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The article discusses research performed on the number of amino acids present in saliva using paper chromatography. Other substances found to be in saliva include taurine, urea, creatinine, and ammonia. Quantitative methods were used to determine the amount of individual amino acids located in saliva.

Organizational research generally does not use experiments or multivariate analysis to verify propositions. This paper indicates four types of designs that characterize such research. Suggestions are advanced for each type of design, which would improve the logical rigor of such research and thus provide better propositions for verification by means of experiments and multivariate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This part of the paper introduces some possible implementations of Self-Scaling Variable Metric algorithms based on the theory presented in Part I. These implementations are analyzed theoretically and discussed qualitatively. A special class of SSVM algorithms is introduced, which has the additional property of being invariant under scaling of the objective function or of the variables. Experimental results are provided for a particular case of this class. This case has been tested in comparison to the DFP algorithm on a variety of functions with up to 50 variables. The results indicate that the new method has substantial advantage for functions with a large number of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a critique of a study by Robert Ortner called "The Concept of Yield on Common Stock," which appears in this journal. The author discusses the benefits of using quantitative research techniques, as Ortner does, to analyze financial data. According to the article, one benefit of Ortner's method is that he is able to create a stock price forecast based on a number of assumptions. However, the author finds fault with Ortner's use of a mathematical formula for rate of return and how an investor will behave given corporate earnings.

This article provides information on a solution for comparative static problems in which qualitative information is available but quantitative information is not. An additional property of the technique set out in the study can be incorporated directly into the system. The solution technique has been organized in the form of an algorithm, devised for maximum efficiency in use. The solution algorithm is designed to determine the sign pattern or patterns of the solution of a system of linear equations Ax = 0 where the signs of the elements of the matrix A are known but the numerical values are unspecified. The algorithm follows definite steps. The algorithm can be used to examine whether a determinant is invariant in sign with respect to changes in the numerical values of its elements.

Recent mathematical research has led to the formulation of many theorems of great interest to the economist. They permit him to judge a priori if it is possible to derive meaningful propositions of comparative statics from the system of relationships that characterize a given static model; it is not necessary for him to derive the reduced form nor to render explicit the dynamic model. The purpose of the paper is: to clarify the premises and the methodological implications of such research; to enlarge on the most significant results from the point of view of the construction of economic models; to demonstrate how the two classes of qualitatively stable models combine among themselves and to demonstrate how their intersection contains models of a causal type. The theory of qualitatively determinate systems permits the substitution (as cost of the qualitative determination) of a certain loss (though minimum and calculated) in terms of the complexity of the model for a certain loss in terms of empirical relevance. This loss may be measured by the number of the non-zero elements in the augmented matrix of the system of equations that characterize the model.

In this paper, we investigate the stability problem in a purely qualitative environment, i.e., we assume that no quantitative information is available to the economist. (This is perhaps not quite correct, since we interpret the term purely qualitative to refer to a knowledge of the signs (-, +, 0) of the entries in certain matrices and vectors, so that 0 is treated as a sign, not as a quantitative magnitude.) In Samuelson's use of the correspondence principle, stability is hypothesized and the consequences for comparative statics are then investigated. In this use of stability analysis, the assumption of stability might well—in fact, usually does—involve introducing additional quantitative information concerning the characteristics of the system under study, in addition to any qualitative information the economist is assumed to possess. On the other hand, the analysis of the present paper is concerned with a much less complex problem, since we are going to treat our assumption of a purely qualitative environment very strictly—stability, if and when it occurs, must be qualitative stability, i.e., stability determined solely by the sign patterns (and not the quantitative magnitudes) of the elements of the matrices with which we deal. As a consequence of this, the comparative statics theorems that will be presented are derived under conditions such that stability is guaranteed, not assumed. As the language of the above paragraphs has perhaps indicated, we will be concerned in what follows with investigating the local stability properties of an economic system (Samuelson's "stability of the first kind in the small"), for a particular dynamic adjustment mechanism, i.e., a tâtonnement mechanism. The far more complicated problems associated with global stability are not considered. Section 2 of the paper states the characteristics of the model we will employ; section 3 states the basic theorem of the paper relating to qualitative stability giving necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix of signs to be stable; section 4 relates qualitative stability to the presence of comparative statics information, and section 5 contains some comments on applications of the concept of qualitative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of group interviewing as a marketing research tool. In 1951 a study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the practice. Personal interviews were utilized in the study. Group interviewing was found to conserve both time and money as compared with mailed questionnaires. It was also seen as a more effective way to standardize controls. Group interviews appeared to decrease interviewer bias. Overall the group interviewing tactic proved successful according to researchers.

