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This paper involves two objectives. Firstly, a descriptive analysis of the institutions represented at the 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, and 1973 an nual meetings of the North Central Sociological Association is presen ted. Although the sociology convention has occasionally been the object of study (e.g., Higbie and Hammond, 1966; Mintz, 1967; Hammond and Hibgie, 1968; Lin, Garvey, and Nelson, 1970, Leonard and Schmitt, 1973), it has not been examined extensively. In view of the increasing in terest in the sociology of sociology, the intrinsic concern of sociologists with formal organizations, and the role of regional, and especially, national psychology conventions in the early dissemination of research findings (Garvey and Griffith, 1971:355-58), this neglect is un warranted. Secondly, an analysis of the substantive concerns, as reflected in session, panel, topic etc. titles, is contained herein. It seems reasonable to conclude that some of the dominant and pressing considerations of the discipline are mirrored in these entries.

As part of a larger study of articulatory deviant children, 5 personality instruments were administered to 671 children in Grades 1 through 5 in 7 public schools. Complete descriptive statistics on grade by sex samples, analyses of variance for grade by sex by school effects, test-retest coefficients, and intercorrelations are presented. Comparison of the descriptive data and published norms suggests that investigators should give serious consideration to possible influences of stimulus modes, response modes, and examiner behaviors on children's self-report scores for these constructs. Inter- and intra-scale characteristics look promising for multivariate analyses of the role of these constructs as trait, moderator, or suppressor variables in predicting articulation improvement with or without speech therapy.

Auditory abilities, measured by wordpair discrimination and single word imitation, of economically disadvantaged native-Spanish-speaking preschool children were investigated in two languages, Spanish and English. In order to provide age-related comparative information, a group of nondisadvantaged, native-English speakers were evaluated on the same tasks. In spite of the dual problems of economic disadvantage and second language learning, these children were not significantly different from their advantaged English-speaking peers in total performance on the four tasks. In addition, the Spanish speakers made less errors in their native language than did the English speakers. Thus, previously hypothesized negative effects of poverty or of linguistic interference do not appear to be depressing auditory performance. A descriptive analysis of errors indicates directions for educational programs in the area of auditory training for preschool bilingual programs.

Summary A decade of social statistics. The development of descriptive statistics in the post-liberation period can be characterized by the concepts integration and differentiation: side by side with an increasing knowledge of totality there is a constantly growing attention for detail. More so than formerly the central aim of international statistics is the obtaining of a statistical total picture in which on the one hand various statistics and on the other hand various countries can be shown. Moreover, differentiation can be distinguished: on the one hand as to fields of research, on the other hand as to geographical territories. Also from a national point of view there are intensive, integrating tendencies. There is e.g. the system of national accounts in which statistics perform an Emportant executive task. Improvement of information and statistical co-ordination have been taken in hand; consistency is a requirement of the first order and regionalisation is often necessary. With respect to productivity — of major importance for the prosperity of our country — statistics were faced by a great task; much statistical work was done, productivity centres were established and research was organized. Furthermore random sampling technique and public opinion polls, which are indispensable to efficiently collecting statistical data, show an amazing development. More and more research and planning are making use of statistics.

formants were selected for a particular phase of the research (that of identifying the poorest and wealthiest communities of the county) with the hope that from detailed presentation of a specific case, some general principles of use can be drawn. In this article we shall define what we mean by the technique, and then analyze its use in gathering data. This will be followed by a section on the kinds of data we hoped to discover through the use of the technique. Our research design will then be outlined and the reasons for deviating from the original design will be explored. Finally, the manner in which the operation was carried out will be described. The procedures for the analysis of the data as well as the results are not pertinent to this paper and are therefore omitted from it, but they can be found elsewhere (Tremblay 1955). THE KEY INFORMANT TECHNIQUE 1. Definition of terms. As used here, the term "key informant" has a more delimited definition than is usual. In traditional anthropological field research, key informants are used primarily as a source of information on a variety of topics, such as kinship and family organization, economic system, political structure, and religious beliefs and practices. In brief, they are interviewed intensively over an extensive period of time for the purpose of providing a relatively complete ethnographical description of the social and cultural patterns of their group. In that particular fashion, a few informants are interviewed3 with the aim of securing the total patterning of a culture. The technique is preeminently suited to the gathering of the kinds of qualitative and descriptive data that are difficult or time-consuming to unearth through structured datagathering techniques such as questionnaire surveys.

By and large the Congress of the United States has been studied on its own terms, as a somewhat unique political institution. Studies of Congress are usually considered to be important simply because they shed light on an important institution in the American political system. It is true, of course, that Congress is an important policy-making body and does deserve study for that reason. But there is no reason why substantive importance cannot be combined with “importance” in another sense. It is also important, for example, to develop theory within any discipline which will help explain the phenomena under study. Trivial substantive problems can be made interesting because of the theory which they suggest. And because a problem may already be substantively important does not mean that it cannot be made even more significant by theoretical development.As a result of this substantive focus, research on Congress has produced a very rich body of descriptive data on various components of the institution, including its members and leadership, group structure, committees, party systems, organization, and rules and procedures. Studies have also provided generalizations concerning such things as the decentralized decision-making of Congress and the effects of the seniority rule on the distribution of power within the House and Senate. These descriptive data and generalizations may serve as the content to be explained within the context of a theory. As yet there has been very little effort at theory construction concerning Congress. The data are there—their organization and explication remain.

It has been common to approach the study of differences in Negro-white fertility from an assimilationalist perspective. A recent paper criticized this approach, suggesting as an alternative a social psychological argument which approaches the differential in terms of the insecurities associated with minority-group status. This explanation suggest that (1) minority-group status exercises an independent effect on fertility, and (2) minority-group status and certain structural factors interact to effect fertility. This paper attempts to test these two aspects of the " minority-group status hypothesis." The use of simple descriptive statistics early in the analysis tends to support the minority-group status hypothesis; however, the use of more rigorous inductive statistical techniques suggests that the hypothesis does not stand when applied to Negro-white fertility differences. It is suggested that the hypothesis be reformulated to take account of the extent of structural assimilation.

