it was found to exist only in the south eastern part of the island. 2. The open sea water of high salinity reached from the southern part of Bristol Bay across the bay to the north-side of the cold water mass in 1960, but in 1963 it was found only in the southern part of the bay. 3. Yellow-fin soles were distributed in a large number on the north-side of the cold water mass, limited to only a few at the center and none in the southside in July, 1963. 4. Between April and June, the shoals of yellow-fin sole moved from the north-western part of Unimak Island to the shallow coast of Bristol Bay. In July, the shoals moved toward off-shore region with the rise of bottom temperature in the shallow region and then migrated northwestward across the region (around 57°30'N, 163°W). At the both fronts of cold water and coastal water increased the density of the shoals more in the region above mentioned. 5. Alaska pollacks were distributed in a large number on both the east and south-sides of the cold water mass, and none on the north-side in July, 1963, because they are controled by open sea water with high temperature and high salinity. 6. The stomachs of alaska pollack contained aboundant Thysanoessa raschii and Parathe-misto libellula which were living near the surface of the water. The distribution of this fish proved to have relations not only to the bottom water con-ditions but also to the water conditions at different levels.

Evaluation of the chloride exchanges of Nereis diversicolor in the steady state has shown that this worm ‘cuts its losses’, i.e. reduces the fluxes, of chloride at very low salinities (Smith, 1970a), and that this reduction of chloride loss takes place mainly in the urinary component of the efflux, as has also been suggested by previous authors. Jorgensen & Dales (1957) measured the rates of osmotic gain or loss of water, and concluded that at low salinities N. diversicolor could reduce its permeability to water by over 60%. Assuming a comparable reduction in permeability to chloride, they calculated that the observed reduction of chloride efflux could be accounted for by reduction of urine volume, without the necessity of postulating the production of a urine rendered hypotonic to the body fluids by recovery of solutes by the nephridia. Potts & Parry (1964), on the other hand, in their review of the previous authors’ work, felt unable to accept the evidence for a reduction of permeability to water and, on the assumption of no permeability changes, drew up a balance sheet in support of the hypothesis that reduction of chloride loss was achieved in N. diversicolor by recovery of ions from a consequently hypotonic urine. These views are not mutually exclusive, and the problem is not to choose between them but to obtain evidence to indicate the extent to which each postulated mechanism may be operative. In the previous paper (Smith, 1970a), evidence was presented compatible with the concept that the urine of N. diversicolor may be hypotonic in chloride to the coelomic fluid at low salinities, although this evidence was indirect and not conclusive. In a subsequent paper (Smith, 1970b) direct evidence will be presented that the urine of N. diversicolor is hypo-osmotic. In order fully to evaluate the hypothesis of Jorgensen & Dales it would be necessary to measure both permeability to water and urine volume. So far, it has not been possible to measure urine volume, but data on permeability to water have been obtained, and an estimate of water fluxes attempted.

∗ The problem of the origin, occurrence, and distribution of soluble salts and the formation of chloride brines in the crust of weathering are treated in the present paper as a process caused chiefly by the dynamics of natural waters and the mobility of the chemical constituents dissolved in water. The hydraulic gradients and velocity of underground flow, the intensity of the water exchange with the earth's surface, the relation of the water-bearing bed to water (e.g., intensive flush, hampered flush, salt accumulation), the subsurface drainage conditions, the duration of time of the contact of water with the geological formations along with the chemical composition of rock material and the water which occurs in them and the structural features of the area, are considered as the chief factors governing the salinity variation of subterranean waters. Nearly ten thousand chemical analyses of natural waters, including fresh water and brines, subterranean waters from the numerous artesian basins, oilfield areas, geysers, mud volcanoes, from various sedimentary formations, metamorphic and igneous rocks from the different parts of the globe, have been classified, tabulated and plotted and considered in this paper. The relationship between the types of the products of weathering and the major geochemical types of subterranean waters has been found and used for the classification of water. The variation in salinity of subterranean waters with the change of the hydraulic gradients, with depth of water, with the distance from the outcrops and with the distance from the sea, have been illustrated by numerous data. The principles of the distribution of subterranean waters of the different hydrochemical facies (low saline facies, transitional facies, high saline facies) in the crust of weathering in relation to the hydrodynamic cones, salinity concentration and geological environment (structures, relation to water, depth) are indicated. The application of the integral frequency curves of the chemical composition of the different types of subterranean waters associated with oil-pools has been demonstrated for practical use in the search for oil. Ionic ratios Cl ′ Mg .. ; SO ′' 4 Cl ′ ; Ca .. Mg .. ; Na . + K . Na . + K . + Ca .. + Mg .. in subterranean waters and in oceanic water have been treated as the objective criterions showing the origin of highly-concentrated chloride brines. The metamorphism of natural waters in the crust of weathering is considered as proceeding either in the normal course (bicarbonate waters → bicarbonate-chloride waters → chloride-bicarbonate waters → chloride-sulphate or sulphate-chloride waters → sulphate waters → chloride waters), or in the reverse course, which is, for the major geochemical groups of water, as follows: bicarbonate sulphate chloride ← ← waters waters waters This process is formulated in this paper as the cycle of metumorphism of natural waters.