This article discusses statistical methods for studying relations between two sets of variable when each set contains more than one variable. Research results on canonical variate analysis and related techniques are presented. The author explores several statistical techniques for studying different questions about the relations between two sets of variables, and specifies how each technique is most appropriately used. Four specific measures are discussed regarding the similarity between two sets of variables. These measures are based on the sizes of the canonical correlations between the sets.

The article presents some notes on multiplier theory. According to the author this theory may be regarded as the specification of a set of relationships which the econometrist is to measure, or alternatively as of purely qualitative significance, its purpose being to explain one aspect of the determination of national income. In either context, the tendency in recent writings has been to develop a less aggregative approach as, for example, in the discussion of matrix multipliers. The author restates the static theory for an economy with a government and with foreign trade, and in order to achieve consistency with the social accounting approach makes a sharp distinction between firms and households. He analyses the effects on national income of changes in government spending and taxation without being confined to one type of tax and one type of spending. It is stated that the multiplier analysis of the determination of the level of national income is essentially a special case of general equilibrium theory, differing from it in respect of a number of simplifying assumptions.

Most so-called "theories" and "explanations" in the behavioral sciences tend to be formulated in qualitative terms which are often ill-defined. Hence, consequences can seldom be rigorously deduced from them, and those consequences that are extracted can seldom be conclusively tested. This paper reports the results of using a specifically designed research methodology to obtain and generalize a quantitative explanation of human behavior in multi-person, interactive games. The games are interactive in the sense that the payoff to one individual resulting from the selection of a particular strategy depends on the strategy selections of the other participants. In the early stages of this work the relevant independent variables were estimated by use of the subject's responses to a series of questions asked before his choice was made. Although these questions were formulated using operational definitions of the concepts, what they yielded were subjective measurements. The objective of the research, of which what is reported here is only a part, was to explain choices of individuals and groups in conflict situations.

Comments are made by the author on the article "Independence in Utility Theory With Whole Product Sets," by Peter C. Fishburn, published in a previous issue of the journal "Operations Research." This article relates to a matter of great national importance and as such should be carefully validated to avoid leading others into error. According to the author, Fishburn's article by title and major content deals with somewhat exotic concepts of utility and independence about which the author does not want to comment on. The author says that additive rating procedures are not generally applicable, for the reason that there would need to be some general logic not now available in support of their applicability. A more reasonable approach seems to be that a mathematical model should be constructed through which pertinent parameters are related to the attainment of an established objective. He says that in the general case, it seems reasonable that a valid rating procedure should begin with the definition of the objective in both qualitative and quantitative terms, and a mathematical model by which pertinent parameters are related to the attainment of the objective.

The problem is that of estimating the quantitative and qualitative character of the audience reading any given group of magazines. The tool for attacking this problem is factor analysis. Long used by psychologists and economists, this technique is well suited for a comprehensive approach to many marketing problems. The pairwise audience overlap for fifty-three magazines is analyzed for a nationwide sample of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of visual analysis in marketing research. Visual analysis refers to an exploratory technique used to identify significant factors of influence. An example of visual analysis is presented. The technique involves the use of cards representing one case or unit of observation. The cards are placed into categories based on the characteristics desired in the study. The cards are used to define patterns of characteristics. The researcher can use the cards to explore relationships.

