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FARADAY's paper "On Argument" was read in August 1818 to a semiphilosophical, semi-social group of young members of the Royal Institution to which he belonged. It was entered by his hand into a kind of record book containing the proceedings of the group. This book was in the private possession of one of the members of the group who left London, and was later, in 1890, presented to the Royal Institution, according to his will. This explains why "On Argument" was not even mentioned in H. Bence-Jones's Life of Faraday of 1870. It is not for me to explain how such an interesting paper escaped publication before now. I am most grateful to the Royal Institution for the permission to publish it, and especially to their Librarian, Mr. K. D. C. Vernon, who drew my attention to it. In this paper Faraday speaks of attributing foolish or improper opinions to, and of making unwarrantable assertions about one's opponent; and he stresses that he has in mind definite experiences of his own. It may therefore be relevant to mention an example, and I therefore decided also to publish, by way of preamble to the paper, a remarkable though yet unpublished letter from G. Moll to Faraday dated 25 April 1831. This letter is in the possession of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, to which I am indebted for permission to publish it. G. Moll of Utrecht was a personal friend of Davy and of Faraday. He was famous as a chemist and as the (anonymous) author of the remarkable On the Alleged Decline of Science in England (which is a comment on C. Babbage's famous The Decline of Science in England and was edited and published by Faraday in 1831). Moll's letter accompanied the manuscript of that book. It contains a comment on Dr. J. A. Paris' Life of Davy, and a description of an attempt of a group of French philosophers to suppress Davy's criticism of Lavoisier. Moll protested against the lack of any reference to this incident in Paris' book. It is interesting to note that the silence still prevails. Only John Davy, in his Life of his brother, referred to this incident, though rather evasively; he discussed it in a little more detail in his Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphrey Davy. But none of the later biographers of Davy or Faraday refer to this incident and Moll's letter was ignored until now. For my own part I see no reason for concealing the failings of the great men of the

"There is hardly a question more laden with myths than the recent history of Palestine. This is true not only of the post-World War II era, but even more of the inter-war years. However, the opening to public perusal of the British government's records of the 1930's has enabled students to examine the facts and to attempt to expose certain false notions about British policy in Palestine. The creation of notions and myths is a simple matter; their refutation involves painstaking and detailed study of people, actions and policies." - Introductory paragraph. Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield (Lord Passfield) served as Secretary of State for the Colonies in the Labour Government from 7 June 1929 to 24 August 1931. Between 23 and 29 August 1929 there were riots in Palestine, by then a British Protectorate, resulting in serious loss of life. As Colonial Secretary he issued the Passfield White Paper which revised the government's policy in Palestine.

Continental systems generally permit a possessor to acquire rights against the signatories of a bill or note despite a forged indorsement, it being sufficient that the sequence of indorsement on the instrument leads to the possessor. On general principles, the Anglo-American law differs in this respect. As early as the eighteenth century, it was held, in Mead v. Young (1790) that the possessor of a bill to order containing a forged indorsement has no right to the bill and is not entitled to demand payment from the parties whose signatures preceded the forgery. This approach was followed by the English Act and the N.I.L. The U.C.C. follows this principle in laying down that a forged signature is inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed. A person who acquires a bill to order on which there is a forged indorsement is therefore not a holder of the bill nor in legal possession of it, nor an owner. He consequently has no right under the bill against parties whose signatures preceded the forgery.

IN VIEW of the fact that the existence of the Joint Commission on Mental Health of Children (called the Oswald Bill) owes so much to the late President John F. Kennedy, it is singularly appropriate to start this report with two of his favorite quotations. I will state these since they delineate so precisely a crucial dimension of the research problems to which the commission must address itself. Kennedy said: . . . I amreminded of the story of the great French Marshall Lyautey, who once asked his gardener to plant a tree. The gardener objected that the tree was slow growing and would not reach maturity for a hundred years. The Marshall replied, "In that case, there is no time to lose. Plant it this afternoon."1 The second reflected his increasing maturity in terms of the limitations of power when he stated, "Every President must en

This article discusses the evolution of the policy of the United States towards Palestine in the critical years 1943-47, as reflected in the published volumes of the Foreign Relations of the United States for the years in question. 1 This period coincided with the writer's service in the Near East Division of the State Department, first as Palestine desk officer and later as Assistant Chief. Although the writer's actual period of service was from mid-November 1943 to lateJanuary 1947, it has seemed more logical to carry the story from May 1943 (first statement of a formal US attitude regarding Palestine) on to February 1947 (British decision to refer the Palestine question to the United Nations). The objective will be, taking the published papers, to identify a few main themes running through them and to offer some personal interpretation with a view to providing a rounded picture. Looking at the printed papers as a whole, a few general observations can be made. In the first place, although there are clearly some omissions, the treatment of events appears to be quite full. Indeed in retrospect it is surprising that a handful of officers, working under difficult wartime and post-war conditions, should have achieved so large an output and still have kept up with their daily tasks. Another point that strikes the reader, and serves to make the documents look somewhat dated, is the frequency of references to the new world organization in terms that imply considerable optimism as to the ability of the United Nations to solve disputes an optimism that in many ways has not been borne out. The unconventional way in which the Palestine question was sometimes handled by our government is revealed by the fact that some of the key docu

More than 39,000 state papers, dealing comprehensively and in detail with the whole range of the new American nation's vital, often controversial, and sometimes sensitive matters of domestic and foreign policy, were originally published between 1789 and 1861, seriatim and more or less currently, in the U.S. congressional imprints system, which had been established in the 1st Congress, 1789-91, and which developed and flourished without interruption through the 36th Congress of 1859-61. It is a state-paper system which has persisted up to the present day, uninterrupted and essentially unaltered in purpose, scope, and detail.