The study assessed the technologies available for empowering women in cassava production in Abia State. The objectives were to determine the availability and utilization of technologies for empowering women in cassava production. Questionnaire was the instrument for data collection which was developed on a 4-point measuring scale and was validated by peer review of researchers in agricultural extension. Reliability was established by the Cronbach’s alpha which gave co-efficient of r ∝ = 0.74 indicating a high reliability. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 240 and the extension filed officers were used as research assistants to facilitate the administration and retrieval of the questionnaire. Data analysis was achieved with the use of descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean which referenced x = 2.50 as the benchmark and inferential statistics as t-test at 0.050 level of significance. The findings revealed that majority (x = 2.56) agreed that technologies were available for empowering women in cassava production while (x = 2.03) indicated that the extent women were empowered utilizing technologies for cassava production was low. The t- test of no mean significant difference was not rejected because t = 0.01 at P ≥ 0.05 which indicated no mean difference between availability and utilization of technologies for empowering women cassava producers. On the basis of the findings the study recommended that more extension field personnel should be employed and retrained on how to train women on how to use the technologies.Keywords: women, empowerment, cassava, production

Employee motivation is considered as a force that drives the employees toward attaining specific goals and objectives of an organization. Nowadays motivation has become one of the most indispensable factors in management toward the achievement of organizational goals. There nothing more central to management than the question of human motivation. The main objectives of the study are to find out that what kind of motivation factors influence Nigerian employee and also to find out to which extent motivation affect the employee performance. 200 data are collected from teachers from some selected public schools and private in Talata Mafara and by using self-administered questionnaire. A Structured interview was also carried out with the management of the schools. Descriptive analysis is applied is applied to find the effect of employee motivation on employee performance involving five variables. Employee promotion, employee motivation, employees performance, employee perceived training effectiveness, and intrinsic reward. The result of this work shows that there is positive and significant relationship exist between employee motivation and employee performance. It also show that promotion and intrinsic reward has positive impact on employee performance.

This research aims to describe and analyze various aspects of children's education and find the concept of children's education in the perspective of psychology and Islamic education. This type of library research research, data collection techniques using documentation, after the data collected and then analyzed with descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results show the first: the conception of children's education in a psychological perspective has four main dimensions namely, physical, psychological, spiritual, and social-cultural. Parenting education of children must be in accordance with the psychological condition of children with authoritative style. Second: educating with the perspective of Islamic education, will make children more healthy souls namely those who have excellent physical requirements, higher intellectual mental intelligence (IQ), mental health conditions / personality that develops and is stable in their emotional emotional mentality (EQ) is high (mental-social) and have the strength of faith and Islam. Third: The important role of psychology in Islamic education is to bridge the process of delivering knowledge so that it pays more attention to the psychology of each individual or student, because this will determine the parents or educators in transferring knowledge given to children.

It is well known that the introduction of rigorous semiological and mathematical methods is the necessary condition of the coherent application of computers to archaeology. The aim of this article is simply to emphasize two less obvious aspects of present research trends: (1) The different phases of archaeological work, at which the new methods are introduced, are interdependent. The solution adopted at each level — information retrieval, descriptive analysis, search for structural relations — must be selected with a view of the rigour of the whole. (2) The scientific criteria implied by the introduction of new methods lead to the examination of archaeological construction itself. The deductive schema proposed is aimed at reducing the use, at an interpretative level, of analogy and inference.

The study assessed the perception of secondary school student across Borno State towards fisheries as a profession. A total of 300 structured questionnaires was administered among secondary school students in five (5) Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) zone which were Maiduguri, Biu, Gwoza, Bama and Monguno zones. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result revealed that, 65% of the respondents were male while 25% were female. The source of awareness about fisheries was through their teachers which had 50.70%, 16.27% through mass media, 15.06% through extension agent, 13.57% through friends, while others had 4.6%. The respondents’ interest/likeness about fisheries revealed that 52.14% had interest, 32.14% has no interest while 15.72% are yet to decided. A total of 76.43% had positive perception in practicing fish farming while 23.57% had no interest. Awareness about fisheries as profession revealed that 72.14% are aware while 27.86% are unaware. Conclusively, the perception of secondary school students to fisheries is encouraging, so there is prospect for fisheries as a profession in Borno state. It will be recommended that more awareness should be created to secondary school students about fisheries profession and as prospect for youth empowerment.Keywords: Fisheries, Perception, School, Student, Profession.

138 university students were divided into two groups, balanced on sex and mathematics background and allocated to the two treatments of programmed text, or textbook for the study of descriptive statistics. Following normal practice no compulsion was put on a student to make him complete either one or the other beyond giving the date of the post‐test. The program showed a greater control over student work habits, gave a higher overall mean mark on tests of retention, application and transfer, but 47 per cent, of this group of students completed less than three quarters of the program compared with 19 per cent. of those students following prescribed reading from the textbook. Further analysis shows a case for differential allocation to program or textbook on the basis of whether a student is prepared to pay the cost in terms of time and some uncongeniality of technique which the program demands because of its high final attainment standards. Significant predictors of suitable students are the personality scales of extraversion and neuroticism.

This research investigated a link between classroom climate and reading achievement, and discovered the influence of the classroom climate and reading achievement of the students at one junior high school in Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia. Fifty seven students participated in this study and were chosen by using convenience sampling method. In collecting the data, Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and reading test were used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. Based on the data analysis, it was found out that r (.175)

On the basis of Professor Ayer's The Problem of Knowledge, Mr. Stigen criticizes Ayer for defending a position which the sceptic does not attack. Ayer's “descriptive analysis”, which is his answer to the sceptic, consists in an analysis of statements about, e.g. material objects or other minds into verifiable propositions. In other words, Ayer points to the fact that our statements are shown to be true by verification. However, according to Stigen, this analysis does not remove the sceptic's doubts, for the sceptic does not doubt that our statements are true; his attack is directed against the validity of those of my present beliefs for which I claim knowledge‐status. The sceptic asks me to justify my claim that the statement is not only true, but that I have also good grounds now for being sure of it, i.e. that my present belief amounts to knowledge in virtue of its credibility. On this point, according to Stigen, Ayer offers no satisfactory solution.