Three considerations led to the decision to print in this form the material that follows. The first was the idea that the Academy of Management, among its purposes, should provide a FORUM for educators and others in the field to compare notes, have a constructive "go" at each-other and "talk out loud" on occasion on things that concern research (which is sometimes talked about more than done), teaching (which may well at times conflict with learning if we are to believe some of what we hear), and other activities of the profession (that may complete the reinforcing cycle to regenerate and strengthen the first two or make the first two nearly impossible.) (Should we not he concerned with the stated main purposes of our respective universities in a time when even they are hard put to maintain their integrities?) The second is the encouragement of dialogue across national and "business school" boundaries. The third is to dare to discuss with each other a somewhat sacred thing called "the" policy course! The first two items represent an American and an Italian observation. The third was an editorial response. Thereafter, the original writers were sharp enough to suggest that all three be printed. The editor then thought it might be appropriate to let someone else have a last word in a larger context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of broad-aim programs are described, and it is argued that experimental design is inherently unsuitable for their evaluation. A qualitative study of development and change is proposed as an alternative. Aspects of such a qualitative study are discussed, including conceptual frameworks, ethical and value issues, and problems associated with data collection and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carious lesions in the root surfaces of extracted human teeth were sampled qualitatively for the presence of bacterial forms. Streptococcus mutans was a predominant organism from this lesion. The filamentous organisms appeared typical of the genus Actinomyces. Bacterial strains from the advancing front of the lesions were aerobic gram-positive diphtheroids, with the key characteristics of the genus Arthrobacter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a qualitative study of depopulation in the Stonewall Magisterial rural district in Richmond County, Virginia, from 1900 to 1930. The effect of cityward migration upon the quality of the residual rural population is a matter of vital social significance. Yet, just as all rural areas are not alike, so the effects of migration are not everywhere the same. Broadly speaking, three types of rural areas may be distinguished. They are those adjacent to a small city, those affected by industrial development, and those remote from both city and industry. One single method of determining the qualitative nature of rural depopulation has been applied to each of these three types of rural locality. A different picture was found in each area, lending credence to the view that environmental influences largely determine the qualitative character of migration and its effects upon the residual rural population. It was revealed that Stonewall district is losing much of its better population. A new population, recruited from the lower classes is emerging.

The article focuses on the study which aims to use Harrower-Erickson Multiple Choice Rorschach Test in the sales employees of department stores to differentiate successful from unsuccessful employees. It says that the study was conducted to experiment on the problem regarding sales persons' psychological selection with the use of aptitude test. It states that the department store employees were ranked in terms of their sales capacities and sales records, wherein their data regarding sales were divided into three groups such as the upper group or A Group, the middle or B Group, and the lower or C Group. Moreover, it discusses the analysis of data after conducting Harrower-Erickson Multiple Choice Rorschach Test for the three groups.

Since the beginning of the social research, students have tried to combine the value of detailed qualitative applications with advantages of more formalized techniques which could be managed on a mass basis. A line along which such an integration could come about emerges. It is also invaluable at the end of a study for anyone who is not satisfied with the mere recording of the low correlations usually obtained. From the beginning, public opinion research has been badgered by the problem of "depth." Two philosophies of research have arisen, one wedded to the so-called depth interviewing, the other content with more objective methods of research. The author of this article is also the Director of Columbia University's Office of Radio Research, and a consultant on problems of public opinion research to various private and government organizations. His writings on radio research are well known.

The article presents a clarification of the ordination's philosophy in ecology through theoretical examination of some of the more commonly used procedures and by proposing new method. Its discussions include: principal components analysis, minimization of quadratic loss functions, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and reference set methods. Based on findings, it proposes an improved metric that can utilize both quantitative and qualitative attributes. It also notes that some dangers of the uncritical use of principal components analysis are indicated and the classical reference stands methods for ordination are rejected.

The article presents a case study of a 15-year-old juvenile delinquent with maladaptive behavior who was taken to the Juvenile Detention Center. He was then interviewed a series of questions about his problems and afterwhich, he reveals his problems with his mother. The clinicians gave him music instruments as a means of rehabilitating him. The article discusses human behavior, juvenile delinquency, and music as a means of behavior modification.

A combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses were used on the journal articles indexed in one vollume of Library Literature. Findings include: the dispersion of articles among journals followed a Bradford-type distribution except for a "collapse" at the end, possibly showing low level of interaction of Librarianship with other fields; considerable proportion of articles was of news-type; administration was the largest single subject covered. The methodology may be appropriate for analysis of activities in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison between modern economics and the economic theory propounded by economist Alfred Marshall. It is noted that the present-day economics is inclined towards quantitative analysis while Marshall's economics was inclined towards qualitative analysis. The modern economic has ceased to lean against its methods from cognate fields of knowledge and now uses its own methods and terminology without accuracy. Marshall's economics, which was based on fundamental brainwork, has now been refined. Marshall viewed that the forces operative in the economic environment were known with an interdependency of functions. It is noted that the modern economics is a strong protest against all self-imposed functions that prohibit activity.