This paper contains the results, plotted non-dimensionally, of extensive tests carried out on a 1–625-in diameter grinding machine spindle lubricated hydrostatically. The horizontal spindle is directly coupled to a variable-speed motor at one end and loaded vertically at the other. The spindle is not constrained to rotate at arbitrary eccentricity values, but is able to seek an equilibrium position depending upon oil flow and rotational speed. The attitude, oil film thickness, and eccentricity are measured by mutually, perpendicular capacitance probes arranged in the bearing housing. The results indicate considerably decreasing load-carrying capacity as the rotational speed increases, because the hydrodynamic effect tends to centralize the shaft in the bearing housing, thus nullifying the hydrostatic effect. Paradoxically the same effect causes an increase in oil film stiffness as it is generally defined. A summary of earlier work is included, notably that of Raimondi and Boyd who considered bearings of fixed eccentricity, and the paper also presents a theoretical analysis based on the pressure- and velocity-induced circumferential flow theories.

The paper deals with the story of the engines intended for the smaller Fiat cars, starting with the ‘500’ model produced in 1936: all engines with displacements in the neighbourhood of 500 cm3. With small cars, especially of the utility class, the adaptability of the piston engine to a variety of design and space requirements is used to best advantage. The size, weight and displacement must blend with the design of the car as a whole; in turn, the design must feature the highest degree of simplicity compatible with the qualities required. It is, therefore, important for the engine of utility cars to be designed as a function of the general architecture of the vehicle. At Fiat, after a period in which economical cars of conventional design were produced, work was started along this line with the ‘500’ (Topolino) model in 1933–1934. The paper illustrates the design of this model and describes the reasons behind some of its engineering details, as well as the subsequent developments which led to the final solution. Also outlined are the more important designs of experimental engines studied as substitutes for the ‘500’ model: a transversal four-cylinder engine, with overhead camshaft, built in 1945, for a front-wheel drive prototype; an air-cooled, two-cylinder in-line engine, mounted transversally, for a rear-wheel drive prototype; an opposed two-cylinder engine, with longitudinal axis, in replacement of the previous unit; a two-cylinder in-line engine with longitudinal axis, finally chosen for the ‘New 500’ model introduced in May 1957. Also described are the further developments of the latter engine for the version with horizontally arranged cylinders suitable for underfloor application. The paper highlights the more interesting aspects regarding both the design and the experiments made and explains the principal reasons leading to the choice of given solutions and to the modifications which followed.

Our present habits in scientific publication are comparatively recent and have sprung from the interaction of many different factors that have operated differently in different countries. At first a book was the principal medium, but it was backed up by copious letter writing. Letter writing remained necessary in any field that was moving rapidly but, as the number of scientists increased, it became unwieldy and was replaced by a set of privately owned journals that supplemented and copied to some extent the already well‐established Proceedings of the learned societies. By 1800 many journals were being published and many more appeared during the next fifty years. The papers seem as a rule long‐winded by modern standards, but this is always necessary when a subject is so young that there is still legitimate uncertainty about the significant facts in a set of observations. As each science develops there develops with it a more or less standardized type of paper, and this now represents an uneasy compromise between an attempt to give so much information that anyone repeating the work will never be in doubt whether he is observing the phenomenon described or a new one, and the terseness that appeals to a worker in a neighbouring field who wants the conclusions with just enough experimental detail to gauge the reliability of the author. The essential incompatibility of these two aims is probably more apparent in biochemistry and the biological sciences than it is in pure chemistry and physics, but to some extent it pervades the whole of science.

