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The reduction of population growth rates through family planning programs is being attempted in many of the developing nations of the world. This activity lends itself aptly to mathematical modeling. Building from the well-known difference equation model of population growth, a model is constructed which integrates population dynamics, program activities, and resource consumption. The model may be used predictively to assess the outcome of various program activities. Alternatively, it may be used to determine the pattern of activities which yields the greatest reduction in births under the projected resource constraints. A further use of the model is the identification of the parameters to which predictions are most sensitive; such information provides valuable insights to those gathering the input data. The model is here applied to a family planning program currently in progress. An evaluation of the feasibility of that program's goals is provided, as well as information on limiting resources, data sensitivity, and the most important ages for contraceptive acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the use of mailed questionnaires in longitudinal health studies. Maintenance of response in a longitudinal or follow-up study has always presented important problems in survey research. When a follow-up study depends upon responses to a mailed questionnaire, the problem may be compounded. The mailed questionnaire is more expedient, quicker and cheaper than other methods of study, but the only limiting factor in this method is to motivate respondents to participate in the study. Investigators use a variety of techniques to motivate response, such as telephone, vari-colored stamps, coins and other things. It has been suggested that motivation to respond can be increased by establishing an image of social utility of the survey in terms of the value system of the society and emphasizing the special role of each respondent in the success of survey. An effort was made to apply these two principles in the Los Angeles Heart Study which was started in 1949 and it was focused on the epidemiology of coronary heart disease. In this study, three successive annual mailed questionnaires were sent to participants. And returns for each of the three mailings were respectively 82.8 per cent, 87.5 per cent and 93.2 per cent.

This research has two purposes. First, it examines individual- and household-level factors related to the propensity to move. The findings reveal that mobility is largely a matter of habitual movers changing residence repeatedly and frequently. The second objective is concerned with strengthening the foundation for projecting aggregate levels of mobility: (1) how does repeated movement manifest itself at the metropolitan scale? and (2) for predictive purposes, which aggregate indices capture the most important features of local population composition? Mobility rates were found to vary principally with the prevalence of chronic movers in an SMSA. These findings have several implications for policies designed to guide future population distribution. First, an SMSA's capacity to correct local manpower imbalances by exchanging human capital with other areas may depend partially on its relative abundance of habitual movers. Second, the likelihood that new cities would attract disproportionate numbers of hypermobile persons might enhance their role within the framework of a broader distribution policy. The question posed here is whether high intrinsic levels of population turnover in some cities might fit into a larger strategy for realigning population growth and distribution nationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10-year follow-up of 327 civil servants with bronchitis (301 men and 26 women) is presented. A further 14 were lost sight of during the period, so that the follow-up was 96% complete. More than one half (54%) of the men died during the 10-year period, some 57% of the deaths being attributed to respiratory causes and a further 8% to carcinoma of the bronchus. Mortality from these diseases was higher than among the general population, but other causes of death showed the normal pattern. The degree of dyspnoea noted at the first interview gave a useful estimate of prognosis, the mild, moderate, and severe groups showing progressively higher death rates. Neither the length of history nor the age at onset of symptoms could be related to mortality. The proportion of smokers among the patients was greater than expected in the general population, and although this may have been a factor contributing to the excess mortality of the group as a whole, it was not possible to determine any effect of smoking within this study. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents longitudinal data on internal migration collected in various censuses or surveys. In this paper, the authors are concerned with additional details on residential history. From, either a complete residential history or front direct questions, they can obtain such items as the residences at three or more points in time or the number of changes of residence. When longitudinal data on employment status, occupation, marital status, and so forth, arc obtained as parts of life histories or at dates for which residence is also obtained, they can measure the association between changes of residence and changes of job or mobility propensities for the population at risk in various economic and social groups. From such kinds of longitudinal data on mobility, authors could measure the distribution of the population by number of moves and determine how this distribution develops with chronological age or with key events in the life cycle. The author's interest, however, is not in the levels of mobility rates but in the patterns of mobility for successive periods.

Focuses on the use of the P-technique to study the interrelatedness of rates of growth among physical characteristics in adolescence using a longitudinal growth data. Educational and psychological significance of organismic concepts; Nature of growth within and individual; Comparison between intra- and inter-individual growth.