Until very recently the science of economics has been largely developed along the lines of metaphysical deductive reasoning from general observation, the conclusions reached have been principally based on qualitative methods, and the traditions of the science have tended toward a study and comparison of the theories and principles laid down by the great minds of the past, which are the basis of all our work, as of September 1926. The new application to economics of intensive inductive analysis, principally evidenced by the great development of statistical work, is distinctly an attempt to give the science a more definite basis and to solve its problems by so-called quantitative methods. It means a far-reaching endeavor to formulate the theories and principles of economics into concrete problems, and to attack them one by one, by intensive inductive methods, with a view to their definite solution. One of the best examples of evolutionary development of a science is astronomy. It is undoubtedly the oldest science and stands out as possibly the clearest and purest.

The article presents two case studies of lupus erythematosus. The first one was a young migrant that developed a small sore on his scrotum; he did not feel well, began to lose weight, suffered from lassitude and malaise, and light-sensitivity eruption. The second case, was an 53 year old man, who developed a typical rash of this disease on both cheeks.

The relation between isolation and mental disorders in old age is analyzed to assess the prevalent assumption that age-linked isolation is an important correlate (if not cause) of mental illness in old age and to contribute to further understanding of social isolation in general. The sample consists of four subgroups drawn from the 1200 institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly persons who constitute the subjects of a series of studies in geriatric mental illness. Social, physical, and psychological characteristics of the four groups are analyzed quantitatively; qualitative analysis of case materials is used to trace the development of isolation and its relation to subjective and objective indicators of maladjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the qualitative method participant observation, a research approach in which the major activity is characterized by a prolonged period of contact with subjects. Purpose of participant observation; Comparison between participant observer and observant participant; Need for systematic and complete field notes in the method.

Qualitative analyses were made of morphologic variations in a large collection of extracted upper canine teeth. The range of variation negates the concept of a "typical tooth," but it also shows that certain characteristics tend to be found in a particular tooth of the dentition. This knowledge may be of anthropologic or forensic significance, especially to facilitate the identification of incomplete teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an in vitro study which investigates antiseptics and antibiotics that are used in endodontics. The action of the antiseptics and antibiotics in the destruction of microorganisms involved in the infection of root canals is examined. The laboratory procedures performed for the study are described, which involve preliminary tests of the materials in general usage and the application of the disc method and the serial dilution method for qualitative research.

The article describes a study on the research ability of scientists. The author proposes that, among other intellectual powers such as intelligence, creativity and academic aptitude, there is also a discrete trait known as research ability. The investigation discussed in this report was predicated on two assumptions: that while the nature of such research ability can hardly be studied with precision or in quantitative terms, it can be investigated qualitatively; and that such research ability would be best understood by those researchers who also spend much of their time and effort in selecting and in training other researchers including university professors.

This article focuses on problems of field work in planned communities. The dual entry and social location of a research team in a closed community are designed to take account of the local authority structure, in which management and residents may be at odds. Field observation after the fashion of the social anthropologist must be systematically checked through well-sampled field interviews. Without such check, initial hypotheses developed in the field generally prove sustained to an amazing and disquieting degree. Since immortality, even in the realm of ideas, is a singularly rare phenomenon and since it cannot be assumed that the field observer is invulnerable to error, statistical checks through mass interviewing have the merit of making for the occasional death of a hypothesis. According to their positions in the local social structure, informants prove variously co-operative in providing detailed data. Therefore, even when the population of informants is well-sampled, the bulk of qualitative data may come from a self-selected subgroup of the total sample.

The article focuses on the methodological analysis of feminism in relation to marital adjustment. The purpose here is to present a specific piece of middle-of-the-road research in its methodological setting. According to the author with the opposition of the qualitative and quantitative methodological camps, there tends to be a dissociation of criteria of scientific worth. Given this dissociation, a readily classified piece of scientific work may be judged only according to the criteria stressed in one methodological universe. There is ample evidence of growing awareness of the complementary relationship between quantitative and non-quantitative procedures. Quantitative and qualitative studies still tend to be evaluated within separate frameworks rather than by general criteria of scientific merit. While this dissociation exists throughout the entire sociological realm, illustrations may appropriately be restricted to studies of the family. The author presents an argument to mark the differences between these two sociological methods.