ROY V. SCOTT: Partly because of what one speaker yesterday termed inertia and partly because I did not receive Harold Benjamin's manuscript until Friday, I shall concentrate the bulk of my remarks on our first paper. I hope that our second discussant will give the Benjamin paper the treatment it deserves. In passing, however, I can not refrain from saying that, while students could accept his main thesis, his broad generalizations and his stages of national development cast very little light on the evolution of agricultural education in the United States. Mary Jean Bowman, in her paper, has undertaken a task that should intrigue all students of education history and of economic growth. If I may paraphrase her, she has attempted to show the kinds and quantities of human resources created by the land-grant schools, determine the methods used, and assess their contributions. This is an immodest task, she tells us, and one would be inclined to agree. In examining the subject, certain facts stand out. Clearly the land-grant colleges were both a product of and a force in the new concept of education for the masses. In fact as well as in theory their doors were thrown open not only to the sons of the wealthy but also to the sons of the common farmer and the manual laborer. Perry G. Holden, later head of International Harvester's extension department, tells us that when he came off a backwoods farm to attend Michigan Agricultural College, he was a complete stranger to such luxuries as white shirts. Similarly, the colleges stemmed from and contributed to the idea that education should have a utilitarian value. One might question whether labor in the fields and the barns at eight cents an hour would convince the victim of the usefulness of the education he was getting, but there can be no doubt that "practical" was a key word in the vocabularies of early land-grant college planners and administrators. In conjunction with the non-land-grant state universities, the new schools played a major role in opening higher education to women, thereby providing the nation with a new and expanding labor source. Also, because the new institutions lacked students, early administrators had to manufacture them. As a part of this endeavor, they stimulated the development of the secondary school system. Finally, while it is a mistake to say that the landgrant colleges were the predominant force in the establishment of extension, they did become after I9I4 the centers of the greatest adult education system in the world, presumably reaching directly or indirectly a majority of the farmers and their wives in the United States.

The state papers in the State Paper Office, Dublin Castle, are the documents which were received or created in the office of the chief secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland and in a small number of related offices or departments. The departments or related offices were: the convict department, with records for 1778–1924; the privy council department, with records for 1800–1922; the chief crown solicitor’s department, with records for 1848–1922; the police and crime department, with records for 1848–1920; and the general prisons board, with records for 1836–1928.

The function of the discusser of a paper is, I take it, like that of Antony at the funeral of Caesar: to bury Corwin, not to praise him. Unfortunately Mr. Corwin has been wanting in the good intentions to pave the way for such a sepulchral performance on my part. He has himself recognized the force of the objections which I would urge to the first half of his paper, had that been all of it, and he has made clear that we cannot tell to what extent constitutional theory is a crutch grabbed to help a wayfarer hobble on to his chosen journey's end, and to what extent it is like a flood or a landslide which sweeps a passive person willy-nilly along its own appointed way. Even worse than this, Mr. Corwin confesses that his game is to indoctrinate his hearers with his own preferred brand of constitutional theory. How can one expose a confidence man who takes us all into his confidence like this? If Mr. Corwin's heart were not as hard as his head, he might have shown more sympathy for his commentator and left him a few soft spots where he might dig in with his intellectual toes. Mr. Corwin is to be thanked for emphasizing that constitutional theory as commonly preached is not derived by induction from the particuliarities of constitutional law. Its glowing generalities endow discussion with more heat than light. The holy name of states' rights is easily forgotten when employers wish their laborers sober and unctuously invoked when they wish their laborers young. The name is a name to conjure with only when convenient. Similar sins of contradiction are committed in the name of individual liberty. There is much silly constitutional theory about the power of the Supreme Court over legislation. It gives us lovely pictures of a clear and unmistakable will entertained by some mythical sovereign at some remote date and expressed so lucidly in the words "due process of law" that only four out of nine judges can possibly be blind to it. We can dismiss all such constitutional theory as imbecile, but we cannot dismiss it as impotent. Without doubt it often raises emotional mists before the eyes of men

Withdrawal notice of a research paper published in Vol 2, issue 3 Dear readers, Upon the request of author, we are retracting a paper entitled “Methods to reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses in Kavre district, central Nepal” published in the volume 2, issue 3 of Himalayan Journal of Sciences under the category “research paper.” The author writes: “The research was primarily a part of my Bachelor’s dissertation work at Kathmandu University. It also contained a part of the work to which I worked as an associate. After publication, as it turned out, there are some fundamental flaws in the reporting of the result, and that makes the discussion and conclusion invalid. With a deep regret, I would like to withdraw my published article and request you to announce this notice to the scientific community as soon as possible. I am very sorry for the misreporting, wasting time and effort of editors and reviewers, and for the misinformation to the readers.” Such errors are bound to occur in any field, and this prompt retraction is a reflection of the scientist's integrity. We look forward to being able to post the author's revisions. ? Editor Himalayan Journal of Sciences 2(3): 42-45, 2004

When the paper was read at a meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society, some exceptions were taken to it by Lord Stanley of Alderley. A report of these has been added to the report of the paper in the pages of the Society's Journal, and may possibly give occasion for doubt on a subject which I think of much importance to Mohammedans in British India and even of some to the Government itself. I therefore propose to answer the exceptions in detail and at some length. But it seems necessary, for the better understanding of them, that I should first state briefly the principles on which the argument of the paper was founded.

