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The problem of providing linguistic assistance to scientists in a large institution is reviewed on the basis of the author's personal experience. The various aspects of the problems caused by the foreign-language literature and language-induced difficulties in communication are listed, recommending specific solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the technique of factor analysis, students of communication theory have compiled considerable support for the notion that ethos is a multidimensional concept. Although the exact number and appropriate names for the dimensions may vary depending upon source, situation and audience research clearly indicates that ethos is a complex of attitudes toward a source. Attribution theory seeks to explain how one person evaluates another. Circumstances mediate the informational value of actions as a guide to the actor's attitudes and abilities.

Develops an experimental technique for investigating the effect of certain linguistic and psychological phenomena on language behavior. Latency between semantically congruent, ambiguous and vague sentences; Linguists' reliance on formal observation and introspective analyses.

Examines the relationship between the index of contingency and the concepts of mathematical communication theory. Patterns in the repetition of words within and between sentences; Applicability of mathematical communication theory to large segments of language; Anomalies in the comparative judgment of passages with large amounts of noun repetition and minimal verb repetition and passages with large amounts of verb repetition and minimal noun repetition.

This article focuses on the measurement of grammatical constraints. By means of the coefficient of constraint (D) it is possible to measure the constraint exercised by one grammatical type on another, calculating the redundancy of the nth grammatical type when only the first of the chain is known. Mathematical communication theory has been used to calculate the information transmitted by sequences of n letters. These measures of linguistic constraint are equally adjustable to the measurement of grammatical constraint: that is, the cohesion of words. One of the aspects of this cohesion is the impact of one linguistic type on another in the sentence.

This paper discusses the possible significance of different strategies in the utterance of certain Language units. In communication between individuals, the degrees of the scale will be represented by a conventional set of symbols. By counting the frequencies with which the representational symbols occur in a given utterance, one might compute the statistical information of each; this might then be compared with rite meaning intensity number corresponding to each symbol. In this manner the reaction between the statistical and the semantic information could be investigated.

The article presents a discussion of the relation between language to the motor processes. It explains that a child's experiences in sensory are much greater in number than his behavior in motor skills. It states that the child's first motor adjustments are developed in response to his mother's care, and in practicing to handle toys and food. Language then furnishes in thought these motor behaviors. Words begin to improve as classes increase, by persons isolating from classes, and becoming the bases of new classes.

This article focuses on Auguste Comte's philosophical analysis of language. Not all of Comte's views are merely of historical interest. Some of them seem to find recognition as being strikingly in accord with those of contemporary sociology. In some respects, his theory of language is of the latter type. Comte's views on this particular subject will help to clarify and illustrate some of his general ideas and thus make them more definite and concrete, and in particular they will offer an example of his social point of view. It is to be noted that for Comte, the term language connoted more than what is ordinarily included in the term. Although the importance which Comte attached to the institution of language will be made clearer as the discussion proceeds, it may be well to state here that Comte conceived it, along with religion and the family, as one of the fundamental human institutions. One can easily surmise that Comte will not consciously make use of a theological or a metaphysical theory of language. Language is a natural phenomenon and must be explained by science. Here as elsewhere, Comte conceived his role to be that of a lonely advocate of positivism clearing the ground of theological and metaphysical rubbish.

The article discusses the structuring of language as one of the fundamentals of information theory. Structuring of information is presented to be important to offset the tendency toward disorder in communication. Similar to information theory, a system of patterning is cited to increase the capacity of a receiver to recall. An accumulation of knowledge is suggested to increase ability in communication.

This article focuses on communication theory, linguistics, and psycholinguistics. Communication is defined as a word that crops up with increasing frequency in educational literature. Although it could hardly be said that linguistics and psycholinguistics are merely riding the coat tails of communication theory, these fields also have received greater attention in the last few years. In order to apply the mathematics of information theory in any useful way, simple communication channels must be adopted. Interest in communication theory has led to a proliferation of models of the communication situation. References to modern structural linguistics were elaborated by the authors.

Focuses on a critique of general semantics. Two parts of critique; Constructive contributions of general semanticists; Advancement of timebinding communication.

Focuses on the origin of semantics. Concerns with meaning and changes of meanings; Branch of linguistics; Problems of general semantics.

Discusses the importance of general semantics in the study and teaching of speech. Cases relating to problems frequently met by speech educators; Most striking factor from the standpoint of general semantics that relates to disordered evaluation; Implications on speech education.

Discusses the relationship between general semantics and the study and teaching of speech. Definition and methods of general semantics; Achieving adequate evaluation and communication in the process of adjusting to social living; Implications on speech education.

The article talks about the importance of indexing process in communication. From a broad viewpoint, we may conceive of two major classifications of variables that are operative in a given communication message having some effect, intended or otherwise. There are on one hand, factors in the recipients of the message, which may enhance or limit its effectiveness. The other major classification consists of factors in the message itself. Obviously the content of a message will determine to an extent, its effects. The notion of an indexing process in communication effects is an outgrowth of regarding the communication message as a set of distinctive stimulus elements of individual signs or cues usually e.g., language but not necessarily like pictorial communication arranged in a sequential order of some kind. The nature of the basic message unit is the morpheme, the word, the phrase, the sentence, etc. remains undecided at present and is the undefined term of the system. This issue, however, is a vital one in communication theory and will ultimately have to be resolved.

