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The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation sponsored seminars on "The Use of Correspondence Instruction in Adult Education: Means, Methods, and Possibilities" in April-May 1967 and May-June 1968. Each seminar was about a month in length; on both occasions the participants came from African countries and represented ministries, universities, and paragovernmental or intergovernmental organizations. The participants at both seminars wrote papers on a subject within the field of correspondence and/or adult education. Some of the papers are included in this volume; others are to be published in another book (Mass Education: Studies in Adult Education and Teaching by Correspondence in Some Developing Countries). Most of the papers in this work are devoted to particular institutions or programs in specific African countries. (mf)

Prepared by the National Council for Homemaker Services for those concerned with homemaker programs, this document contains selected papers which summarize the developments of the homemaker-home health aide service. Sections are: (1) The Philosophy and Goals of Homemaker-Home Health Aide Service, with papers by Elizabeth G. Watkins and Ellen Winston, (2) The Various Patterns of Homemaker-Home Health Aide Service, with papers by Maud Morlock, Nora P. Johnson, Louise Foresman, Johnnie U. Williams, Georgia P. Hughes, Rose Brodsky, C. Knight Aldrich, and Brahna Trager, (3) Standards for Homemaker-Home Health Aide Service, (4) Administering and Financing Homemaker-Home Health Aide Service Programs, with papers by S.A. Mandalfino, John W. Cashman, and Ellen Winston, (5) The Development of Homemaker-Home Health Aide Staff, with papers by Elizabeth Burford, Brahna Trager, Catherine Williams, Johnnie U. Williams, and Ione Carey, and (6) Home Help Services in Other Countries, with papers by Elizabeth Carnegy-Arbuthnott, Margareta Nordstrom, and Carmen Jonas. Selected references and the 1966 survey report are appended. (SB)

A broad interpretation of cultural studies is used in this position paper. The need for insight and appreciation of cultural diversity between American Indians and non-Indians is described by cultural pluralism and its application in Indian education, and response to cultural pluralism--programs and activities in the Indian community. The responses are local/community projects, regional/state programs, community centers, and the development of organized cultural materials programs. Some of the materials programs include writing original histories, studies of Indian government and legal systems, linguistic information, Indian literature, and curriculum change and development. It is noted that the future of the Indian people will largely be determined by the acquisition of skills necessary to live in a rapidly changing technological society. (PS)

AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY OF CAREERS IN THE MENTAL HEALTH FIELD BEING MADE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, THIS INVESTIGATION STUDIED (1) A MODEL FOR STUDYING PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR, (2) EXTENT TO WHICH PROFESSIONAL, IDEOLOGICAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCE PROFESSIONAL FUNCTIONS, AND (3) IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL ADULT EDUCATORS. PROFESSIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PERSONNEL WERE STUDIED BY QUESTIONNAIRE IN METROPOLITAN CHICAGO, LOS ANGELES, AND NEW YORK. LINES OF SPECIALIZATION WERE DRAWN BETWEEN MEDICALLY TRAINED PROFESSIONALS WHO DID THERAPY IN PRIVATE PRACTICE AND NONMEDICAL PROFESSIONALS WHO ENGAGED IN ADMINISTRATION AND NON-INTENSIVE CLIENT CONTACT. AFTER ANALYZING THE PROFESSIONS AND MAJOR JOB ACTIVITIES, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORK SETTING WAS THE BEST PREDICTOR OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN FIVE OUT OF SIX TYPES OF FUNCTIONS, AND WAS A PREREQUISITE TO UNDERSTANDING THE INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGICAL ADHERENCE AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH IN ADULT EDUCATION INCLUDE THE NEED TO STUDY PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR IN THE WORK SITUATION, TO CONCENTRATE ON ORGANIZATIONAL AND SOCIAL CONTROLS, AND TO INCLUDE A METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY IN THE STUDY. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT A NATIONAL SEMINAR ON ADULT EDUCATION RESEARCH (CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 11-13, 1968). (PT)