EVERY one interested in the study of physics of the more profound kind will welcome this collection of essays by the celebrated natural philosopher, so many of which, hitherto scattered throughout various periodicals, difficult to gather together, or even wholly inaccessible to readers out of the reach of large public libraries, are yet of decisive importance for those chapters of the science to which they refer. With the two volumes now before us, in conjunction with the late publication, “Reprint of Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism,” the collection is now completed down to the date of February, 1856. Vol. II. contains, besides, all that the author has written on the Transatlantic Telegraphs, which, according to the strict order of time, might have been looked for in later volumes. The first volume begins with a series of essays, for the most part of a mathematical nature, ranging from the year 1841 to 1850. So far as these essays relate to physical problems, their - chief interest turns on the difficulties connected with the analytic method. These difficulties were, however, even at that early period, treated by the youthful author with great skill, and under comprehensive points of view. The problems are, in part, geometrical and mechanical, referring to lines of curvature, systems of orthogonal surfaces, principal axes of a rigid body, &c. Most of them, however, deal with the integration of the differential equations, on which is based the doctrine of thermal conductivity and potential functions. The latter, as is well known, form the mathematical foundation of a large number of chapters in physics—the doctrine of gravitation, of electrostatical distribution, of magnetic induction, of stationary currents of heat, of electricity and of ponderable fluids. By treating all these problems collaterally and rendering concretely in some what in others appears in the highest degree abstract, the author has succeeded in overcoming the greatest difficulties, and we can only recommend every student of mathematical physics to follow his example. A field particularly favourable for the exercise of his powers was opened up to Sir W. Thomson by the phenomena, newly discovered by Faraday, in diamagnetic and weakly magnetic bodies, crystalline as well as uncrystalline. These our author rapidly and easily succeeded in arranging under comprehensive points of view. One great merit in the scientific method of Sir William Thomson consists in the fact that, following the example set by Faraday, he avoids as far as possible hypotheses on unknown subjects, and by his mathematical treatment of problems endeavours to express the law simply of observable processes. By this circumscription of his field the analogy between the different processes of nature is brought out much more distinctly than would be the case were it complicated by widely-diverging ideas respecting the unknown interior mechanism of the phenomena. Mathematical and Physical Papers. By Sir William Thomson. Vols. I. and II. (Cambridge University Press. 1882, 1884.)

At partial and overload conditions, radial decentralizing forces act upon the rotor of a centrifugal pump with guide vanes if the impeller is out of centre. The magnitude of these forces depends on load conditions, and the forces increase with growing eccentricity. At very small flow, these forces become non-stationary. They rotate at a considerably lower frequency than the velocity frequency and may lead to rotor vibrations. The paper discusses the effects of stationary and non-stationary radial forces, and resulting shaft deflections and vibrations, from measurements on two experimental test rigs. The paper also presents the results of research on the pressure distribution of guide vanes, carried out in air, and gives observations of flow patterns in a shallow water test rig.

IIn the Correspondence of Leon Walras and Related Papers (Jaff& 1965), William Jaffi has achieved a vast organization of experience, transforming an unstructured part of history into an intellectually and aesthetically satisfying whole. He has revealed the fundamental pattern and relation to its times of fifty years' work of a great constructive genius. The rough drafts that Walras made of his own letters, together with his papers and the letters he received, constitute an enormous mass, covering both personal and professional matters, in different locations and in different languages. From these Jaife has made a judicious selection, guided by the principle that Walras's economics is the matter of primary interest for these volumes. Guided by the same principle, Jaff& has also included letters that reveal the way in which Walras's social class, education, personal circumstances, and intellectual, political, and economic times influenced some aspects of his work, particularly his positions on economic policy. Since the letters were written long ago by many people, and cover many topics and half a century in time, Jaff& has provided annotations to establish a meaningful context for them, and has prepared excellent indexes. His work makes the Correspondence a fine research tool. It is a rich and usable source of materials for those who want to understand Walras and economics in the second half of the nineteenth century. Jaff6 explains allusions to historical and literary events, presents biographical and bibliographical information, makes cross-references, and summarizes and quotes the works and papers of Walras and his correspondents, so that the letters and the notes clarify and complement each other. In the annotation, Jaff6 displays the editorial brilliance, the indefatigable and meticulous scholarship, and the detailed knowledge of Walras's work that we have come to take for granted from him. The previously unpublished papers are significant as additions to our knowledge of Walrasian and

Throughout my years of work as an information scientist I have been plagued by a personal and professional sense of doubt with respect to the field. A central theme of every conference that I have attended related to: “What is information science?” Or “Is information science a science?” In this paper I hope to take these questions head on. I must begin by saying that I do take information science seriously as a science. I see it as the quest for understanding of the nature of information and man's interaction with it. That we lack so much in this quest for understanding is the greatest challenge of the science. I intend to explore the tradition, or world view, bearing on the scientific study of information. The currently prevalent world view is the scientific tradition which extends from the Enlightenment to the present. I also intend to look critically at what I perceive to be the premises underlying most of our. current efforts to understand the phenomenon of information. The criticism will by necessity be speculative. I intend to stick my neck out, not because I can prove my assertions, but because I believe these ideas must be discussed.

Reviews the background and current operations of the State Paper Room (now the Official Publications Department) of the Department of Printed Books of the British Museum, which has recently been reorganized as part of the new national library organization called The British Library. There is detailed discussion of its processing, reference, and exploitative functions. There is detailed discussion of the development of extensive exchange arrangements with other foreign documents, which have been continued and augmented and constitute the main reliance for current additions at the rate of 90,000 items per annum. The British Museum possesses one of the oldest, largest and most comprehensive document collections in the world, especially strong in publications from Britain and its associated states. These have been acquired by the four methods of copyright, donation, exchange and purchase. The large holdings are treated as a coherent unity, maintained by a unique classification scheme, and by the methods of registration and interim cataloguing. These allow rapid application by clerical staff, making possible the flexibility and speed necessary in handling material of this nature.