Evidence from Puerto Rico supports the hypothesis that the continuation rate has a decay form rather than a reciprocal form. As indicated in the literature, there was evidence that the continuation rate tends to vary not only with time but also with the age of the patient at acceptance. It was found that the fit of the continuation function could be improved substantially by making the effective decay rate an exponential function of age. Theoretical reasoning was presented to justify these empirical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the follow-up study of depression in Great Britain. There are 116 out of 137 depressed patients involved in a previous drug trial. Recurrence and re-admission rates were determined for the original amitriptyline and imipramine responders and non-responders. The efficacy of the drugs were also assessed. The results from which the study reveals indicates that the reactive and endogenous groups had similar recurrence rates and that the endogenous patients had higher re-admission rates. In addition, the findings were generally consistent with hypothesis concerning the biochemical aspect of depression and of the response to the drug treatments.

Seventy-five newborns were observed and their behavior in different states or experimental procedures was manually recorded during two complete interfeeding periods. Only 12 out of 31 behavior measures showed sufficient stability of individual differences between feeding periods that they could be used in a longitudinal study: (a) (from sleep) the highest count for mouth and closed-eye movements; respiration rates; and tactile threshold of the heel; (b) (from the waking period) a righting reflex of the head from the prone position; the amount consumed in 14 bottle feedings; onset suck group, average size of such group, and suck rate per minute for nonnutritive sucking; latency to a cry or movement, and number of cries following interruption of sucking. Forty-three males and 31 females in the age range 27-33 months, including smaller subsamples of 30 males and 25 females studied previously in the newborn period, spent 4 weeks in groups of five in a research nursery school where their behavior in free play and experimental situations was observed, mechanically recorded, filmed, and rated. Seven independent classes of behavior were found for each sex out of over 70 stable measures obtained from the 1 month of study. For the follow-up sample of 55 cases it was found that there was clear evidence of relations between the newborn and preschool periods but that the number of links found for most newborn measures was not large relative to the number of later behaviors against which they were checked. Generally, in neither males nor females did systems of behavior organized on the basis of interrelations at the newborn period show predictive value better than that of individual newborn measures. Classes of preschool behavior, on the other hand, proved of considerable value in understanding relations between the periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which is aimed to describe and compare the prevalence patterns of completed suicide and so-called 'attempted suicide' or parasuicide in Edinburgh, Scotland during 1970. All suspicious deaths including accidents were investigated to detect cases of completed suicide. Results indicated that hospitalized parasuicides in Edinburgh were representative of all parasuicides detected, parasuicide and suicide are distinct and have different causes, suicide and parasuicide rates varied with area of residence, and that the two are related.

A mathematical model it developed for the process of entry into first marriage. The member of a cohort are seen as subject to two types of forces. One is the increase in social pressure to get married as the percentage of the cohort already married increases. The other is the declining marriageability of members of the cohort as they grow older. With some additional assumptions, this gives rise to a non-homogenous diffusion model. The model is illustrated with U.S. Census data, and factors contributing to deviation between observed and predicted distributions are discussed. Other applications of the diffusion model are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Routine screening by immunoelectroosmophoresis has revealed that 1.5 volunteer blood donors per 1,000 from the New York metropolitan area are carriers of the hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). Almost all (94%) of the donors with HB Ag appear to be chronic carriers. A significant excess of HB Ag carriers was observed among males, among donors aged 20–29 years, and among blacks. Jews were found to be carriers of HB Ag far less frequently than other whites. Only 3% of HB Ag carriers gave a past history of overt viral hepatitis. The prevalence of antibody to HB Ag (HB Ab) was found to be three times as high among paid blood donors in comparison to volunteer donors (20% vs. 6.7%). In both volunteer and paid donors the prevalence of HB Ab was significantly higher among blacks than among nonblacks. No differences in the prevalence of HB Ab were observed between males and females, or between Jews and other whites. The prevalence of HB Ab in contrast to that of HB Ag was found to increase with advancing age. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents information on a study that reported benign hematuria owing to focal glomerulitis of unknown cause in children with normal blood pressure and glomerular filtration rates. Methodology of the study; Results and discussion on a study.