(1955). Personalities in Faces: IV. A Descriptive Analysis of the Perception of Women's Faces and the Identification of Some Physiognomic Determinants. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 269-278.

tion as the vehicle for the achievement of sociology's advance, although others uphold a contrary position. Should some theories prove sterile, adequate descriptive materials would endure as a foundation upon which to construct others. Furthermore, sociology may never embrace one theory satisfactory to all. The complexity and inherent change within the social order make it possible to envisage a situation where several conceptual schemes, all logically consistent within themselves, exist side by side. And, finally, a few sociologists maintain that a search for generalizations is legitimate and logical, but that failure is a reasonable possibility and the most that can be expected is a description of the interrelationships within a society.27 These views strike somewhat pessimistic notes; nevertheless they will be totally disregarded only by confirmed dogmatists. The influence of social or cultural change on descriptive research deserves elaboration. Anthropology, it appears, is in a comfortable position on the strength of the Boasian influence and the numerous field studies it engendered. Some significant theoretical advances may be anticipated in the near future. Yet, social or cultural change and the resultant urbanization of world folk-societies require further descriptive data on cultures about which rather complete information has heretofore existed. Therefore, this change may require a continual redescription of social units. Not only should impetus be given to descriptive studies of societies from diverse frames of reference, but these must be carried out on a world-wide scale. Sociologists all too often lull themselves into a complacency whereby research in one region, or even a part of one region, is considered definitive. Generalizations drawn from a theoretical frame*work are unscientifically accepted as conclusive without further checks. Therefore, descriptions of societies from the vantage point of both time and space are scientifically imperative.

Citizen consumption for the times towards food is more increase. This matter will be influenced by the increasing need of citizen on nutrition and nutrient. This phenomenon is followed by the existence of many restaurants as business caterers. Jakarta is one of the cities in Indonesia with a variety of diversity, including in terms of food. There are various kinds of foods sold in restaurants in Jakarta, both from within and outside the country. One of them is a unique Japanese food. Currently, there are more and more Japanese food restaurants in Jakarta. One of the restaurants that still survive until this day is Midori Japanese Restaurant. In maintaining its business, Midori Japanese Restaurant needed to explore its consumer characteristics, consumer satisfaction, and consumer loyalty. The restaurant can implement marketing strategies to maintain its business. This research was commenced from March to May 2010 and conducted at Midori Japanese Restaurant branch K.H. Wahid Hasyim Central Jakarta. This research used descriptive analysis for consumer characteristics, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) to know the attributes improvements, and loyalty pyramid to determine the level of consumer loyalty. This research also provided recommendations that can be done as marketing strategy.Keywords: Japanese food, consumer characteristics, consumer satisfaction, consumer loyalty, descriptive analysis, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), loyalty pyramid.

The purpose of this study was the development and validation of an instrument, the Behavior Preference Inventory (BPI), to measure the need values of special education administrators, utilizing Rotter's social learning theory. The five need categories of recognition-status, protection dependency, dominance, independence, and love and affection, were examined in an experimental test sample with which a validating instrument was used involving the administrator's subordinates. A normative sample involving membership of CASE contributed additional descriptive data. It is advocated that the BPI is useful as a screening device in related research on the relationship of need value to expectancy and situational determinants in decision making. It is also proposed that the instrument serve as a vehicle for the sensitization of administrators to their personality investment in decision making.

Rice is a very important commodity. Rice plays an important role in food security, economic stability, and employment. Consumer behavior in rice consumption continues to grow. Improved incomes lead to increased demands on quality. Changes in demographic structures, such as level of education, lifestyle, technology, transportation, and communication, affect the customer preferences and satisfaction with the rice they consume. In line with efforts to increase productivity, the rice should be produced to meet consumer expectations which are constantly evolving. This study aimed to identify the characteristics, analyze the decision-making process, preferences, and customer satisfaction, as well as making the right marketing mix recommendations based on the study of consumer behavior on three different social classes (lower class, middle, and upper). Convinience Sampling was used. The analytical tool used in this study was a descriptive analysis, Important & Performance Analysis (IPA) and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). Data processing with descriptive analysis showed some differences in the characteristics of responders and decision-making processes at all three social classes. The differences associated with educational level and family income levels, initial consideration of the purchase of rice, and where to purchase the rice. CSI showed that the total satisfaction on all three social classes is entirely in the range “satisfied”. However, the higher the social class, the higher the satisfaction of the rice consumed. Data processing by IPA showed that the performance, which should be improved based on consumer preference and satisfaction, was a top-class ease of getting rice and seller services. The performance on middle-class consumers have to be improved in assessing durability of rice, grain uniformity, and broken. While the upscale consumer should improve performance in terms of price, flavor, broken, and clean rice.Keywords: consumption, quality, expectation, social class, sample, performance.

Background: Menstruation is a major stage of puberty in girls, one of the many physical signs that a girl is turning into a woman. Women having better knowledge about menstrual hygiene and safe practices are less vulnerable to RTI and its consequences. Therefore, increased knowledge about menstruation right from childhood may escalate practices and may help in mitigating the suffering of millions of women. This study carried out to gather information regarding menstruation, hygiene related practices and its related problems among adolescent girls along with to review perceptions, belief and expectations regarding menstruation among adolescent girls. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was conducted, 314 girls of 12 to 15 years were identified as sample from 5 girls high schools. Pre tested pre designed questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS (Version 22). Descriptive statistics used to determine mean age of the subjects, age at menarche, frequency of menstrual disorders and activities affected by this condition. Results: Mean age of the sample was 14.25 years, with mean age of menarche 12.6 years. 52.6% of the girls belong to the mothers who are illiterate. 50.7% girls were aware of menstruation before menarche with major source of the information is mother (71.2%). 97.8% perceived menstruation as a normal process. 55.1% participants said they missed their school during menstruation. 96.4% experiencing pain and cloth was most common source of absorbent used by 60.2%. Conclusion: Mothers are the main source of information for young girls. Major reason for absenteeism from school was fear of stain, it has been suggested through cleanliness available for changing absorbent (pad/cloth) the ratio of absenteeism can be reduce.