Professor Buyniak's careful survey is the most complete history to date of Slavic Studies in Canada. A commentator will hardly improve on his thoroughness, but he can voice a few hopes and add a few critical observations which would normally not have a place in a factual study of this kind. The first observation to be made is that Slavic studies, like other area studies, have gone through a period of growing pains, marked not merely by lack of funds and foresight on the part of university administrations, but also by difficulties inherent in venturing into unfamiliar grounds. The profession should perhaps face the fact that the distrust on the part of university administrations in the early years was not only due to short-sightedness and a built-in conservatism, but in part to the absence of qualified Slavic scholars. During the first post-war years many appointments were made, even senior appointments, that were the result of a hasty and improper appraisal of candidates for academic positions. Indeed, there were no precedents for evaluating the credentials of Europeans eager to teach in Slavic Studies, and brandishing unfamiliar certificates of proficiencyor sometimes with no certificates at alland demanding academic positions on the strength of them. The consequences of appointments made on the basis of such credentials were sometimes painful and caused administrators for years to look askance at the whole profession, withholding their trust and their funds from the doubtful and the deserving candidates alike. It is gratifying to be able to say that this period is now definitely over; new appointments are being made on the basis of the same criteria as in other fields and the growing output of scholarly works bespeaks the growing strength and quality of the profession. In this connection, it may be pointed out that students of "purely" Anglo-Saxon origin are beginning to take interest in Slavic Studies and this augurs well for the future: only they can furnish a durable basis for the development of Slavic Studies. Another observation is in the nature of a caveat: there is dangerand that danger is not lesseningthat Slavic specialists will be drawn into the duels of the Cold War and will, in fact, become its instruments.

Summary To conclude this paper, the most important points may be summarized as follows. Firstly, pollution by dairy effluents will have to be stopped, not only for reasons of good public relations, but also because of impending trouble for future offenders when recent legislation begins to take effect. Secondly, the best and cheapest way of reducing the size of the problem is to reduce losses in the dairy of milk solids of all sorts, especially by-products of low cash value but high polluting power. Thirdly, direct disposal of the remaining effluent is always best, where possible, but the only method of doing this which can be unreservedly recommended is by a pipe-line to the sea or to the sewer of a willing Local Authority. Direct disposal on land may be a tempting method financially, but is only satisfactory in exceptional places, and is always a potential source of complaints from neighbours. Fourthly, for most dairies some kind of effluent purification treatment is unavoidable. At small non-manufacturing dairies, where sludge disposal is not too difficult, the chemical precipitation process followed by irrigation has the advantage of simplicity and low capital cost. If space is limited, single biological filtration can be used for the final stage instead of irrigation. Scarlett's process of aerobic fermentation followed by biological filtration seems more suitable for larger dairies. The activated sludge process is relatively compact and cheap, but is unsuitable for manufacturing dairies with fluctuating load. Of the various biological filtration systems, in our experience the method of choice, when the load is heavy and where a high quality effluent is essential, is undoubtedly the double-alternating system. It is unfortunately also very expensive. The cost of filter beds, which is the largest item, can be reduced by using one of the high-rate systems, but these usually involve a bigger sludge disposal problem and an inferior effluent. Finally, I would like to repeat a plea often made before. An effluent plant should be regarded as part of the normal dairy equipment, and should be cared for like the rest of the factory. It should not be thought of as a mere nuisance, or something to be fitted and forgotten. In our experience, the effluent plant that is best looked after gives the least trouble and the best results. This is not achieved by putting it in charge of the most incompetent odd-job man in the factory, who is thought fit for nothing better than sewage.

The paper deals with large slow-speed marine engines with a section on crankshaft stresses, including dynamic torque calculation; static bending moments owing to firing pressure, inertia, and misalignment; combined torque and bending stress; and experimental determination of stress concentration factors in the fillet radii. Other sections deal with top end bearing loading including cyclic variation, piston head stresses, deflection of bearing housings, prestressing of main bolts, frame stiffness, and stress in combustion chamber studs as a result of pressure and thermal loading.

As the size of steam turbo-alternators has so rapidly increased, the diameter and surface speed of the journal bearings are such as to cause the oil film to become at least partially turbulent. Little information is available on the performance of large bearings operating in the transition and turbulent regimes and it became necessary to undertake a research programme on a full-size test rig. The apparatus was designed so that bearings of various geometries could be tested under both static and dynamic loads. This paper describes some of the static load tests on a 24-in diameter by 18-in long bearing and is confined to describing the factors influencing the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the film. An analysis of the results indicates that even at low speeds there is a dependence on the Reynolds number and it is suggested that the inertia of the oil film has a pronounced influence. The transition to turbulence is delayed by axial flow and shaft eccentricity, but is ultimately precipitated by the effect of eddies in the oil supply channels and in the grooving.