The article cites a study which seeks to evaluate the impact of nutritional aides among poor homemakers in the Extended Food and Nutrition Education Program in the U.S. The objective of the study is to support earlier evaluations regarding the subject and to reexamine neglected issues including appropriate criteria and standards of comparison, the point of diminishing returns among homemakers, and the broader impact of the said program. The study revealed that, the effects of nutritional aides on the improvement of homemakers diminishes after one year of contact. Continuing home visits to the same homemaker has its minimal impact and value as compared to its first year.

The present study is an empirically based longitudinal study of performance in a manufacturing company using management by objectives. This study utilizes a multiple-time-series quasi-experimental research design. The performance of the subordinates of 181 MBO involved supervisors in production and marketing departments is analyzed. Time lag, reinforcement and sustaining improvements in performance are considered and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membership in the small primary work group has been considered a major source of motivation for employees since the Hawthorne studies. Much of the early evidence from research in group dynamics and from T-group training supported this assumption. Disappointing results from long-term studies within organizations have, however, modified early enthusiasm. This has led to current concern with problems of power equalization and the role of the rank-and-file worker. Attention is drawn to recent work of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations with autonomous work groups, which goes far towards solving the problems of worker motivation, participation, and power equalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents findings from an exploratory, longitudinal study of the effects of a change-over to electronic data-processing equipment in a light and power company. As a case study it deals with (1) the general problems of introducing this change, which extended over five years and affected more than sixteen hundred employees in two organizational divisions, and (2) the effects of such a change on organizational structure, policies and philosophy, job structure, and personnel at all levels of the company. Some of the more unique problems of transition to a high degree of automation in the office are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective study reports the results of stereotactic limbic leucotomy at a mean of 17 months following surgery. Clinical improvement had occurred in twenty-four (80%) of the patients, fifteen (50%) of them being symptom free or much improved. Fourteen of sixteen patients suffering from obsessional neurosis were improved, as were five of seven with chronic anxiety and the degree of improvement at 17 months was superior to that at 6 weeks. Psychometric scores of anxiety, obsessions and neuroticism were all significantly reduced at 17 months. The mean depression scores were also significantly reduced and this result was superior to that reported in a previous study of ‘free-hand’ operations. Adverse effects were not a problem following limbic leucotomy. Emotional blunting, disinhibition, post-operative epilepsy and excessive weight gain were not encountered, and intelligence was unaffected by the operation. Limbic leucotomy is a much more limited and precise procedure than older ‘free-hand’ operations which we have studied, but its therapeutic effects are comparable and in obsessional neurosis, superior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A study of the results of some 660 cases of stereotactic tractotomy shows that these have been consistent through a 12-year period, more than 50% of cases of resistant depression can be set free of medical care and another 25% at least can be improved. Comparable results are also obtained in obsessional illness and anxiety states, particularly those in which there is a depressive component. The original localization of the target site described in 1964 has not required modification but pathological studies and anatomical research has revealed new features concerning the anatomical connections affected by this operation. The lesion beneath the head of the caudate nucleus does not extend quite so far as the substantia innominata and should therefore be called subcaudate tractotomy. Connections from the anterior cingulate region and posterior orbital cortex are severed at this site but amygdalo-hypothalamic fibres are not interrupted directly, however; the projection from the amygdala to the dorsal median nucleus sends a radiation to the posterior orbital cortex which is divided here. In addition, important projections from frontal cortex to hypothalamus which bring the external milieu into association with the limbic system pass downwards through the target area beneath the head of the caudate nucleus and are also divided at this point, the localized lesion, therefore, produces a marked effect upon fibres which are concerned in emotional activity. The wellnigh specific effect in cases of depression raises the question whether the operation acts by modifying the intensity of emotional reactivity through limbic connections or has a more specific effect upon the cause of abnormal reactivity through fronto-hypothalamic connections exerting an influence on monoamine production in the hypothalamus. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