Recently developed techniques for traffic operational changes involving traffic signal control equipment are discussed Present practice is very largely based on intuition and qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis is limited because a general theory of traffic flow has not yet been developed Studies aimed at the eventual formulation of a theory of traffic flow are being conducted at the Road Research Laboratory (British), Brown University, the University of Michigan, and the University of California In combination with the flow theory the greatest promise appears to be in the simulation approach, some aspects of which are discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on psychological basis of economic theory. In so far as economists do find some psychological theory indispensable, they aim at a quantitative measurement rather than a qualitative analysis of human motives. Thus behind the economic theory of value there lies the assumption of the psychological theory of the satiability of human desires. While economic theory lays so much stress on the supposed satiability of all human desires, the administrators responsible for the conduct of the business side of the war proceeded on the opposite assumption, on the assumption that each increase of wages would elicit a fresh increase of effort from workers. The author in this article suggests the following hypothesis: (1) that the economic relation is seldom, if ever, purely economic. (2) That all economic contacts, like other social contacts, between individuals stir in those individuals in greater or less degree some of the primary instinctive emotions, and that the economic relations established are colored accordingly. (3) That the economic relation may in consequence be poisoned, by the excitation of anger, disgust, the mortification of self-esteem; or, it may be sweetened and consolidated by the excitation of the generalized parental instinct.

Analysis of references to the Voice of America (VOA) in Soviet media helps to throw light on the reactions of Communist officialdom to government's broadcasts. The analysis of official reactions was also expected to reveal something of the special sensitivities of the Soviet regime and its propagandists, and thereby lead to suggestions for the guidance of future American broadcast policy. Two main types of analysis were attempted with the textual references to the VOA culled from Soviet mass communication materials, a study of the general quantitative flow and differential distribution of references, essentially an examination of frequency of mention without regard to content and a study of the characteristics and the differential distribution of the content of the references to the VOA. Qualitative analysis was also called upon to supplement quantitative data. The use of standard subject categories and themes tended to yield, at best, only a very diffuse impression of the specific context of the Soviet attack on the VOA in any given period. This was in part a product of the fact that codes had of necessity to be general to incorporate the range of data, and in part a product of the fact that, once established, the codes had to be kept relatively constant to insure comparability from period to period.

This article presents a qualitative research on students who report emotional distress and have moral radical attitudes. The research was inspired by sociologist R.L. Kapur's discovery of an interesting change in the prevalence of reported emotional distress among students at Edinburgh University in Edinburgh, Scotland. Examining the relationship between radicalism and emotional distress the trend appears to be accepted as evidence of a genuine increase in the prevalence of emotional upset in the respective groups. This would imply that the distress is real, with individuals recognizing its presence by judging their emotional state against certain criteria, which had remained invariable over time and place. Alternatively, the reported differences are primarily due to changes in the propensity to report emotional upset students who simply have become less reluctant to confess to feelings of inadequacy, or their perception of what constitutes emotional distress. Emotional upset students altered feeling, a state which might have originally been designated morbid preoccupation is known as emotional disturbance. Alex Robertson

Commentary is presented for the article "Limitations of the Scientific Method in Management Science," by Ernest H. Weinwurm, published in the April 1957 issue of the periodical "Management Science." The author notes that in his argument, Weinwurm disagrees with the philosophy of Merrill M. Flood, stated in his article "The Objective of TIMS," published in the January 1956 issue of "Management Science." Weinwurm believes that the nonquantitative factors involved in human relations need to be addressed.