SINCE the time sense of adults is known to be weak, the ideas that children have about time must surely be indefinite and confused. The demands that are made on a child's understanding must often be unreasonable, and the use of various descriptives of time ineffective. Suppose it is said that the Pilgrims lived a long time ago. What does the phrase "a long time ago" mean? To the child who is just beginning to use language, it means nothing. To pupils in the elementary-school grades it carries a number of ideas, many of which may not be accurate. Among adults a more mature understanding may be found, but their ideas still are varied. What does a child know about the use of dates? How familiar is he with ideas about our system of keeping track of time? These and other questions were considered in a study of the variety, extent, and importance of children's concepts about time. Scientific data on this problem are meager, but a few facts are known. To a large extent the time concepts of the child develop independently of organized school instruction. When the child starts to school, he already possesses a fund of ideas, which develops steadily with maturity. Nevertheless, throughout various age levels the sense of time is weak. Development is thought to be related to intelligence, but published facts do not indicate the extent of this relationship. Sex differences have not been scientifically verified. Finally, the vocabulary that is descriptive of time is extremely limited, but it is used constantly.' This study involved 697 pupils in kindergarten and in Grades I-VI in three elementary schools of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The pupils were about evenly divided as to sex and approximated one hundred pupils to a grade. The average intelligence quotient for each grade fell within the generally accepted limits of normal intelligence. According to the Minnesota Occupational Scale, which distributes occupations into seven classes, the parents of the pupils were largely from the middle groups. Two sets of tests were used. One, for kindergarten and Grades I-III, referred to as the "primary test," aimed mainly at finding facts about the pupils' understanding of our conventional time system. The other, for Grades IV-VI, referred to as the "in

THE IMPORTANCE and function of overt re sponse in learning has been debated by both learn ing theorists and educators (Spence, 1951; and Dewey, 1959). Progress toward the solution of this problem under conditions that would satisfy both the theorist and the educator has been difficult up to the present time since rigorous controls can not be achieved in the ordinary classroom. Pro grammed self-instruction, however, provides lab oratory-like conditions for the study of learning within an educational context and with meaningful educational materials. The present study was con ducted to determine the relative effectiveness of overt and covert practice during learning when some basic concepts of descriptive statistics were taught by programmed s elf-instruction using a cut back page, linear programmed text. (See Stolurow, 1961, for a description of the format.)**

Background and Purpose: Considering the increased rate of crimes and the attributed damages in societies, determining the factors, which enhance or prevent crime, is a vital issue in the field of psychology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and difficulty in emotional adjustment. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, correlational study, a total of 70 prisoners were randomly recruited from Mashhad Prison in 2014. Data collection tools included questionnaires on emotional adjustment difficulty and spiritual intelligence. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were calculated, and Pearson’s correlation test, analysis of variance, and path analysis were performed. Results: The results showed a significant negative relationship between difficulty in emotional adjustment and components of spiritual intelligence (P

Introducción: el embarazo en adolescentes se considera un problema de salud pública por los efectos adversos que pueden tener la madre y el niño durante todo el embarazo. Entre los principales problemas para el niño se destaca prematurez, retraso en el crecimiento y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria. La adolescente tiene que asumir el nuevo rol, y practicar el afrontamiento (COPING); simultáneamente las madres experimentan estrés. Objetivo: analizar los estilos de afrontamiento y nivel de estrés de madres adolescentes con hijos hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales UCIN. Material y métodos: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, observacional, prolectivo. Muestreo a conveniencia con 80 adolescentes seleccionadas en un hospital de segundo nivel; se aplicó un cuestionario de autoinforme en escala tipo Likert integrado por datos sociodemográficos, escala de afrontamiento en adolescentes y escala de estrés parental ambos instrumentos adaptados por López, Carmona y Ponce en 2016. Tipo de análisis: SPSS 23, y estadística descriptiva, estadística inferencial. Resultados: respecto a los estilos de afrontamiento se encontró que las adolescentes se dirigen al estilo improductivo, la estrategia autoinculparse. En relación al análisis del estrés percibido, se encontró en niveles altos, la subescala correspondiente a la relación con el niño y el rol materno, muestra el estrés medio, en la subdimensión se tienen los aspectos y sonidos de la unidad y la apariencia y conducta del niño. Conclusiones: las madres adolescentes se dirigen al estilo de afrontamiento improductivo suelen desconfiar de sus capacidades, provocando sentimientos de inseguridad, de esta manera la hospitalización del recién nacido en la UCIN y la relación con el niño y el rol materno para ellas es en extremo estresante. Por lo tanto, se requieren de una intervención educativa y de capacitación para direccionar sus conductas hacía un afrontamiento positivo y de esta manera mejorar la actuación respecto al cuidado de su hijo en una terapia intensiva neonatal.

Srxmmary.-The present study provides descriptive and relational data on a large sample of children and adolescents referred to the Psychology Clinic School at UCLA for assessment 2nd treatment of learning disorders. 364 Ss ranged in age from 7 to 15.9 yr. an2 had IQs between 61 and 133. A wide range of reading achievement and emotional adjustment was represenred. Descriptive data, including psychological assessment data, family background, developmental history, and the referral problem, are presented for the group as a whole. The relational treatment of data utilized five subgroupings of Ss: intelligence, reading achievement, emotional adjusunent, age, and sex. The range of subject characteriscics as well as certain commonaliries is pointed up. The research literature contains a number of studies dealing with intelligence and other characteriscics of non-socially disadvantaged children experiencing serious learning difficulties. However, there is a dearth of background information on chis populaticn. The present investigators found only one study providing background data for such children. Tjossem, Hansen, and Ripley (1962) studied 24 childrer, manifesting serious reading difficulties and found that their medical histories were characterized by a high incidence of such conditions as atypical pregnancy and birth, speech difficulties, enuresis, and allergies. No attempt was made to relate background data to subject characteristics. The purpose of the present study was to present descriptive and relational data on a large population of children referred to a University clinic for the assessment and treatment of :earning disorders. Specifically the study provides information concerning: (a) intelligence, reading achievement, and emotional adjustment, (b) family background, health history, and developmental and behavior problems, and (c) relationships among these data. This study appears of value in delineating characteristics of the non-socially disadvantaged learningdisorder population, in serving as a basis for comparisons with other populations, and in understanding individual differences in learning disorders. Such data would also serve as a systematic basis for formulating and evaluating treatment programs.