In the previous paper the author has reported on a newly established indicator of sea-water pollution, B. O. I. and has showed a few examples of the pollution survey using the indicator. The B. O. I. was able to indicate the sea-water pollution caused by organic source, which was hardly indicated by B. O. D. or C. O. D. method. In this paper he presented the data concerning B. O. I. value in unpolluted fishing areas adjacent to the coast of Nagasaki Prefecture to elucidate the B. O. I. value in an unpolluted area and to make the B. O. I. value a determination standard of pollution. In the results of the research, it is confirmed that an area, in which the B. O. I. value is below 1.5 is an unpolluted one. Since the B. O. I. value means the oxygen consumption of microorganism at 30°C in 24 hours and the number of microorganism is equivalent to the number of marine bacteria, the number of microorganism can be calculated by using the value of oxygen consumption of marine bacteria per unit cell, 20.2×10-12mg O2/cell/hr, which was estimated by ZoBell. The B. O. I. value of 1.5 corresponds to the number of bacteria, 4×105/cc. A survey was conducted into distribution of pollution in sea-water by using surface sea-water in Nagasaki Harbor. The largest value was obtained at the innermost of the harbor and the value decreased with the stations toward the mouth of the harbor. Vertically, the B. O. I. value was the largest in the surface and oxygen content and salinity became larger with depths. This phenomenon is considered to be due to the entrainment of the surface sea-water, which may bring water masses high in oxygen content from the mouth of the harbor. The number of microorganism in the water of Nagasaki Harbor was 1-2×106/cc. This is equivalent to the number of marine bacteria calculated by using B. O. I. value. The number of bacteria in the mud of the sea-bottom of the harbor was 109/cc.

On the basis of results from a substantial number of field projects, polymer flooding has been found to be successful over broad ranges of polymer flooding has been found to be successful over broad ranges of reservoir conditions and fluid characteristics. But it is a complicated process to design a polymer flooding program, and the many variables process to design a polymer flooding program, and the many variables involved require sophisticated calculations that are best handled with a computer. Introduction Papers by Pye and Sandiford in 1964 established Papers by Pye and Sandiford in 1964 established the fact that the mobility of the brine used in waterflooding was greatly reduced by the addition of very small amounts of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, a water-soluble polymer. This reduction in brine mobility resulted in greater oil recovery than that attributable to conventional waterflooding. Many additional papers sustaining and extending this information have since appeared in the literature. To date, very little field information has been available from which to draw conclusions regarding the most suitable reservoir and fluid characteristics for polymer flooding applications. The purpose of this polymer flooding applications. The purpose of this paper is to present basic conditions and test results paper is to present basic conditions and test results for a large number of polymer flood projects and to examine the ranges of some of the more important parameters within which success has been achieved. parameters within which success has been achieved. In addition, the effects of variations in several important reservoir and polymer properties upon polymer flood recovery are illustrated with the aid polymer flood recovery are illustrated with the aid of a computer program. Such effects are not readily observable by field testing. Field Test Results Tables 1 and 2 list reservoir and fluid properties for 61 polymer flood projects begun between 1964 and mid-1969. All projects with which we or our colleagues have been associated are included. We believe that the polymer used in these 61 projects represents more than 95 percent of all the polymer injected to date as a mobility control agent in flooding. Although the individual projects vary greatly in size, the combined amount of polymer used amounts to several million pounds under commercial rather than purely experimental conditions. Specifically excluded from these tables are those projects employing polymers on a small-volume, short-term basis for injection profile correction, and projects where polymer solutions profile correction, and projects where polymer solutions are used to displace miscible fluids. Also excluded are previously reported research pilot tests. previously reported research pilot tests. Table 1 lists 29 projects from which significant information concerning the applicability of the polymer flooding process can be obtained. Table 2 lists polymer flooding process can be obtained. Table 2 lists 32 additional projects from which such conclusions cannot be drawn either because of some gross reservoir defect rendering the reservoir unsuitable for any displacement process or because the project was started too recently to be interpreted. In each table, most of the more important reservoir and fluid characteristics are listed together with the recommended polymer flood plan. The sequence in which the polymer flood plan. The sequence in which the projects are listed is determined by the stage of projects are listed is determined by the stage of depletion (Column 14) at which the project was begun that is, P indicates a start near the end of primary; ES, early secondary; LS, late secondary; and T, tertiary. Test results are indicated in Column 20 and are defined both in the footnotes of each table and in the following paragraph. JPT P. 675

Nine species of fungi are known to occur on various species of Synedra (Sparrow, 1960: 1086). Of these, Ectrogella perforans Peter? sen, E. licmophorae Scherffel, and E. eurychasmoides J. & G. Feldmann are known from strictly marine habitats, occurring in species of Licmophora. In 1962 and 1964 specimens of Synedra infected by fungi were collected in three brackish water areas of one North Carolina estuary. This paper reports these fungi. Inasmuch as two of the fungi occurred in a rather unusual habitat, a brief statement on major features of the collection sites is given. A more or less regular collection program for fungi in the Neuse River of Eastern North Carolina has been under way since 1955. In 1956, seven promi? nent station sites were established along a salinity gradient in this estuary. Monthly or bimonthy samplings for various fungi have been made since 1956, and in 1962 these same stations became the sites for either regularly or intermittently scheduled plankton tows. Salinity, temperature and pH of the waters at these stations have been determined at each sampling since 1956, and in the years 1958-1960, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and phosphate tests were also made. Thus, rather complete records of major environmental factors are extant. The fungi reported in this paper were each found once at one of three stations in the estuarine system. Flanner's Beach Station is near the uppermost reaches of the estuary. Salinity ranges here from 7.816.9%c, but predominates in the region of 8-11%C. Adam's Creek Station, some six nautical miles east of Flanner's Beach has had, in nine years, a salinity range of 7-23.1%0 (predominantly 12-17%c), while the Core Creek Station three nautical miles nearer the mouth of the estuary has had a somewhat higher range: ll-26.5%c, generally 18-23%c. Diurnal tidal cycles are evident at all three stations, but the highest amplitude is at Core Creek. Although Synedra species are to be found in the fresh-water sector of the river, they are not thus far known to be infected by fungi.