Theories behind the presence and absence of libraries in correctional institutions can be deduced from information on their history, their proponents, and their budgets. Theories range from punitive to religious, humanitarian, educational and legalistic. The therapeutic theory of library access for inmates would further advance library service, but it is as yet unaccepted. The history of prison libraries up to 1950 shows that the punitive, religious, humanitarian and educational theories variously held sway. In the late 1950's and early 1960's, although some encouraging events took place, only three successful library programs were reported; all other projects were in the form of surveys, speeches and plans. More recently, the prison law library has become a hot issue, and it has introduced a new basis for library access to inmates--that of legal right. The basis of library service to prisoners should be changed from legal necessity to rehabilitation. One must refer to the literature of bibliotherapy to find an explanation of how books can be therapeutic and to find suggestions of programs and methods. There are significant projects for correctional institutions that demonstrate that bibliotherapy is one means to a truly rehabilitative phase of correctional library theory. (JB)

Three papers, all concerned with literary analysis, are presented in this book. The first essay, "How Ordinary Is Ordinary Language," (Stanley E. Fish) argues that a distinction between literature and other uses of language leads logically to an impoverished conception of both rather than insuring literature's status as a repository of value. Recent developments in linguistics and philosophy are also discussed and are seen to indicate that former assumptions are being questioned and that major revisions in linguistic theory are eminent. The second essay, "Waiting for Godel," (Ruth apRoberts) points out the cautions that must be exercised when attempting to extrapolate Godel's conclusions on inherent limitations in the axiomatic method to the realm of literature. Finally, the third essay, "The Scope and Mood of Literary Works: Toward a Poetics Beyond Genre," (Paul Hernadi) reexamines the concept of the monistic principle underlying most summary classifications of literature into distinct kinds of suggests a more flexible framework of classification such as painting and music for analogies, calling attention to the generic qualities of the imaginative arts. (HOD)

FARADAY's paper "On Argument" was read in August 1818 to a semiphilosophical, semi-social group of young members of the Royal Institution to which he belonged. It was entered by his hand into a kind of record book containing the proceedings of the group. This book was in the private possession of one of the members of the group who left London, and was later, in 1890, presented to the Royal Institution, according to his will. This explains why "On Argument" was not even mentioned in H. Bence-Jones's Life of Faraday of 1870. It is not for me to explain how such an interesting paper escaped publication before now. I am most grateful to the Royal Institution for the permission to publish it, and especially to their Librarian, Mr. K. D. C. Vernon, who drew my attention to it. In this paper Faraday speaks of attributing foolish or improper opinions to, and of making unwarrantable assertions about one's opponent; and he stresses that he has in mind definite experiences of his own. It may therefore be relevant to mention an example, and I therefore decided also to publish, by way of preamble to the paper, a remarkable though yet unpublished letter from G. Moll to Faraday dated 25 April 1831. This letter is in the possession of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, to which I am indebted for permission to publish it. G. Moll of Utrecht was a personal friend of Davy and of Faraday. He was famous as a chemist and as the (anonymous) author of the remarkable On the Alleged Decline of Science in England (which is a comment on C. Babbage's famous The Decline of Science in England and was edited and published by Faraday in 1831). Moll's letter accompanied the manuscript of that book. It contains a comment on Dr. J. A. Paris' Life of Davy, and a description of an attempt of a group of French philosophers to suppress Davy's criticism of Lavoisier. Moll protested against the lack of any reference to this incident in Paris' book. It is interesting to note that the silence still prevails. Only John Davy, in his Life of his brother, referred to this incident, though rather evasively; he discussed it in a little more detail in his Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphrey Davy. But none of the later biographers of Davy or Faraday refer to this incident and Moll's letter was ignored until now. For my own part I see no reason for concealing the failings of the great men of the

Characteristics of the Miami-Dade (Florida) Junior College are presented in this paper to describe the: (1) philosophy of the community college, (2) implications of this philosophy to the mathematics program, and (3) possible solutions to specific problems. Some of the areas needing reform are: (1) the mathematical training of technicians, (2) screening and placement of students, (3) mathematics for the general education student, (4) computer assisted instruction, (5) mathematics for preservice elementary teachers, (6) the remedial student in mathematics. This paper was presented at the 1970 Annula Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (RS)

In the first part of his paper, Dr Hudson argues that the distinction between between facts and values is eroded because there are some factual statements (those of ‘institutional fact’) from which moral judgments do follow; and secondly he argues that there is a non-contingent connexion between beliefs about man and what it is intelligible to approve of or disapprove of morally. Both these conclusions are argued for tentatively and with reservation. In this comment I want to discuss three of the many issues Dr Hudson raises, and then to touch on a more general point which is at the source of my dissatisfaction with the drift of Dr Hudson's paper.