This paper describes details of a solution to the finite journal bearing problem, including the effects of elastic distortions in the bearing liner. Solutions for the particular case of a bearing of length to diameter ratio of 1, outside to inside diameter ratio of 1·3, and Poisson's ratio of 0·4 have been obtained and the results are compared with experimental results obtained with a Delrin plastic bearing. Good agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained. The theory, which is applicable to soft shell bearings supported in a rigid housing, predicts that: (1) the ratio of the peak pressure to the average pressure is reduced; (2) the bearing stiffness is reduced; (3) the minimum film thickness for a given load is reduced by elastic distortions at eccentricity ratios less than unity; and (4) the friction is reduced.

S OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS Boston, Massachusetts, January 30-February 2, 1969 LATROBE AND HIS FOLLOWERS Chairman: Paul F. Norton, University of Massachusetts LATROBE'S PROFESSIONALISM J. Meredith Neil, University of Hawaii It is generally agreed that Benjamin Henry Latrobe was one of the first professional architects to practice in the United States. Other than to note his persistent efforts to gain recognition for architects as professionals rather than "mechanics," however, scholars have failed to explore the meaning or the significance of Latrobe's notions about the profession. The result, as may be seen in Hamlin's renowned biography, has been a failure to understand Latrobe as truly a man of his time and place. Latrobe's letters and journals reveal three basic contexts within which he felt called upon either to discuss his concept of the professional architect, or to elaborate matters that clearly expose his feelings on the subject. First, and probably most important, would be his letters to clients, associates, and students which concern questions of professional fees and prerogatives connected with designing and building particular structures. A variety of letters may be cited here. Secondly, Latrobe's insistent distinction between the professional and the gentleman amateur points up certain crucial aspects of his theory of the profession. A comparison ofJefferson's, Thornton's, and Latrobe's ideas about the design of the University of Virginia may serve to exemplify this second context. Finally, Latrobe's opinions on city planning, especially as related to New Castle, Delaware, and Nescopeck, Pennsylvania, round out our understanding of what being a professional meant to Latrobe. We must conclude that Latrobe's professionalism, like Jefferson's theory of democracy, and Charles Willson Peale's ideal of a patriotic scientific museum, is distinctly early nineteenth-century American in flavor. Latrobe's not-quite-moder view of the architect surprisingly corresponds to the Jeffersonian democracy that still smacks of colonial deference, and with Peale's theory of public institutions insufficiently emancipated from a shallow rationalism and optimism. Latrobe wished the professional American architect to be paid at least as well as the commission merchant, in due recognition of his long training, rare talents, and high overhead costs. At the same time, Latrobe expected the architect to act like, and to have the status of an eighteenth-century gentleman rather than a "mere carpenter." The former emphasis on expertise and economic realism proved to be at least occasionally incompatible with the later notions of gentlemanly humanism and noblesse oblige. Thus, Latrobe proudly contributed his services to all churches, including the Baltimore Cathedral, which accorded well with a gentlemanly graciousness, but could scarcely be thought of as a way to maintain a modern practice. Similarly, Labrobe's frequent reliance on European precedent while conceding that American conditions were laudably different, just as surely as Jefferson's and Peale's ambivalent attitudes towards Europe, represented a stage in American thought distinctive of the first generation of national independ

The successful improvements of meridian instrumentation during the past twenty years have mainly come through electronic devices and computers being applied for facilitating the data handling and for increasing the accuracy. Photographic recording of the circle and of the star has played an important role here, but has for both tasks gradually lost its attractiveness as direct photometric-electronic methods have become available. At the same time new types of the telescope system have been introduced without convincing results as yet, but this field still holds promises for the near future.The problems of the refraction, the meridian building, the foundation of the instrument and the site selection have been treated in recent years and these efforts will be doubly repaid when the telescope and micrometers become more nearly perfect. Altogether, it need not be long before a few partly automatic instruments produce observations with a mean error of 0″.15 and a systematic error of 0″.03 at a rate of 300 observations per observing night. In addition the limiting magnitude can be mv = 11 or 12, thus 2 mag. fainter than for visual observations. These goals are conservative – most of them have already sometimes been surpassed – and they should be compared to a present day good visual meridian circle giving a mean error 0″.30, a systematic error 0″.10 and 120 observations per night.The relative roles of meridian and photographic astrometry must be defined anew in the light of the great improvements of both methods.

