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CUTE renal failure has been treated successfully in a fair number of cases by use of the artificial kidney.' Still this method of treatment has not a very useful application in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. With the marked prevalence of chronic renal disease it was thought worth while to undertake studies on transplantation of kidneys, hoping that a method of survival might be provided for the sufferers from chronic kidney diseases. It was realized that a great amount of experimental work has been done in this field, which on the whole has yielded very little evidence of a hopeful nature that the principle could be applied to human beings. It was suggested by much of the work done that there is little likelihood of survival of transplanted tissue from one animal or one patient to another . An analogy from skin grafting where very complete and careful studies could be carried out regarding the survival and final disintegration of the graft within four to six weeks was taken as some proof of what would happen in transplanted organs. It was agreed that if sections, or slices of organs, or cells of organs were transplanted, the analogy might be fairly closely applied . However, in the authors' opinion the grafting of an intact organ might involve entirely different principles . Undoubtedly, when skin or other cellular tissue is applied from one animal or patient to a large denuded area of the recipient, the whole mass of tissue is exposed to the cellular reaction, tissue fluid reactions, probably immune reactions and so on that can develop from such contacts . To the authors, however, it seemed quite a different problem in relation to the transplantation of whole organs . In severe toxemias such as uremia, septicemia and the like, exsanguination transfusions, as carried out by many investigators and clinicians, has shown some evidence of benefit . ods were, therefore, investigated to discover by Philosophically, therefore, the question arises what means the cells could best be protected