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International university cooperation is the main purpose of the International Association of Universities (IAU). Certain problems arise in the field of international cooperation and particularly in the field of assistance. The helping hand easily becomes a dominating hand while the notion of mutual exchange presupposes the existence and recognition of differences. Consequences of such recognition are reciprocity; an ability to let immediate objectives remain secondary to long-term ones; and the work of the universities. (Author/KE)

This paper describes two attempts to utilize a conflict resolution approach in academic settings. The approach includes: (1) the significance of the structure of communication between parties in conflict; (2) the understanding of face-to-face interaction processes; (3) problems of perceptual distortion; and (4) political socializations. The participants in the workshop were citizens from nations in conflict. The first workshop was designed to study the Egyptian-Israeli-Palestinian conflict, while the second focused on the Bangladesh-Pakistan-India conflict. The uses of the workshop are discussed, followed by an explanation of the design, the pre-planning stage, and the recruitment process. Further sections of the paper include discussions of: (1) leadership style, (2) conflict fractionation exercises, (3) role reversal, and (4) communication exercises. An analysis of workshop content is presented, centering around the prioritizing of identity issues. Conflict may be a resultant, among other things, of the attempt to satisfy all elements of identity rather than assigning them priorities and dealing only with those high on the list. (Author/BW)

This paper attempts to document the cultural influences which the United States exerts over Canada because of Canadian reliance on foreign news agencies, especially news services that are located in the United States. The print material used to document this paper was drawn from a 1967 study of news flows for the Canadian Department of External Affairs and a 1969 content analysis of 30 Canadian dailies for the Special Senate Committee on the Mass Media. The broadcast material was gathered in a series of interviews done especially for this paper. The data in this case study is presented in both narrative and table form and the extent to which Canadian newscasts follow the American format and content when they are recorded for rebroadcast is examined. This news policy is especially significant when news is translated into French, but contains an American perspective on world events. The paper concludes with a five-point plan to solve the problem of Canadian reliance on foreign agencies for news. (RB)

After four years of using simulation in the study of international relations, the authors have found it to be a potentially powerful research and teaching device. In this report they examine advantages, such as the ability it gives the researcher to manipulate experimental variables, and disadvantages associated specifically with the use of simulation in political science. They contend that the use of simulation is often prematurely rejected when refinement on the basis of legitimate criticism is what is needed. Among the research strategies available for testing and revising simulation models is face validity evaluation which the authors use in their revision of the Inter-National Simulation (INS) to exemplify such refinement. In INS greater realism and sophistication results when a military advisor is included in the national decision making organization, when geographic dimensions and historical background are increased, and when internal revolution is introduced. A number of practical considerations associated with simulation in conducting a research project are also included in the paper--all in the hope of promoting the use of simulation as a research technique in political science. (JR)

This study was designed to test the validity of Darnell's clozentropy procedure as a measure of monolignual international communication comprehension. The study investigated two major subject (audience) variables, "educational level" and "prior familiarity level" with the specialized (idiosyncratic) content with which the subjects were presented, and one major content variable, "idiosyncratic level." One 500-word passage was selected from each of two different international radio programs produced in America, by Americans, primarily for Americans, but also broadcast to audiences in other parts of the English speaking world. Four groups of Filipino subjects with known group characteristics were tested. The criterion group consisted of American subjects with known group characteristics. Seven a priori hypotheses concerning international communication comprehension were tested using multiple linear regression. The overall results of the study strongly supported the position that the clozentropy procedure is both a sensitive and a valid measure of international communication comprehension, and pointed out the importance to the international communicator of studying his various international audience subpopulations, even when the audiences are monolingual. (Author/RB)

This paper summarizes a series of studies undertaken by the United States Information Agency Service between 1970 and 1972 in Bolivia, Great Britain, Argentina, and Lebanon. The purpose of the research was to develop new techniques for analyzing the audiences of USIA periodicals. Survey respondents--all members of USIA priority audience occupations--indicated their interest in a series of magazine article titles by using the Haskins 0-100 Reading Interest Scale. The results show that public affairs titles were of greater interest generally than those dealing with human affairs; interest in public affairs information was largely unrelated to demographic characteristics and mass media use; international lifestyle and personal contact with the United States seemed to hold promise as useful explanatory variables; and interactions between the two categories of reading interest, as shown in the segmentation analysis, suggested insights into interests of the USIA magazine readers that simple analysis did not detect. (Author/RB)