, , 667-679. Anatomic mobilization of the trachea permits resection of one-half or more with primary anastomosis. An anterior approach by a cervical or cervicomediastinal route utilizes cervical flexion to devolve the larynx and tracheal mobilization with preservation of the lateral blood supply. The transthoracic route is employed for lower tracheal lesions. Over 100 tracheal resections have been done using these methods of direct reconstruction. Eighty-four patients suffered from benign strictures, 79 resulting from intubation injuries. Eleven primary tracheal tumours and five secondary tumours are included. The majority of lesions following intubation occurred at the level of the cuff. It was possible to repair 78 of the 84 stenotic lesions through a cervical or cervicomediastinal approach. Seventy-three of the 84 patients with inflammatory lesions obtained an excellent or good functional and anatomic result. Nine of 11 patients with primary neoplasms who underwent reconstruction are alive and without known disease. There were five early postoperative deaths in these 100 consecutive patients who underwent tracheal reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the paradigm which arises from a longitudinal study of professional students. The cohorts of dental students through their student careers from pre-dental courses, starting in 1962, to graduation and into their first year of practice in 1969 have been studied. The purpose of the study has been to identify factors which facilitate or impede the acquisition of a professional role and to determine the rate, degree, and type of student professionalization. The study has the following three foci of interest, recruitment, socialization and professional outcomes. Recruitment includes occupational genealogy, social class backgrounds, and motivational characteristics of recruits and their effects upon career decision and performance. Socialization includes an analysis of socialization processes, student organization and subcultures, clique formation, student norms, preconceptions about training and practice, and present attitudes about the educational experience. Professional outcomes, including the acquisition of knowledge, technique and occupational culture, the rewards and sacrifices, the ethical rights and duties, the development of various types of professional career, and the degree and kind of commitment to the way of life of the professional.

Data from a longitudinal study of farm operators in St. Lawrence County in New York were subjected to a secondary analysis in order to determine factors associated with the shift from full-time farming to farming in combination with a nonfarm job (here called part-time farming). Farm income, farm income per family member, proximity to numerous nonfarm jobs, and farm operator age each had a statistically significant correlation with subsequent mobility from full-time farming to part-time farming, but educational level did not. A multivariate analysis showed that none of these predicted mobility to part-time farming regardless of the level of magnitude of each of the other independent variables. Results are viewed from the perspective of a conceptual framework for the Study of occupational choice and are interpreted in terms of level of aspiration theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the validities of assessment centers in identifying managerial skills. The use of multiple assessment procedures in industry is linked to the Management Progress Study, a longitudinal research study undertaken by AT&T Corp. in 1956. The objectives of this study were to develop "career histories" by investigating the factors which determine the career progress of young men entering the management environment. An initial assessment of personal characteristics hypothesized to be of importance to the individual's success in the Bell System was a major aspect of the Management Progress Study. One unique feature of the Management Progress Study is that no information about any candidate's performance has ever been communicated to company officials. All information collected from these 422 subjects during assessment and subsequently has been held for research purposes only. Michigan Bell Telephone Co. was one of six Bell System Companies which participated in the Management Progress Study. After witnessing the assessment techniques used in the Management Progress Study, some executives at Michigan Bell recognized, the potential use of such procedures to assist in evaluating the managerial capabilities of craftsmen.