which in one way or another are fictitious in nature. Institutionalized practices of fictive kinship comparable to godparenthood and ritual brotherhood of other cultures are abundant in Japan, and various of these customs have received descriptive and analytic attention from American ethnologists.2 The concern here, however, is not with these formalized and named kinds of quasi-kinship which serve chiefly economic and ritual functions. It is instead with a variety of informal uses of kin terms whereby nonrelatives are given the seeming status of relatives, and with other customs applying among relatives which serve at least verbally to alter kinship statuses so that they become fictitious in nature. It is useful to note that the practices under discussion here are also viewed by the Japanese themselves as having a fictitious quality. Many practices which are not ordinarily regarded as constituting fictive or ritual kinship will thus be discussed. Similar customs appear to be common enough in other cultures but, to our knowledge, relevant published materials consist only of fragments scattered here and there under other topics. No study focused on the subject in question has been made for any culture. In fact, the practices appear either to have escaped attention or to have been deemed unworthy of it. The view expressed here is that these data are noteworthy and that their study may serve as a contribution toward an understanding of kinship in a general sense, as well as of social organization. Descriptive data presented here were drawn in small part from the few pertinent publications in English and Japanese. Greater reliance was placed upon personal observation in Japan on the part of both authors, and upon eleven years of experience as a member of Japanese society by one author (Befu). To avoid the danger of heavy dependence upon subjective impressions and to provide desired but unknown data, informants were also used. Most of our information comes from this source. Thirty Japanese nationals enrolled as students at the University of California at Berkeley were subjected to a series of interviews during 1956 and 1957. Informants ranged in age from 18 to 37 years of age, and averaged 26 years; 17 were male and 13 female. Only six were married and only two were parents of children. Nearly all came from large urban communities of Japan and are members of economically and socially privileged families. In loose classification, most individuals are assignable to upper middle and upper social strata. The sample is thus not only small but also highly selected. The youth of our informants places further limitations on

This study investigated the correlation between self-confidence and essay writing achievement, and investigated the influence of self-confidence on essay writing achievement of undergraduate English education study program students of one University in Palembang. The design was a quantitative research. The sample of this study was taken from all fourth semester students. The total number of the students was 134 students. Since 10 were absent, the sample of this study was 124 students. The data were obtained from self-confidence questionnaire and writing test. Descriptive statistic, Pearson Product Moment correlation and regression analysis were administered to find out the correlation and the influence between variables. The result indicated that there was a significant correlation between students’ self-confidence and essay writing achievement with r-obtained was (.620). It was higher than r-table (.176). Besides, there was also a significant influence of self-confidence on essay writing achievement with 38.5%. This study could have implications for English language teachers or lecturer, learners, and text book writers.

This study examined the efficiency of resource use among smallholder okra farmers in Ika South and North Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was adopted in the selection of 113 okra farmers for the study using questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression and marginal analyses. The result shows that most of the okra farmers were female. The mean age of the okra farmers was 47 year, while majority (90.3%) of the respondents were married. The mean household size was 5 persons, while the average farming experience was 20 years. The average farms size was 20.3 hectares. Three functional forms were tested and the linear function was chosen based on the number and significance of the parameters. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.501which indicates that 50.1% of the variation in the output of Okra was accounted for by the independent variables in the model. The result of the marginal analysis showed that labour, farm size, fertilizer and planting material were underutilized as their ratios were greater than one, while herbicide on the other hand was over utilized. The study recommended that in other to increase the output of okra in the study area farmers have to increase the use of farm size, labour, fertilizer and planting materials since they are technically operating in stage 1 of the production process. Also, the use of herbicide should be decreased in other for these resources to be efficiently utilized.Key word: Resource-use. Okra production, multiple regression, marginal analysis

The study is an interpretive descnption of certain kinds of magic or dirt sorcery used by women in Belize (fonnerly British Honduras) to preserve mantal and common-law unions. Relations between the sexes are briefly described, pnmarily in economic terns, and suggestions are made as to the possible functions of the magical "methods of attachment," which may serve as stabllizing influences in a society where marriage is quite brittle. This paper is a descriptive analysis of certasn mwical practices associated with relations between the sexes in Belize (formerly British Honduras) which I uncovered while engaged in arlthropological field work there (funded by NIH grant MH 48830). These practices were occasionally mentioned in connection with the genesis of psychiatric disorder and indeed, after further inquiry, appeared to constitute a fairly important part of the cultural content of inter-sex behavior. The purpose of this report is to present a detailed description of a rather unique sexually-related belief and action system and to offer some possible explanations as to how this system is related to other aspects of socio-cultural organization, especially the position of women. To place this information in a larger perspective a few facts about Belize are in order. The absolute smallness of the country, both in area and population, has been an important factor in the development of the present society as are the location and economy. With a total area of 8666 miles and a population of 140,000 (1973 estimates), it is very small in scale. The ethnically diverse population is concentrated in the fotmer capitol, Belize City, with the remaining persons scattered in the surrounding rural areas. Located as Belize is on the cultural and geographic border between Latin America and the Caribbean, there is a blending of West Indian and Ibero-American life styles which gives the small colony a distinctive ambience and atmosphere. However, Belize has not prospered greatly in the past; and, due to social, political, geographic, and historical factors

Tourism and poverty’s phenomenon had already been known since the birth of human civilization. In the 1980s poverty became a serious concern of practitioners and scholars in various part of the world, including Indonesia. Poverty is not only understood in understanding as an abstract concept, but also as a reality of economic injustice and inability to meet basic human needs in some rich countries but also in many developing countries in the world. The problem of poverty is a fundamental and tourism is one of the many ways to solve this. The objective of this paper is to study the role of tourism to poverty alleviation including: 1) to analyze the influence of tourism development toward economic performance; 2) to analyze the effect of economic performance on poverty eradication; 3) to analyze the influence of tourism on poverty alleviation; 4) to formulate a strategy to increase tourism's role in poverty alleviation in Badung Regency. This study uses quantitative approach supported by secondary data and qualitative approach using primary data obtained through observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Research was conducted in South Badung Regency in the most developed tourism growth and considered the richest district among all regencies in Bali Regencies. Various attempts have been made to alleviate poverty, however have not been able to resolve poverty problems. The grand theory of this study refers to Neoliberalism Theory, supported by Social Democratic Theory and Empowerment Theory. Neoliberalism emphasizes that poverty as an individual problem and prosperity can only be achieved by achievement of economic growth through free market mechanism. According to Social Democratic Theory the emergence of poverty came from outside of the community itself. While the emphasis on the Empowerment Theory is in improving the ability of individual or communities to become indepedence on economic, social welfare and political right. Data analysis using Partial Least Square (PLS) with statistical analysis descriptive and inferential statistics. In order to have a better understanding on the statiscal result, Descriptive Analysis is also used to describe the researched data, using inferential statistical analysis to test the research hypothesis. The results of the research indicated that: 1) the development of tourism showed positive and significant impact on economic performance; 2) economic performance showed negative and significant impact on poverty alleviation; 3) tourism development showed negative and significant effect on poverty alleviation and (4) in order to be able to increase tourism's role in poverty alleviation in Badung Regency the strategy is formulated by analyzing the strengths, weakness, opportunities and challenges based on Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) strategy.

