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SUMMARY The concentration and ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids were determined by paper chromatography in serum and erythro-cytes of fasting rats and in animals that received a non-protein diet, and compared with rats on a stock diet. Our results show that very dicfferent changes are brought about in the non essential to essential amino acid ratios, in the amino acid concentrations and in their relative erythro-cyte/plasma distribution by the different dietary treatments. The changes induced by the non-protein diet resemble those reported in clhildren suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition. The fact that the changes are already apparent after only 3 days of dietary treatment seem to indicate that abnormal ratios reflect more the quality of the diet than the nutritional status.

Plasma total lipid, lipid fractions, total protein protein fractions and α-amino nitrogen were studied in 30 cases of marasmic protein-calorie malnutrition and 10 control cases. Repeated determinations were done after the patients had gained at least 10% of their admission weight. With the exception of lipoproteins and phospholipids, no major differences existed in plasma lipid and lipid fractions in cases of marasmus at admission and in the recovery phase.

Normal infants exhibited circadian rhythmicity of plasma F concentration. Infants from 2.1 to 3.2 months of age had CSR significantly higher than those of older infants. THF/THE urinary excretion ratios increased with age. The 17OHCS excretion was higher in the younger infants. Urinary excretions of free corticoids and cortisol were similar in all age groups. In marasmus, plasma F concentrations in the morning and evening were significantly elevated. Normal diurnal variation returned following therapy. CSR and 17OHCS excretions were not different from age controls, but were significantly lower than size controls, THF/THE ratios, urinary excretion of free corticoids and cortisol were normal. In marasmic kwashiorkor, plasma F concentrations were significantly elevated in the morning and evening. There was a suggestive decrease with therapy. CSR was low before and after treatment. THF/THE ratios, urinary 17OHCS excretion, and urinary free corticoids and cortisol were not significantly different from infants matched for size or patients with marasmus.

The frequency of rosette-forming thymus-dependent lymphocytes was reduced in the peripheral blood of malnourished infants and children. The reduced frequency parallelled the impairment of delayed hypersensitivity response to 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene and decreased DNA synthesis by lymphocytes challenged with phytohaemagglutinin. The abnormalities were reversed on nutritional improvement.

A LITERATURE review summarizing available research data on restricted feeding programs for replacement pullets has been made by Wolf (1965). The data which have been obtained are often inconsistent and contradictory. A more basic approach needs to be made in studying the nutrient intake requirements of replacement pullets in which consideration is given to food intake and the factors which control food intake. The individual physiological mechanisms through which food intake is regulated and controlled have been summarized in a review paper by Anand (1961). The basic findings from this area of research (insofar as they involve dietary protein, dietary energy, dietary volume, and dietary weight) have been applied in the feeding trial with replacement pullets which is reported in this paper. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE General Design. The experimental design and the treatments imposed in this experiment are outlined in Table 1. The entire experiment covered a span of 64 weeks…

1. In pregnancy, severe hypoproteinaemia, cirrhosis and anaemia, plasma free α-amino nitrogen (FαAN) was found to be lowered. The non-essential:essential amino acid ratios, determined by paper chromatography, were increased in hypoproteinaemia and anaemia.2. The erythrocytic FαAN content increased in early hypoproteinaemia and values lower than normal were found in severe hypoproteinaemia. There was also a rise in anaemia, which was due to increased cellular non-essential amino acids.3. The leucocytic FαAN was reduced in all hypoproteinaemic states. The increased FαAN values in patients with thyrotoxicosis demonstrated that, in catabolism, leucocytic uptake of amino acids is increased. The non-essential:essential amino acid ratios were decreased in cirrhosis, possibly due to poor biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids by the liver.

Milk is a nearly complete food, furnishing proteins of high quality, essential minerals in easily assimilable form, and several of the vitamins as well as other nutrients. It is widely accepted that unless there are specific contraindications, the diet of young persons should contain liberal daily allowances of milk (30). At present a large part of the population of the United States is consuming less milk than is generally regarded as adequate for optimum growth and vigorous health (29). Among families whose food expenditures are moderate or liberal, the problem of adequate milk consumption is largely an educational one. In low income groups, in which the money expended for food is greatly restricted, improvement of the diet through the extension and increase of milk consumption, while still dependent upon intelligent food selection, is more closely related to the availability of inexpensive forms of milk. Dry skim milk affords a number of economies which greatly reduce the cost of milk solids other than fat to the consumer. The use of dry skim milk in the diet increases the mineral and vitamin intakes with relatively small addition to the food expenses. Although dry skim milk contains practically none of the fat of whole milk, and its vitamins A, C, and D contents are negligible, it provides, unimpaired, the solids other than fat of fresh milk as well as vitamin B and riboflavin (vitamin G). The transportation and delivery costs of milk solids in the form of dry skim milk are significantly less than those of milk in the fluid form as practically all of the water has been removed. The product can be stored unrefrigerated for considerable periods of time without deterioration. Experiments in the Bureau of Dairy Industry have shown that inexpensive packaging in laminated-glassine-lined paper bags gives adequate protection for 5 weeks when kept at 730F. in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of from 85 to 95 per cent. In such a container, or similarly protected, dry skim milk can be stored in the home without refrigeration. Dry skim milk has been widely used industrially in bread making and in the manufacture of candy, confectionery and ice cream. Brands tested by the United States Public Health Service have been found to yield a reconstructed milk, which, under a pediatrician's supervision, can be used as a safe and satisfactory substitute for fluid milk in infant feeding (5, 27). Roberts, Carlson, and MacNair, in a study of institutional diets, reported significant improvement in the quality of the diets, through dry skim milk supplements to the customary fluid milk supply of the institution (17). With small addition to the food expense the calcium and phosphorus intakes of nursery school children were increased by the use of dry skim milk in cooking and as added solids in milk served as a beverage (12). Supplements of 2 to 4 ounces per person per day of dry skim milk have been found "to reduce greatly the incidence of pellagra among families which, in times of stress, subsist on a very monotonous and one-sided diet, containing very little

Isolated sialadenosis of both sumandibular glands and anorexia nervosa are clinical pictures found extremely seldom in boys. This paper describes a case with symptomless enlarged submandibular glands, the bioptic findings which were suggesting the diagnosis of sialadenosis, the verification of the underlying disorder by child psychiatry, and the recuperation of the boy during puberty.