Panel studies, undertaken with grandiose plans and high hopes, frequently fail to live up to the expectations of the initiators of the research. Practical problems, such as continuity of personnel, institutional commitment, funding, design and substance of the data bank, and changing of facilities and equipment may interfere with the success of the project. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the pitfalls that may be encountered in such longitudinal studies and to suggest ways in which the researchers' awareness of these hazards may facilitate planning to circumvent some of the difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data were obtained on the administrative components of 41 urban school systems in western Canada for a five-year period: 1964-45 through 1968-69. Cross-sectional analysis, using multiple definitions of administrative ratio, showed that larger system size tended to be associated with a smaller administrative ratio. The only exception was provided by the ratios based on the number of professional staff, such as psychologists, social workers and consultants. which showed increases with system size increases. However, the 41 graphs of changes in administrative ratio in each system showed no consistent tendency to rise or fall over the five-year period. Longitudinal analysis of individual systems therefore did not seem to support the general cross-sectional inference of this and other studies. The findings tend to confirm the suspicions of some writers that cross- sectional analysis performed at one time can lead to faulty inferences concerning growth patterns of organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In longitudinal data for the decade 1957-67, the socioeconomic achievement of white metropolitan native mates from five religio-ethnic backgrounds is examined. Jews, regardless of ethnic ancestry, attain higher levels of education, occupation, and income than all other sub- group; while Roman Catholics of Italian and Mexican heritage achieve the lowest levels. Controlling statistically for social origins reduces the gross differentials by about one-third; no net effect of religio-ethnic affiliation remains during the ten-year period after both social origins and prior achieved statuses are controlled. Thus, there is no evidence of occupational and income discrimination on purely religious or ethnic grounds. Contrary to current emphasis in the social psychology of religio-ethnic achievement, achievement-related work values and motivations of adults are neither key intervening variables nor do they influence the Process of stratification to a substantial degree. The most important variable in explaining the differential socioeconomic achievement of the religio-ethnic subgroups is education, alter the variation owing to the handicaps and benefits of social origins has been removed statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society persists despite the mortality of its individual members, through Processes of demographic metabolism and particularly the annual infusion of birth cohorts. These may pose a threat to stability but they also provide the opportunity for societal transformation. Each birth cohort acquires coherence and continuity from the distinctive development of its constituents and from its own persistent macroanalyic feaures. Successive cohorts are differentiated by the changing content of formal education, by peer-group socialization, and by idiosyncratic historical experience. Young adults are prominent in war, revolution, immigration, urbanization and technological change. Since cohorts are used to achieve structural transformation and since they manifest its consequences in characteristic ways, it is proposed that research be designed to capitalize on the congruence of social change and cohort identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the eruption of permanent teeth in children. An overview of related previous research is provided, along with details of the study's longitudinal protocol. It was found that molars were typically the first to erupt, between 10 and 11 years of age.

Studies of delinquency causation have been very largely fragmentary and segmented. In order to secure more definitive knowledge for the formulation of more effective programs of delinquency control and prevention, the authors believe that the time has come for the United States to mobilize its resources for the launching of a coordinated, large-scale, interdisciplinary, and longitudinal research in delinquency causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of this article explores the need for a new type of science interest study, longitudinal interest surveys. Some of the factors influencing the origin and development of science interests include interactions between the individual and his environment, and intellectual and physical growth. However, previous science interest studies have deficiencies such as: each one concentrates on a cross-sectional study of interests and over-emphasis of its ability to act as determinants for developing a high school science course. The author believes that the longitudinal approach should be performed in preference to cross-sectional studies.