Recent studies of drug use and abuse have substantiated the need for construction of instruments that are specific to the drug problem itself. The- rapidly increasing incidence of addiction has necessitated treatment of drug abusers before a background of data on the etiology and dimensions of the problem has had time to accumulate. Certainly, the part that societal attitudes toward the drug user plays, both in determining public policies and in retarding understanding, has been overlooked to a great extent. Because the addict cannot be viewed apart from the context in which he is seen and treated, community attitudes must be considered.There have been several questionnaires, such as those by Greenwald and Luetgert (1971), Linn (1971), and Lombardi et al. (1968), primarily designed to collect descriptive data about the drug user. These questionnaires usually yield information about the user's background and history of drug taking. Few scales have focused specifically on attitudes toward drug use. Lorenz (...

Biological processes at the molecular level are extremely complex and descriptive analysis alone is completely inadequate for evaluation of the relationships between individual functional units. Therefore, it is essential that formalized relationships be established between the operational elements of the system and that the problem be solved in a quantitative manner. In order to facilitate the analysis, it is often useful to set up a functional model of the sys-tem. The validity of such models depends essentially on the available experimental data and the ingenuity of the model builder. Since the performance of a realistic model will be compared with that of the normal system, its success depends essentially on the soundness of the model. We assume, of course, that adequate mathematical procedures are used. In contrast, highly sophisticated mathematical treatment does not produce any significant results when applied to a poor model.

OBJECTIVE To analyze desire for sons/daughters among ladies of Peshawar, Pakistan, with a view to rule out son preference and to study impact of various demographic characteristics on the subject. METHODS Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar, from August 2015 - January 2016; sampling technique was random/probability/non-purposive. Self-designed questionnaire was utilized; carrying questions pertinent to desire for sons/daughters during marital life, and demographic details. Data analyzed via descriptive analysis (SPSS-21), expressed as frequencies/percentages and mean ± standard deviation(minimum/maximum). Sons and daughters desired (dependent variables) were cross-tabulated with independent variables. RESULTS Response rate was 63.25% (n-506). Data revealed following: Sons desired 3.05±2.061(1/12); Daughters desired 1.15±0.767(0/4); 6.1%(n-31) and 0.6%(n-3) desired infinite number of sons and daughters respectively, 18.2%(n-92) did not desire to have even one daughter, while 2.2%(n-11) considered it immaterial to have daughters or sons. There was a significant relation between sons desired and client's education (p

WOS: 000373939800048 PubMed: 27182267 Objective: An effective interpersonal communication is an essential nursing skill required to help provide quality health care and meet the treatment objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the communication between the psychiatric nurses and the patients in terms of Transactional Analysis Theory ego states. Methods: The quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) were used in the data analysis and Kendall's Tau-c coefficient was used to assess the agreement among the observers. Results: Of the psychiatric nurses, 66.7% (n = 14) had served as a psychiatric nurse for 1-10 years. Among the nurses, 52.4% (n=11) had received training about communication from any institution/organization. The agreement among the opinions of the nurses, the researcher and the charge nurses about the psychiatric nurses' ego states showed that there was a significant relationship between the researcher's opinion of the nurses' ego states and the charge nurses' opinion of the nurses' ego states in terms of Critical Parent, Nurturing Parent, Adult, Adapted Child and Natural Child ego states. Conclusion: It is suggested that training be offered in regards to raising awareness about ulterior transactions that can affect communication negatively, patient autonomy and therapeutic communication in particular, and patients requiring the use of special communication methods.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applicationof techniquesofartificialintelligence tocontrolsystemdesign. Aself-organizingsystemisone whichchangesitsbasic structureas a functionofitsexperienceand/or environment. The general aim of a self-organizing system is to evolve toward some desired output state or mode of behavior, in spite of some degree of ignorance of process, inputs, or controls. As its structure changes as a function of experience, the self-organizing system can be said to “learn.” A controller that is also a self-organizing system is called a “self-organizing controller.” Such a controller contains three basic subsystems: (1) sensors, (2) learning network, and (3) a goal circuit. The sensors—accelerometers, rate gyros, and horizon scanners—observe the local environment and provide descriptive data to the learning network and the goal circuit. The learning network consists of decision elements that operate on data input from the sensors and that render a desirable output response.

Much of statistical theory and most of statistical inference has been developed to meet situations which fundamentally differ from the problems one has to face in international conflict data analysis. True scores, error scores, and observed scores of the dependent variable are likely to be asymmetrically distributed. Independent variables may be asymmetrically distributed as well. There are outlayers in true scores, in error scores, in observed scores. Measurement error may produce an observed outlayer or suppress a true outlayer. We should expect few and large measurement errors instead of, or in addition to, many small errors. Often discontinuous indicators are supposed to represent continuous theoretical variables. Measurement errors are likely to be correlated with true scores or other variables of theoretical interest. There is little reason to expect the random measurement error assumption to hold. In addition, lack of theory makes for gross conceptual errors. Some actual data are supplied in order to demonstrate the undesirable properties of international conflict data and the near-impossibility of testing even simple propositions in a rigorous fashion. International conflict data analysis often comes dangerously close to testing probabilistic propositions with a handful of events. Rarely, if ever, can conflict data be regarded as a random sample from a well-defined universe of data. For all these reasons, standard procedures of statistical inference are generally not applicable in international conflict data analysis. We do not know how to go beyond descriptive statistics with this kind of data. The only way to generate confidence in findings may be extensive and systematic replication. As results of replication studies may be somewhat inconsistent, even replication may be more efficient in reminding us of our lack of knowledge than in establishing it beyond reasonable doubt.