Most of the literature on communication satellites deals with the technological, legal, and political problems of international communication. Few writers have considered what sorts of programing the international audiences might wish to receive or would watch. Several sources of evidence suggest what the choices might be if the entire world is served by satellite-to-home, multiple channel international television. These sources are: audience reactions to "foreign" programs presently available through the domestic television services of certain countries; numerical data on programs interchanged through such regional structures as Eurovision and Intervision; and amounts and kinds of viewing done of foreign stations that can be widely received in other countries, for example, West German stations in most parts of Holland and Syrian television in many parts of Lebanon. While there appears to be an increasing interest in national and regional history, this greater interest in things national may be accompanied by a decreased interest in things foreign where television is concerned, resulting in a take over of foreign program forms for recasting in a more national mold. (Author/RB)

Now that the technical aspects of satellite transmission have been solved, there remain the more complex and difficult problems of maintaining both order in outer space and the rights of nations and individuals as these rights may be affected by broadcasts transmitted by satellite stations. These broadcasts, whether beamed to a ground station or to a home receiver, raise a host of legal problems involving the rights of the program originators, the rights of sovereign states into whose territory the signal may penetrate, and the rights of individuals which may be infringed by these broadcasts. International law has not caught up with the development of satellite transmission. A number of international organizations are looking into the legal problems arising from satellite transmission, but no draft conventions covering the problems of broadcasters have yet been adopted. On the domestic level, the United States still faces a number of complex policy questions in the utilization of satellites. (RB)

The first phase of the satellite component of a worldwide information grid is over. The real problems are beginning now with the evolution of technology that will beam specialized transmissions from higher-powered satellites into smaller antennae perched on ships, airplanes, and rooftops. This is another matter politically, economically, and culturally because it involves important questions of freedom of information for individuals as well as questions of the sovereignty of nations. A review of the problems four nations face because of broadcast satellites places the issues in perspective, but the review also raises more questions about the future of specialized communications than it provides answers for. (Author/RB)

This paper analyzes three sets of Soviet documents, some directed toward a domestic audience, some toward an English-speaking audience, and some toward Third World countries. It was hypothesized that references to the United States would, over time, reflect the lessening of tensions between the super powers, but that material directed toward Third World audiences would contain more hostile references to the U.S. then would English-language materials. The sample consisted of two weeks from "The Daily Review of the Soviet Press," published by Novosti; official Soviet translations of the principal May Day speeches from 1966 through 1972; and a constructed week of material from the "Daily Reports of the United States Broadcast Information Service." Hostile references in 1972 were less than half those of 1965, thus confirming the first hypothesis. But in an analysis of English and non-English broadcasts for 1972, it was noted that the non-English broadcasts contained far fewer neutral or favorable comments about the U. S., far more references to the U. S. as an imperialist power, and far more favorable comments about communism. (Author/SW)

Communications satellites could be the subject of bitter and potentially dangerous international controversy. They threaten to upset the comfortable monopoly of internal national communications systems which have enrolled national governments to screen intrusions of unwanted information or ideas. The United Nations Working Committee on Direct Broadcast from Outer Space is already drafting resolutions designed to control programing distributed by satellite. There are fears that the United States will dominate both information flow and cultural patterns as satellites begin bombarding the earth with news, propaganda, situation comedies, and advertisements. The fears are probably groundless for many valid reasons, but the battle lines are already beginning to form and there is a serious danger that regulations ultimately damaging to the free flow of information may be written into international codes or that satellite communications may become a new cause of dangerous friction. (Author/RB)

The research on intercultural communication design illustrates that definitions of propaganda and agitation can be altered if there is a change from an open to a closed culture, or vice versa. Russia and East Germany serve as examples of closed cultures, and the United States is employed on a comparative basis as an open culture. To enhance open culture understanding of the terms propaganda and agitation, the research delineates their closed culture functions. A communication design of the concept of feedback in specific closed culture propaganda and agitation is presented to illustrate intercultural concepts and functions. The design also serves to exhibit the intercultural effect of lack of information, definition confusion, and misconceptions of function. The research stresses that if there is little or no analysis of divergent communication functions and awareness of cultural definition, intercultural understanding may be thwarted and research stymied. (Author/RB)