At Lick the second phase of the proper motion program is in progress. In addition to generally selected stars, as was done for the first phase, so far over 30000 stars of special types of astro-physical interest and about 29000 AGK3 stars have been selected for measurement.In accordance with the Pulkovo program, second-epoch photography with galaxies is being continued at Pulkovo, Moscow and Tashkent, and proper motions with reference to galaxies are derived.Analyses of proper motions at Pulkovo and Lick show agreement in some instances and disagreement in others. The same applies to comparisons with fundamental catalogues. The analyses suffer to some extent from absence of proper motions in the zone of avoidance and in the southern part of the sky.In the southern hemisphere, first-epoch photography of 164 fields with galaxies has been completed using the Maksutov double-meniscus telescope at Cerro El Roble in Chile, and a complete coverage of the sky has been started with the same telescope; this work is being done jointly by the Soviet and Chilean astronomers. On the Yale-Columbia southern program, the first-epoch photography is nearly completed with the double astrograph at Leoncito in Argentina. There are plans at Lohrmann Institute, Dresden, to take photographs with the 2-m Schmidt telescope at Tautenburg, thus providing first-epoch plates for proper motions with reference to galaxies.

istration of Chiropractic in the New York City Medicaid Program," by Julius Dintenfass, D.C., in Medical Care 11 (1): 40-51, January February, 1973.7 The fundamental issue here is whether an article that describes the historical evolution, the administrative physiology, the distribution of payments, the level of participation, and the legal entanglements within the chiropractic program of New York City Medicaid deserves publication in an official journal of the American Public Health Association. In their dissent from the editorial decision to print the article, respected and thoughtful colleagues invoke, inter alia, AMA and APHA resolutions in opposition to chiropractic. Their expressed concern deserves serious and comprehensive response.

Next to England, Germany is the country in which the principles of life assurance have had the most successful development. It is true the more recent French Companies, La Caisse Paternelle, L'Equitable, La Caisse des Ecoles et des Families, which also call the assurances granted by them assurances sur la vie, show a greater extension in a shorter time; but what they guarantee to the public are not life assurances in our sense of the word. They are neither assurances granted for previously specified sums, nor is the payment of the claim dependent on the death of the assured. The more modern French life assurances are rather indefinite reversions obtained by paying in any sum the assured pleases, the interest of which (as in the Tontines), according to the mortality found to prevail in the different classes, may prove sometimes greater, sometimes less, and is only divided amongst those who attain the term of life which may have been previously agreed on. The contributions of those who die early, together with the interests thereon, go to augment the dividends to the surviving members. Whilst life assurance amongst the English and Germans is therefore calculated to be on the death of the assured a source of provision for their families, the more recent mode of life assurance amongst the French principally aims at granting to the assured himself, in his lifetime, an annuity or sum of money, which, increasing according as the computations are made for an earlier or later period, affords him the means of extending his business, of completing his education, of securing a dowry on marriage, or a provision in old age. In consequence, partly of the prospect of selfenjoyment of the reserve thus made, partly the possibility of obtaining a high profit for a small investment through a greater mortality in the classes than the tables assumed, this kind of assurance became very much in vogue amongst the French. Recently, however, a clearer understanding of the matter, and the exposure of some deceptions which a few of the Companies or their managers have been guilty of, have in some degree cooled the public favour.

A manuscript volume in my possession, which formerly belonged to Sir Christopher Hatton, as testified by his own handwriting upon it, supplies some additional information respecting Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper and father of Lord Chancellor Bacon, a notice of which seems not unsuited to the purposes of this Society. Sir Nicholas was a very unpretending man, as regards authorship: he published little or nothing in his lifetime; and perhaps the difficulties in which he was involved by, at least, assisting Hales, in his treatise on the title of the Scottish Queen, served as a warning to him how he again gave adversaries an advantage over him by printing a book. That book was the means of excluding him from the Privy Council, after he had been several years in possession of the Great Seal; and, owing to the animosity of the Earl of Leicester, he did not for some time re-establish himself in the favour of the Queen.

In considering a subject on which to address you to-night, it occurred to me that I might invite your attention to some practical matters of office work, especially in connection with valuation books and forms.Allow me, however, at the outset to express my thanks for the honour you have conferred on me by my election to the office of President. As a duty of my office an address is expected from me, and I must ask your indulgence in attempting to fulfil this obligation towards the close of what is to me the busiest season of the year.

The following is the account given by the Triad Society of themselves and of their origin:—The Selús (a Tatar tribe) invaded China, under the reign of Kang-he, (about 1675–79), and greatly disturbed the country. The people were very much alarmed; and the Manchús sent an army to resist the invaders, which was several times defeated without gaining a single advantage. Upon this, an officer named Kwŏ-ting-hwuy returned to the Court to ask for assistance, simply stating, that whilst the enemy were making inroads in the country, there were few soldiers to oppose them, or generals to command; he added, that the troops wanted provision, and that he came to give a representation of the state of things. The Emperor, on receiving the report, instantly called a council, and after some discussion, it was agreed to declare by proclamation, that if any able man would come forward and lead the army into battle, he should receive a present of 10,000 taels and a dukedom. This welcome news reached a monastery in Fokien, where there were above 1200 bonzes, who immediately proceeded to the capital and begged to be admitted to the imperial presence. One of their number was forthwith appointed commander-in-chief, and he successfully routed the Selú army.

The main traditional attraction of Roots blowers has been the comparative simplicity, compactness, and low initial cost of the machine. The ultimate object of the work described has been to extend the range of economic applications of such machines. This has entailed the development of a detailed theoretical analysis, with ensuing computer programs and chart displays. In addition, extensive tests are reported for single- and two-stage systems: vacuum pump duty, as well as compressor duty, is fully discussed. The assembled information indicates means of producing more economical designs for existing duty specifications, and of producing higher delivery pressures than are normally associated with Roots machines.