This paper treats selected methodological issues arising in developmental research, starting from the premise that the analysis of the characteristics of the function relating variation in response to age belongs at the focus of developmental research. It examines the possibilities for utilizing selected aspects of such functions as dependent variables, and shows the dependence of this type of analysis on the level of measurement utilized in assessing the behavioral variable. Scalogram-analytic approaches to constructing developmental scales are reviewed. The distinction between qualitative and quantitative change is given particular emphasis, and the limitations of attempts to translate the former into the latter are pointed out. The paper proceeds to a consideration of the place of the longitudinal method in developmental research, and to the problems of design involved in separating out effects of chronological age from secular shifts associated with historical time. The latter half of the paper is devoted to an examination of modes of descriptive analysis of developmental change, to a treatment of general problems arising in the correlational study of the patterning of developmental change for two or more variables, and to a discussion of the assessment of stability of behavior over the course of development, as part of the more general problem of the study of individual differences in development.

This chapter presents the analysis of the group response data collected during 1966–67 and 1967–68 at the Stanford–Brentwood GAI Laboratory. The purpose of the analyses is to determine how the structural features of the problems affected student performance. The data include the proportion of students correct on the first response for each problem, the mean latency to a correct first response for each problem, and the number of students who responded to each problem. For the 1966–67 data, two series of linear regression analyses are reported; one uses a monotonic function of mean proportion correct on first response as the dependent variable and the other uses mean latency. A descriptive analysis of the mean proportion correct on groups of items from both the 1966–67 and the 1967–68 curriculums is also reported. This detailed descriptive analysis was made to obtain a more qualitative understanding of the factors affecting performance of children on the items under consideration. The regression analyses were used as guidelines to identify the relevant factors for descriptive purposes.

Descriptive statistics for 70 undergraduate women on 5 personality scales are given. Intercorrelations among scales varied from –.13 to .81 but were predominantly small and nonsignificant.

STATISTICS books do not fall from heaven at random. They come in runs. For a shockingly long period no adequate textbooks on modern statistics were available, so that the interested student had to refer directly to the technical journals and to pursue each topic in many loosely connected installments. All that is changed now; a number of first-rate books have appeared and more are promised every day. Postwar periods seem to offer a favorable time for the consolidation of knowledge. In the I920's appeared such excellent works as Whittaker and Robinson, The Calculus of Observations, the Rietz symposium, Handbook of Mathematical Statistics, Arne Fisher, Mathematical Theory of Probability, and a number of other works. Good as these were in their day and valuable as parts of them still remain, it is nonetheless true that they do not present a fair picture of modern statistical theory. R. A. Fisher's Statistical Methods for Research Workers-whose first edition goes back to this period -remains an indispensable book; but there has always been something anomalous about the situation in which students and workers had to depend upon a cook-book, however useful the recipes contained therein; and no student can do justice to the truly fundamental contribution of R. A. Fisher without going back to his numerous research memoirs. Textbooks are important to the wives and children of their authors, but they have an importance that goes beyond that. Nowhere is this more important than in the field of statistics, which represents a house divided against itself. The bone of contention is of course nathematics. This subject rears its ugly head even in a field like economics. These days a young student can aspire to become a first-rate economic theorist without knowing any mathematics, but this is doing the job the hard way and he must be just that much more brilliant to make his mark. Still he can do it. In the field of statistical theory, this is simply not possible. Statistical theory is a branch of applied mathematics and no one can get anywhere in the subject without recognizing this basic fact. Moreover, the amount of mathematics needed in statistics is immeasurably greater than that required for even mathematical economics: the statistician must know the properties of many basic mathematical functions (exponential, trigonometric, Fourier transforms, and worse), not just be able to talk about f (x). The economist can go most of the way on the mathematics in R. G. D. Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economists, plus a little matrix algebra and difference equations; but not so the statisticians. All this is realized by the members of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, who in recent years have set up committees to remedy the present deplorable state of the teaching of college statistics. At many institutions this is assigned to young men, who teach statistics not because they like to do so or are prepared to teach the subject, but simply because they are young and at the bottom of the ladder and unable to avoid the task. There is no shortage of elementary textbooks on descriptive statistics to make life tolerable for the student and barely tolerable for the instructor; indeed the latter may choose between psychological, economic, business, educational, and biological statistics texts. It would not be true to say that these texts contain no mathematics; invariably they have a table of logarithms and squares, and a number of "standard error" formulas, of which many are usually wrong. As a genus, these works fail to distinguish between sample statistics (e.g., sample standard deviation) and population parameter (e.g., standard deviation of the universe sampled); they are shaky in the concept of degrees of freedom, and where they introduce "Student's distribution," chi square, and other so-called small sampling theory, it is often too obvious where this discussion has

It has been customary in economic discussion to direct attention toward the nation. Where generalizations of a broad character have been undertaken, the nation has commonly been their subject. Such an approach assumes that the nation forms the basis of a homogeneous market in which the forces of supply and demand interact in such a way as to produce a single price for each particular commodity or service. There is reason to believe, however, that the bounds of the nation are not always coterminous with the limits of the broadest single market within a country. To be sure, there are certain genuine national markets within a country, such as the market for wheat, or other staple commodities; but this condition does not hold good for all commodities or services. Consider the market for short term funds. Can it be said that a broad national market for such funds exists? Probably not. The banking system of the United States, as the principal factor in the market for short term loans, displays a considerable degree of differentiation. With its twelve Federal Reserve districts, the banking system of America presents no simple picture. By the same token, the groups of interest rates within the banking system form a complex pattern. It is the purpose of the present paper to analyze the regional pattern of interest rates, and to investigate the relationships inherent in the pattern. Such an investigation involves two elements: first, a descriptive analysis of the regional pattern of interest rates; second, an analysis of the factors causing the several interest rates to assume the observed configuration.' Accordingly, our investigation will first be directed toward the exposure of the actual regional structure of interest rates in the United States. To build up a proper picture of the situation it is necessary to know three things: (1) the relative position of the several sections in the scale of rates, and the change in such relationships through time; (2) the general trend of differentials in these regional rates through time; (3) the nature of cyclical variations in differentials.