Having as its goal the further development of understanding through the communications media, this document examines the utilization of broadcast media from both technological and sociological vantages. The papers contained herein were presented at the twenty-third annual Broadcast Industry Conference held at California State University in San Francisco in 1973. Divided into four parts, the contents include "International Satellite Problems," which summarizes the extent to which satellites are used around the world, the role of satellites in specific countries (Korea, China, Canada, and India), and the problems satellites are creating; "International Broadcasting Problems," which discusses the implications of broadcasting on the educational, social, and political elements of various countries; "American Broadcasting Problems," which explores the nature of American television and the philosophy behind it, while also commenting on the changing patterns of television; and "Broadcast Facilities of Pacific Nations," which contains a run down of the broadcast capabilities of nations in the Western Hemisphere. (RB)

A simulation designed for an introductory college-level international politics and comparative foreign policy course is described. Regional Crisis requires student decision-maker diplomats, grouped in teams, to respond to a Middle Eastern crisis that has substantial potential for escalation. In response to an initial crisis scenario, student teams representing various Middle Eastern countries suggest policy decisions based on the expected costs, risks, and gains that may be expected from the implementation of such policies. Students representing members of the United Nations and an international newspaper encourage the student diplomats to publicly defend their country's policies with moral and legal statements and reasoning. All policy decisions take the form of treaties with other nations. A team is considered successful or effective by the degree that it achieves all or most of its goals. The game teaches the utility of the cost-risk analysis model for both the planning and evaluation of policy decisions. Teacher guidelines, student guidelines, and sample student materials are also included. (Author/DE)

This paper presents a brief outline of the history of cultural relations between Romania and the United States. Instances are cited of the first mentions in Romanian writing of American and specifically United States life. A history is given of the major American literary works translated into Romanian. Examples of Romanian works show the interest of Romanians in American scientists, technicians, and politicians. The introduction of American dance and music to Romania is discussed. Centers of historiographical research are cited which contributed greatly to close Romanian-American relations. Finally, the influence of Romanian music groups in introducing Romanian culture to America is mentioned. (AM)

In order to discover whether there were any differences in negative attitude intensity between the Soviets and Chinese toward United States involvement in the Vietnam war, the Soviet and Chinese English language media broadcasts concerning United States war participation were subjected to a content analysis. The focus of the study was on two contrasting periods of the war: during its height in 1968 and during 1973, a year of unprecedented change in relations between the United States and China. Contents of broadcasts on 80 days, 20 each from the first and last quarters of the two years, were coded and analyzed. Results showed that the intensity of negative assertions was greater during 1968 and that those from China were more intense. While both countries relied on news events as sources, Russian propaganda used argumentative logic as well as emotional appeals, and Chinese propaganda relied on a more vehement, emotional name-calling tactic. (Tables of findings are included.) (JM)

Contained in this document are the papers presented at the twenty-fourth annual Broadcast Industry Conference held at California State University in San Francisco in 1974. Following welcoming remarks, the contents include papers on a mass communication plan for India, plans for an institute for international communication located at San Francisco State University, a description of broadcasting in the People's Republic of China, an examination of the electronic media in teaching self-awareness and in preparing people for changing futures, a review of the basic principles of four-channel FM broadcasting using the Dorren Quadraplex system, the importance of television in presenting information about public affairs, and a review of the role and responsibilities of the broadcaster. An annotated selective bibliography on the broadcast industry is also included. (RB)

The CHEAR conference was designed to promote a regular exchange of ideas and information among educational leaders in the Western Hemisphere. The agenda focused on three issues: interrelationships among education, development and modernization; interactions between government policy and higher education; and needs and institutional responses in the broad area of intellectual, educational and cultural exchange. The essay is a collection of the views expressed and deals with such topics as conceptions of the role of the U.S. university; conceptions of the role of the Latin American university; comparative roles of the two; the authority system in each; the political roles of the U.S. and Latin American university; the role of the university in modernization; and mutual cooperation in international development. Specific recommendations that emerged from the conference were for technical assistance through educational exchange; improved inter-American communication; and Latin American integration. (JMF)