This research was supported by a Dissertation Research Grant, a Summer Research Fellowship, and Grant GP-4825 from the National Science Foundation. Brown University Provided additional assistance through a University Fellowship.The authors indebted to these two Institutions and to Philip Sagi and Ralph B. Ginsberg for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a distinction has been drawn between the demographic analyses that have been performed on fertility (at both the macro-structural and micro-structural levels) and the social analysis of fertility, at the micro-structural level. To stress the distinctive objectives of the latter, I have labelled the dependent variable in such analyses `family formation' rather than `fertility'. Along with this re-labelling, an increased stress was placed on the need for finding new measures of family formation, that would be integrative of past demographic measurement and take account of the costs or dependency of children. The latter seemed important to any socio-economic or social analysis of family formation. A general measure of family formation processes was proposed - the `child-years-of dependency' (CYD) index. This (1) integrates demographic measures of quantity and tempo of fertility; (2) appears to discriminate among family formation patterns where some of the conventional demographic measures (especially quantity measures) do not; (3) is readily calculable from fertility histories, which are currently used in conventional demographic surveys of fertility; (4) is very flexible in taking account of `deviant' or irregular family formation patterns, such as adoption, child mortality, etc., where most conventional quantity and tempo measures in demographic studies are not; and (5) has a face validity that appears greater for social analysis of family formation than conventional demographic measures. The stress of the CYD on the dependency burden of children led to a discussion of more valid cost estimates than the simpler counting of children present in the basic CYD measure. Among the issues treated were group differentials in average costs, declining marginal costs of child-rearing, and age gradients of costs. Costs were defined minimally, in terms of dollar expenditures per child for consumption, and increased household work time entailed in child-rearing. Some existing data were used to illustrate levels and social class differentials of these various costs, recognizing the general inadequacy of available data. The need was stressed for longitudinal cost data, following families through their successive stages of family formation to see the actual and perceived levels of costs involved in rearing additional children. Finally, the inclusion of CYD measures in a general cost-benefit model of family formation was suggested. In part, this is required to balance the perspectives derived from some macro-structural cost-benefit models of economists, in understanding the persistence of high fertility, especially in underdeveloped areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes results of the first in a series of three large-scale longitudinal studies conducted by the U.S. Employment Service to increase the usefulness of the GATB for counseling high school students. The final sample consisted of 26,708 high school students. All were tested with the GATE in 1958, and those in the tower high school grades were retested in the twelfth grade. Results were as follows (1) Stability coefficients were highest for the eleventh grade sample and lowest for the ninth grade sample. (2) Interval between initial testing and retesting had very little relationship to size of practice effect. (3) Maturation increases were largest between the ninth and twelfth grade and smallest between the eleventh and twelfth grade. (4) OAF stability was increased through use of a "band" around the cutting scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses empirically a variety of tracking procedures to guide other researchers in locating subjects after a lapse of time in longitudinal surveys. The decision to develop a study of different tracking procedures grew out of the inexperienced and unsystematic attempts to locate a cohort of persons from rural areas in Pennsylvania. Initial contact with this cohort had occurred in 1947, when the attitudes and aspirations of 2810 sophomores in 74 fourth-class (rural) high schools located in 47 of Pennsylvania's 67 countries were surveyed. Intermittent contact was maintained with these persons during 1971 to 1981. Prior to this study, the last contact had been in 1957, when 2344 respondents were located and interviewed. Some suggestions for tracking respondents in longitudinal surveys may be offered. The sequencing suggested reflects differences in the costs of the various techniques, although no precise cost data are available. Postal service is probably the least expensive means of tracking that has general utility; hence, it represents a logical first step. Location of about half of the respondents by mail is not uncommon, and the cost per subject located is not great. Telephone tracking is a relatively low-cost means to follow up the mail contact.

Forty-eight married high school couples agreed to participate in this study. Complete data were collected for 37 couples over a three-year period by means of self-rating scales, semi-structured interviews, a test of knowledge of developmental norms, and clinical notes. Variables associated with high risk of failure were prevalent in this primarily rural group and these included premarital pregnancy, school dropouts, low socioeconomic status, husband and wife under 18 years of age, limited dating experience, and lack of adequate income. Tensions were prevalent as evidenced in self-ratings. Kin network of economic and psychological support and church activities were identified to produce marriage sustaining forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two hundred and four patients with reflux oesophagitis and hiatal hernia were operated on by a modified Allison's technique and followed up for one to 10 years. To avoid surgical bias, the clinical and radiological findings were assessed by the co-author, a radiologist. Ages, type of hernia, symptoms, coexisting pathology, and operative technique are described. The late follow-up includes an assessment of patients' opinions of their operation and residual symptoms and a review of the radiological findings. The management of 25 patients with fibrous strictures is described. Factors preventing reflux are discussed. Current operative procedures for reflux oesophagitis are reviewed. In this series of 204 cases, five patients, that is 2·5%, were surgical failures. They were all dissatisfied with their operation and their symptoms had not improved; radiologically three of them showed reflux or an irreducible hiatal hernia. This failure rate is not considered unreasonable and the modified Allison's procedure is therefore recommended for patients with reflux oesophagitis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In a prospective study of 170 patients with various types of chronic liver disease, a pulmonary gas transfer defect was found in 20% and mottled shadowing in the chest radiograph in 6%. The presence of these abnormalities was not related to the cause of the liver disease. Reduction of transfer factor in liver disease was not accompanied by a restrictive ventilatory defect and was found in most cases with mottled radiographs. The incidence of finger clubbing and the levels of both venoarterial admixture and cardiac output were higher in patients with mottling than in those with normal radiographs. Mottling was also seen in the chest radiographs of five other patients with hepatic cirrhosis who had previously been investigated for cyanosis due to intrapulmonary shunting. Despite earlier reports of active chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis occurring in patients with fibrosing alveolitis, we suggest that these radiographic changes in liver disease are usually caused by a pulmonary vascular disorder, rather than by coincidental lung disease, and are a local manifestation of a generalized vasodilated state. The low incidence of diffuse lung disease complicating chronic liver disease was confirmed by reviewing the hospital necropsy records. In one patient the radiographic mottling disappeared and the physiological evidence of a circulatory disorder became less marked during a period of improved hepatocellular function. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