In the near future, the United States Congress will consider legislation which could drastically change the traditional method of paying for physician services. William Glaser's book, Paying the Doctor, is a descriptive analysis of the principal mechanisms adopted in other countries. The book is welldocumented and can serve as an excellent introduction to the issue.The objective of this book is to demonstrate how various payment mechanisms affect the provision of health services. The author has drawn his information from 16 countries including Sweden, England, Israel, and the Soviet Union. His data have been collected from personal interviews and from publications. The evaluation of these facts is somewhat subjective. However, it is probably more a strength than a weakness since the reader can hardly remain disinterested.The first five chapters of the book contain a discussion of the basic strengths and weaknesses of fee-forservice, salary, and capitation payment systems. The

1.1. Many students of Leonard Blodmfield's Languaget have been inspired, by the extraordinary insight into grammatical phenomena there shown, to attempt descriptive analysis from that basis. Frequently, however, their hopes of success are dulled somewhat by the singular fact that the material proves more elusive in application than it did in appreciation. In an attempt a couple of years ago to use Bloomfield's principles to analyze the complicated syntax of Mixteco, an Indian language of Mexico,' I came to the conclusion that a slightly different statement of the actual procedure of analysis would facilitate syntactic description; this involved a number of criteria which could be applied consecutively in order to arrive at the ranks and labels of construction. It was only recently, however, that I reached a further conclusion: that part of the difficulty of Bloomfield's material for the beginning student was the lack of clarity in his statements of the relationship between taxemes and tagmemes, and the actual operation with these principles. This paper,3 then, has two goals: first to point out this confusion, and second to outline a procedure which a student can apply to the easier stages of syntactic analysis. The illustrative English material, the phonetic transcriptions, and the definitions are deliberately taken from Bloomfield, and constant references are given to his material, to enable the student to correlate this brief study with his more complete descriptive presentation.

1. It minimizes the likelihood that the investigator will present to himself and the world a prematurely coherent set of propositions in which contradictory propositions, however plausible, are ignored. The procedure requires that a range of contradictory propositions be made explicit before the empirical investigation, and it should conduce to theoretical humility after the fact. Projects are less likely to culminate in particularistic interpretations in terms of a single theory. 2. This procedure increases the likelihood of the researcher's building into his researchdesign provisions for the test of a variety of theoretical interpretations of a number of possible empirical findings. 3. The proposed procedure makes the researcher more aware of the total significance of his empirical findings. Where, as in the usual procedure, the investigator is concerned with upholding or refuting a particular theory, he may be completely unaware of the fact that his empirical findings actually add confirmation, or doubt, as the case may be, to numerous other theoretical propositions extant in the area or in related areas. 4. The procedure employed here makes for continuity of research. At the present state of theoretical development in sociology it is rare that clear-cut, unambiguous interpretations are possible after a single research project. Where there is little in the way of theory to guide interpretation, subsequent empirical investigations of alternative interpretations are often necessary. Where alternate interpretations are made explicit from the beginning of the project, they are more likely to survive as alternatives after the fact of investigation: the present procedure encourages research programs rather than isolated projects.8

The behaviour ofPelmatochromis guentheri Sauvage), a rarely imported west African cichlid, is described throughout its life cycle. Various sized aquaria (mainly 120, 700, 6,000 litres) were used to study changes in behaviour brought about by variation in available space. The species shows normal cichlid territorial behaviour, except that females appear able to hold stable territories and still pair successfully with males entering these territories. Courtship and pair formation follow a definite sequence of activities, though not rigidly fixed, similar to that described in other groups of fishes by numerous individuals. The sequence of activities is slightly different than that described for other cichlid genera. Prespawning and spawning behaviour are similar to that shown by substrate brooding cichlids but when completed, the eggs are orally incubated only by the male. The young are released after 9 to 12 days. Both parents actively defend the young for the next 30 to 40 days and when stress occurs, or night falls, both parents accept the young into their mouths, at least up to the 10th to 12th day after original release. The behaviour and associated colour patterns of the various phases of the young are described and often compared with those seen in the adults. Also the first appearances of certain behaviour and colour patterns, as noted in general observation, are described. A few subjects are emphasized because of their appropriateness to this species. These are the responses offin-spreading, head-standing, andtwitching (i.e.,warning movements) and attempts are made to shed more light on their causal relationships. Finally nine major characteristics of presently known types of oral incubating cichlids are compared followed by a discussion of the application of the concept of grade to such comparisons.

Sant Jordi Meat Corner (SJMC) is a charcuterie and specialty butcher meat shop in Bacolod City, Philippines. Using a descriptive research design, this study assessed the marketability of SJMC as a basis for a marketing plan. The data were gathered using a survey questionnaire that was answered by the owners and clients, competitor analysis chart, and store visits to SJMC’s competitors. Available financial data of the company were also utilized to assess the financial position of the company. Utilizing descriptive statistics, the findings showed that products and price were rated highest, while promotion and process, and place were rated lowest. In the Competitive Profile Matrix, SJMC ranked third among the four meat shops. The financial analysis also showed that SJMC is profitable, liquid, and solvent. Thus, SJMC is marketable. It is recommended that SJMC may innovate its products and services, offering newer features or add-on services.

Purpose: The study investigated government regulation and sustainability of Kenya’s insurance companies. Methodology: The study adopted the positivist research philosophy and employed a descriptive research design. The target population of the study was the 51 insurance companies registered by the Insurance Regulatory Authority (IRA) of Kenya as at 31st December 2016. The study took a proportionate sample of 30 companies from 10 life, 15 general and 5 composite companies. The primary data collection was through a structured questionnaire with closed questions. A pilot study was carried out before questionnaire distribution, which ensured the research instrument validity and reliability, before distribution through both hand delivery and email, followed by a telephone call to the respondents and a research assistant later visiting the respondents to collect the filled questionnaires. The raw data was cleaned, edited, coded and analyzed to generate descriptive statistics of ANOVA and T-test and inferential statistics of mean, standard deviation and frequencies, while secondary data was collected using data collection sheets. Study Findings: The findings showed that there is a moderating effect of government regulation on drivers of sustainability of insurance companies in Kenya. While there was positive and significant effect of government regulation on capital adequacy, management capability and sensitivity to risk, government regulation had no moderation on asset quality as management of other variables of management quality, capital adequacy and risk sensitivity would address the quality of capital. Unique Contribution: The study recommends that IRA opens up the RBC measurement tool to bring in sustainability and management indices. Further, IRA should review regulation to support the insurance companies to enhance innovation and customer service delivery, which are key for growth, and sustainability of the various insurance companies in the country.