The essays collected in this volume, appearing between the years 1939 and 1958, include all of the late Professor J. L. Austin's published papers, and in addition two unpublished papers, ‘The Meaning of a Word’ (1940) and ‘Unfair to Facts’ (1954), as well as an unscripted talk, ‘Performative Utterances’, given in the Third Programme of the B.B.C. in 1956. The editors, J. O. Urmson and G. J. Warnock, have performed a real service in making these papers available in one volume; for the cumulative impact of the method Austin pursued in doing philosophy, and the questions this method raises, can be felt and appreciated more fully when a considerable assemblage of illustrative papers is brought together. The debt Austin owes to the tradition to which G. E. Moore and Wittgenstein contributed is quite clear, and the divergences from them are equally clear. In reviewing the contents of the ten articles in this volume I shall try to single out what is unique about his contribution, in particular what features of his procedure, falling as it does under the general classification ‘linguistic analysis’, were so distinctive as to win for it the attention accorded to a new departure.

Author's Note: There seem to he some points which are not clear and some omissions which have caused confusion in the paper1 presented by the writer. Owing to the length of this paper, some data were purposely omitted for the sake of brevity. The writer wishes to thank Professor Lord for bringing these points to his attention and also for permitting this discussion of the preceding paper.

It has been proved by Pepis that any formula of the first-order predicate calculus is equivalent (in respect of being satisfiable) to another with a prefix of the formcontaining a single existential quantifier. In this paper, we shall improve this theorem in the like manner as the Ackermann and the Gödel reduction theorems have been improved in the preceding papers of the same main title. More explicitly, we shall prove theTheorem 1. To any given first-order formula it is possible to construct an equivalent one with a prefix of the form (1) and a matrix containing no other predicate variable than a single binary one.An analogous theorem, but producing a prefix of the formhas been proved in the meantime by Surányi; some modifications in the proof, suggested by Kalmár, led to the above form.

The function of the discusser of a paper is, I take it, like that of Antony at the funeral of Caesar: to bury Corwin, not to praise him. Unfortunately Mr. Corwin has been wanting in the good intentions to pave the way for such a sepulchral performance on my part. He has himself recognized the force of the objections which I would urge to the first half of his paper, had that been all of it, and he has made clear that we cannot tell to what extent constitutional theory is a crutch grabbed to help a wayfarer hobble on to his chosen journey's end, and to what extent it is like a flood or a landslide which sweeps a passive person willy-nilly along its own appointed way. Even worse than this, Mr. Corwin confesses that his game is to indoctrinate his hearers with his own preferred brand of constitutional theory. How can one expose a confidence man who takes us all into his confidence like this? If Mr. Corwin's heart were not as hard as his head, he might have shown more sympathy for his commentator and left him a few soft spots where he might dig in with his intellectual toes. Mr. Corwin is to be thanked for emphasizing that constitutional theory as commonly preached is not derived by induction from the particuliarities of constitutional law. Its glowing generalities endow discussion with more heat than light. The holy name of states' rights is easily forgotten when employers wish their laborers sober and unctuously invoked when they wish their laborers young. The name is a name to conjure with only when convenient. Similar sins of contradiction are committed in the name of individual liberty. There is much silly constitutional theory about the power of the Supreme Court over legislation. It gives us lovely pictures of a clear and unmistakable will entertained by some mythical sovereign at some remote date and expressed so lucidly in the words "due process of law" that only four out of nine judges can possibly be blind to it. We can dismiss all such constitutional theory as imbecile, but we cannot dismiss it as impotent. Without doubt it often raises emotional mists before the eyes of men