An attempt has been made to determine the reaction to the human aspects of atomic warfare. Quantitative as well as qualitative analysis is made of 339 randomly selected letters written in response to John Hersey's Hiroshima story. A wide range of rural and urban area is represented with few letters from the South and the Northwest regions. There is a large proportion of professional people in the sampling, and males and females are almost equally represented. Correspondents identified as professional, business, religious, fraternal, or labor could not be described as different from each other or the group as a whole, perhaps only because of the size of the sample. Approximately 9 per cent of the correspondents disapproved of the article. The reasons they gave were, that they felt deprived of their usual humorous magazine material, that too much had been written already about the atom bomb, that the story was undesirable propaganda, and that they felt a hostile attitude toward Russia. An overwhelming majority (approximately 90 per cent) approved of the story's publication with the following opinions most frequently expressed: There was recognition of the story as a contribution to public good, and appreciation of the author's style and ability, they expressed a need for broader awareness of the implications of atomic warfare, a realization of what the bombing of Hiroshima meant in terms of human beings, a feeling of responsibility for the dropping of the bomb, and a feeling of anxiety regarding the future use of atomic weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an exploratory study of attitudes, the purpose of which is to consider the value of certain qualitative techniques. A basic inconsistency in attitudes was discovered. Although for some reason, people appeared to feel obligated to have some opinion, they did not seem to feel as though they had incurred any serious responsibility by committing themselves to some view. Hazy and inaccurate ideas constituted still another factor contributing to inconsistency. Still another factor making for inconsistency of opinion is that people show a tendency to generalize their views about any given person or event. None of the specific findings, reported above, can be offered here as generalizations ready for acceptance. These, at best, might be regarded as a small and poor sample of the fertile suggestions that arise from the qualitative study of attitudes. The value of the specific techniques employed here is in giving us a fresh insight into certain complex regions of the field. Those of us who are impatient with this less pretentious approach and the small fragments yielded by it might well be reminded that "we should not throw to the dogs all that is not fit for the altar of the gods."

The article discusses data-processing and sociological surveys. The results of any quantitative sociological survey can be transcribed on to a set of punched cards. In the major survey on archaic societies carried out by a sociologist, for example, the basic data relate to 250 units which, in this case, are societies. The same kind of information is collected for all societies. If one look at another sociological classic, "Suicide," one shall find a similar situation. In this case, the population considered is a body of individuals, namely, all those who committed suicide within a specific period. By and large, therefore, data collected in a sociological survey can, at least in theory, always be shown in table form composed of n rows and m columns, which may be termed a data matrix. Each row of the matrix corresponds to one of the units observed, each column to one of the data collected during the survey. There is no doubt that the work involved in interpreting sociological surveys is greatly facilitated by the use of data-processing. There are two reasons why sociologists frequently employ intuitive methods, both in the expression of raw data as variables and in the analysis of the structural properties of the matrix of variables. First, sociologists are often insufficiently trained in quantitative methodology. Second, it must be admitted that the application of the quantitative methods used in analyzing surveys is often an arduous task.

The article presents information about a qualitative analysis of the vocabulary responses of institutionalized, mentally retarded children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether those children follow developmental trends similar to those evidenced by children of average intelligence in their ability to define words abstractly and to determine whether this ability was directly predictable. Empirical observations of the high grade mentally retarded children at the Wayne County Training School seem to indicate that the mental age is not an accurate predictor of academic achievement. Generally speaking, the children often reach their educational plateaus in reading and arithmetic at some point below that which might be expected.

The article presents a study in which the relationships between the Rorschach test and the traits, shyness and gregariousness were studied in two groups of college men. The pooled judgments of Shyness and Gregariousness proved highly adequate as criteria for testing various hypotheses relating to the prediction of these two traits by the Rorschach. Two methods of validation were used, intuitive, "blind" analyses by two Rorschach experts, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of objective Rorschach signs. All attempts to find significant relationships between the Rorschach and gregariousness or shyness failed in spite of the criterion adequacy. The conclusion is made that the commonly claimed relationship between Rorschach test data and the personality traits, Shyness and Gregariousness, is not supported in this study of normal superior adults.

This article focuses on qualitative analysis and interpretation in clinical psychology. The first phase in the qualitative analysis of the H-T-P is to turn to pages 3 and 4 of the scoring folder and conduct a careful step by step analysis of the drawings and their production under all the general headings and the subheads outlined except "concept," identifying and noting each item which appears to represent a deviation from the average and each item which appears to have been significant to the subject. The second phase may be regarded as one of synthesis: in it the examiner attempts to evaluate and interpret the organization and interrelationship of the items identified in the analysis; to construct the concept.