A writer who cannot coin a phrase soon learns that rhyme does not pay. This need not deter him, however. Lacking the ability to prey upon words, he can continue to play with words. In short, he can aspire to become Jack of all charades and good at pun. The imbecility of Jack of all japes was thoroughly exposed by Joseph Addison in several early issues of The Spectator. Isaac D'Israeli added further analyses and good illustrations in his Curiosities of Literature. A more comprehensive inventory of type vice is interwoven in the verses of the second book of Richard Owen Cambridge's satirical poem, The Scribleriad. Cambridge singled out for extinction acrostics, the amphisbaena, anagrams, antitheses, boutsrimés, centos, chronograms, conundrums, crambos, doggerels, echoes, fustian, lipograms, macaronic compositions, puns, quibbles, reciprocal verses (likewise known as retrograde or recurrent verses, including palindromes), the rhopalic sequence, riddle and rebus (“Riddle's dearest son”), and finally, rondeaus. He overlooked several other forms of literary laceration judged by Addison to be “tricks in writing as required much time and little capacity.”

Two dynamically loaded testing machines are described. These testing machines utilize a balanced pressure piston for the detection of tensile stresses in the oil film, and a test bearing housing mounted in an externally pressurized bearing for the measurement of bearing friction. Oil film pressure surveys indicate areas of general cavitation preceded by troughs of subcavity pressures in which the oil film sustains tensile stresses during periods of increasing dynamic load. Typical journal centre paths and summary curves of eccentricity ratio versus Sommerfeld number are presented for a range of alternating loads and load/journal speed ratios. None of the speed ratios examined displayed zero load capacity. Greater cyclic variations of bearing friction than those previously reported for journal friction were measured under alternating loads. Thin film operation occurred within the range of alternating loads examined, and in all cases the mean friction force was greater than that measured under static loads.

Limited applications and investigations have shown that the floating-pad journal bearing is a practical form of bearing which can be used to advantage. The operational complexities make a rigorous analysis exceedingly difficult if not impossible, and a simplified approach is adopted. The results of the analysis suggest that the floating-pad journal bearing is most suitable for high-speed, low-load applications where advantage can be taken of its desirable properties, in particular low energy dissipation and the high lubricant flow that can be accommodated for cooling purposes. The analysis also predicts the occurrence of a self-excited vibration becoming more pronounced as the eccentricity increases.

There are various factors limiting the load carrying capacity of a steadily loaded journal bearing operating under hydrodynamic conditions. Two of these factors are considered. (1) Surface finish criterion Bearing and journal surfaces are slightly grooved due to machining processes, and when initial contact is made between the surfaces, it is only made at local high peaks, leaving an idealized effective hydrodynamic oil film at the minimum film thickness position in the bearing. This minimum film thickness at metal-to-metal contact conditions is dependent on the surface finish of the two mating surfaces. (2) White-metal wiping criterion At high-speed operation, the oil film temperature in the region of the minimum oil film position will be high if the bearing is operating with a large eccentricity. A condition can arise where the oil film temperature is sufficiently high to cause local plastic flow of the bearing white metal. This criterion is known as ‘wiping’, and at high speeds it will predominate over the surface finish criterion. These two criteria are used in an analysis which gives guidance to the minimum allowable oil film thickness for journals of various sizes running at various speeds. This gives the bearing designer, using conventional hydrodynamic theory (Ocvirk, Cameron and Wood, etc.), some yardstick to assess whether or not his calculated minimum oil film thickness figures are satisfactory.

A method of solution is described in which the governing equation is modified to account for variations in the oil-film thickness in the axial direction owing to journal misalignment. The position of the journal is specified by means of its eccentricity at its mid-length and by two parameters defining the extent and direction of the misalignment. The pressure distribution is evaluated numerically, and the direct load, friction torque, oil flow, and couple arising from the misalignment of the journal are obtained by numerical integration. A full range of journal misalignment conditions is examined for two length-diameter ratios. Results are presented in the form of non-dimensionalized graphs, showing the variation of direct load and misalignment couple with the journal misalignment parameters described. The angle between the line of action of the misalignment couple and the load line is evaluated in each instance, and graphs are presented to show the variation of the performance parameters for a particular degree of misalignment with the direction of application of the couple. Results for the particular instances in which the couple is in line with or at right angles to the load line are extracted, and these are compared with published experimental results of other workers. Good agreement is obtained, and moreover it is shown that, in general, these are not the two extremes of misalignment. For these two conditions design charts are presented, whereby, from knowledge of the applied couple and direct load, the degree of misalignment and the resultant peak pressure parameter may be determined. Charts which illustrate the reduction in load capacity for a particular journal misalignment in the plane of the load are also presented. General validity is claimed for this method of exploring a relatively unexamined subject, and the results are considered by the authors to be a useful improvement on those obtained by previous analytical workers.