From 1951 to July 1969, 964 lung resections for primary lung carcinoma have personally been carried out. All except eight patients, whose follow-up has been continued by colleagues elsewhere, have been examined at intervals in the outpatient department and chest radiographs have been taken. No patient has been lost from follow-up. The results of this follow-up are presented. The quality of the patient's life after operation, the cause of death, the results, and the relationship of survival to extent of operation are discussed. Details of 151 patients surviving more than five years, and of 49 surviving more than 10 years, are given. Information on the aspects under consideration is believed to be as complete as possible. The cause of death is doubtful in only two patients. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Discusses longitudinal research development and its impact on the field of developmental psychology. Use of the longitudinal method to delineate developmental patterns and etiological relationships in the physical growth, personality development and physiological development of children.

The occurrence of ovarian endometriosis has been studied in 990 cases of primary epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. In 357 serous and 155 undifferentiated lesions no example of endometriosis was found and only one example in 203 mucinous tumours. In the 205 cases of endometrioid carcinoma the incidence of endometriosis was 9.3%. In the 36 cases of clear cell carcinoma and the 23 cases of mesonephroid carcinoma with tubular pattern the incidence was significantly higher, 19.4% and 25.9% respectively. The incidence in endometrioid tumours was significantly higher in those cases in clinical stage I b as compared with other stages. Possible histogenetic relationships between endometriosis and ovarian carcinoma are discussed. Follow-up study of these patients clearly showed that it is of the utmost importance to attempt complete removal of all tumour tissue at the primary operation. Preoperative irradiation using super-voltage technique is advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. The relationship between maternal health and intrauterine growth of the foetus was studied. A prospective method of study was used and the series included 11 417 pregnant women. All infants of low birth weight and a subgroup of growth retarded infants were compared with a control group of normal weight infants. It became evident that the characteristics and complications of pregnancies resulting in infants of low birth weight differed from those of a control series. It was also apparent that pregnancies resulting in growth retarded infants differed from controls in other respects than those resulting in premature infants as a whole. In studying the causes of prematurity and in the clinical handling of the premature infants it is of utmost importance to be aware of the different categories of infants of low birth weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the potential uses and challenges of using longitudinal surveys in understanding labor market behavior. Study design and objectives; Measures of every dimension of labor market activity and status; Advantages of longitudinal analysis; Quantification of gross changes.

In Western Europe and the U.S., recent manifestations of widespread dissatisfaction and unrest among the young have come as a considerable shock to youth sociologists, forcing them to re-examine the entire theory and methodology of their approach. Like most of the other experts on youth problems, sociologists found themselves confronted with political developments which few of them had anticipated, certainly no one had foreseen the scale of dissent. Youth sociology regardless of whether and in what form it is concerned with adolescent schoolchildren and apprentices on the one hand or with young adults, like students, on the other, will need increasingly to use longitudinal studies in order to determine underlying principles of development with reference to the life cycle. This method, which observes and studies identical persons and groups over an extended period of time in order to obtain more reliable data on changes attributable to specific influences than can be given by cross-sectional studies, is not without internal problems of its own. The methods and tests used at different stages of the study represent, with their learning effects, an input possessing the characteristics of an artifact.

The article discusses some pertinent phases of the longitudinal programs of three centers in the U.S. The three centers have the longest and most varied experience in child health and development studies. These programs use analytical methods that are peculiar to the longitudinal approach and the methods employed to select the group studied and to obviate the problem of loss of subjects. These three centers which are offering these programs are the Harvard Growth Study that aims to understand the phenomena of human development and their relation to problems of child health, the Fels Research Institute, and the Child Research Council.