Linguistic communications frequently do not contain "explicit" references to the communicator's affective, evaluative, and/or preferential attitude(s) toward the objects, events, or people about which he communicates. Furthermore, even when such attitudes are explicitly communicated in the linguistic portion of a communication, inconsistent cues from other portions (e.g., tone or gestures) may render the overall communication of the attitude ambiguous. The article deals with the problems of inferring a communicator's attitudes from his linguistic communications in a way which independently supplements the inference of attitudes from the explicit linguistic message. The approach here is similar to G.F. Mahl's in that linguistic data are the only source of inferences. Unlike Mahl's approach, the attitudes being inferred here are the communicator's positive (or negative) affective, evaluative, and/or preferential attitude(s). The inference of such communicator attitudes is based on the analysis of the following kinds of phenomena. A communicator, in talking or writing about an object, may express his relationship to the object in a variety of ways which are ostensibly equivalent in as far as affective, evaluative, and/or preferential communicator attitude(s) are concerned.

The article focuses on research on semantic habits. Researchers interest is in the ways in which people form semantic relations. By semantic relations researchers mean the assignment of meaning to objects through the use of words. Semantic relations serve to define, describe, categorize, or depict personal reactions to objects in the human and material environment. The research began with the hunch that there are individual differences in the ways in which people typically establish semantic relations. If so, those sources of individual differences might correlate interestingly with other forms of behavior. Over the last several years researchers have defined some modes of semantic response, developed techniques for measuring individual differences in the tendencies to use those modes of response; and performed research to explore some hypotheses relating semantic habits to other forms of behavior. The purpose of the article is to report some empirical correlates of semantic habits. Researchers working assumption is that semantic habits concern differential frequency of usage. For example, it is assumed that there are individual differences in the tendency to use pleasant words like good, sweet, and so on.

Information theory currently designates a wide range of scientific activities. Starting with the familiar publications by N. Wiener and C.E. Shannon, this field of scientific research has been maturing, generalizing the original concepts, and being supplemented by new ideas beyond the frame of statistics. It is, therefore, necessary to limit the subject to the most significant applications of information theory in natural languages. It is proposed to do this by considering only the statistical theory of selective information, which is the new, widely accepted name of Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. The statistical concepts of the new discipline were established through a mathematical re-examination of signal transmission and codification. In fact, it is not surprising that scientists reasonably argue that the term information theory has been used by Shannon to denote the theory of coding. The mathematical machinery of information theory can perfectly well be defined as part of pure statistics and the theory of probability and is, therefore, not bound only to engineering interpretations.

The article reports on the mediation process and language. Two general classes of problems arise on the study concerning mediation and language. These problems are language as the mediating behavior and nonlinguistic mediating responses as explicators of the meaning of lexical terms. Language is also described as having a special importance to mediation as it furnishes a label or a response, which could be elicited by diverse members of the stimulus class. The area of linguistic structure and its relation to mediation theory is also discussed and presented.

This article presents the thesis that schizophrenese is a language in that (1) it has a vocabulary, rules, and criteria for the application of rules; and (2) it is used as a language. Specifically, schizophrenese is a private language that is based on a private meaning system of private objects which are inner, unknown, and unshared. Although schizophrenese is a private language (or one which cannot be understood by anyone other than the source), two types of intersubjectivity are still possible: predicative joint-meanings and topical joint-meanings. A paradigm for the study of schizophrenese is given, and some practical and programmatic implications are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information regarding the sociology of instruction. Modern communication with its many facets is a prime mover in the educational process. The vehicles of mass media, especially television and radio, have revolutionized the flow of first-hand information. The events of the global world are paraded as they occur to a vast audience. A story of the living past, the present, and visions of the future are unveiled to the viewer like the pages of a book. Such experiences are vastly educational because they arouse interest, stimulate thinking, provoke discussion, and encourage reading for acquiring further knowledge. Mass communication is a powerful force and has a definite influence on culture. The wide sweep of technological and scientific progress is and will have definite social implications for the family, community, and nation. New ways of communicating ideas will emerge in the instructional process to provide a more effective picture of change and its social implications for society. The changing times necessitate educating the individual to the social implications and new meanings involved for better understanding present civilization.

This article discusses the distinction between the two kinds of knowledge and some of the consequences of their interactions specifically as regards phonetics. One which is tacit, is personal and non-verbal, the other, which is explicit, is manifested as linguistic competence. Two interactions are possible between tacit, non-verbal knowledge and explicit, linguistic competence. It is not identical with the ability to encode such information into explicit, linguistic form. The other possible interaction between personal, non-verbal knowledge and explicit, linguistic competence is much more common and far more insidious.

This paper points out that the WRU semantic code and hence the searching system based upon it can be evaluated by comparing the generic relations embodied in the code with generic relations found in the literature being indexed or coded. Examples are given of such comparisons and the conclusions which can be drawn from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the paper "Some Clerical Operations and Languages," by R. A. Fairthorne, presented at the Third London Symposium on Information Theory in September 1955.

Argues against the claim of George B. Linn that language is not a necessary part of the scientific method. Status of general semantics in relation to the method of science; Suggestion that language is not only necessary to but it the most important characteristic of scientific method.

The article presents information on the mechanized search techniques used for English language problems.

The article presents a paper related to syntactic integration. The paper was presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Automatic Translation of Languages in Venice from July 15-31, 1962. The paper describes translation problems, predictive analysis and the machine-glossary developed at NBS.

The article presents information on the automatic processing of English language data. A high degree of syntactic ambiguity, revealed by the multiple-path English syntactic analyzer designed at Harvard University, suggests the necessity for appropriate human interventions in automatic processing of English language data.

The article presents information about general principals and results associated with syntactic analysis of linguistic texts.

Offers insight on rhetoric and semantics. Purpose of rhetoric; Information on the ability of language to confuse the human mind.