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The design of codes and formats for information storage must be guided by the requirements of the processes in which the stored information is to be used. In the case of medical data, a code must be designed to facilitate several different processes, including case management, administration, evaluation and research. Design of such a system can be facilitated by an examination of the theory, in which knowledge is represented by a formal model consisting of nodes and arcs connecting the nodes. Arcs are of five types: paradigmatic, syntagmatic, discursive, attitudinal and metalingual. Metalingual arcs, which allow for shifts in level of abstraction, provide the only natural means of passage among the several languages of medicine. The technical problems raised by these shifts have been neglected in the philosophy of science, in linguistics and in information retrieval. Any cognitive network needs to record paradigmatic, syntagmatic, discursive and metalingual arcs; attitudinal arcs are also sometimes needed. Medical record files must be able to keep all types of linkages to provide accurate histories, and medical authority files need them to record the structure of the science. The SNOMed system provides some, but not all, of these linkages. (Author/SL)

For knowledge of organizational communication to increase, new concepts must be developed and correlative or even causal relationships between communication concepts and other organizational variables must be established. Here, meanings of "organization,""information,""communication," and "other organizational variables" are explicated, and three dimensions useful to organizational communication--structure, function, and system level--are introduced. Prior works on these dimensions are reviewed. New research questions based on these concepts are suggested. These questions, which are important both for theory-building and for solving real-life problems, concern three areas: indices of work performances, the economic aspects of communication, and the relationship between the communication practices of an organization and their impact on the feelings of dignity and self-worth of the members of that organization. (JK)

The possible objectives of information science education can be categorized into three general types: professional training intended to equip people to operate existing communication institutions; training of information technologists who will be the inventors or engineers expected to develop and test new information systems; and training of scientists whose goal is a deeper understanding of information processes in general. This paper describes objectives and methods for reaching these objectives within each category from the point of view of librarians, and argues for training programs at each category which combine elements and emphases from the other categories. Stanford's information systems Ph.D. program is briefly described. (Author/SH)

This Supplement lists 97 graduate programs in the U.S. and Canada that include education in information science for the academic year 1972-1973. It contains entries for programs in the first edition of the Directory, covering the 1971-72 academic year (ED 056 728), plus six new entries. The full name, address, and telephone number are given for each program. Complete entries are given only for programs which are new to the Directory, while others show only changes. For the purposes of this Directory, information science includes the following subjects: Library and information systems, library automation and networks, systems analysis, management information systems, information needs and uses, abstracting and indexing, advanced classification theory, non-traditional techniques of organizing knowledge, management of technical information centers, reprography, computational linguistics, man-machine interaction, and information theory. Examples of courses which were always included are linguistics, artificial intelligence, data management systems, information theory, and pattern recognition. Program-language and operating-systems courses are included if they are offered in library schools but not if they are in a computer science department. Courses in numerical analysis, theory of computation, data structures, and programming languages are not included. (Author/SJ)

The impact of cybernetics on information science occurs chiefly through the concepts of variety, the law of requisite variety, and theory of transformations. Through these it pervades every aspect of information science. However, other basic sciences such as physics, biology, psychology are in their spheres equally pervasive, and information science is seen as a special discipline containing a high admixture of interdependent sciences, with applications that subserve every science and itself. As the title suggests, this paper presents a broad viewpoint in a very small space, and relies heavily upon an earlier work entitled "On Access to Knowledge and Information in the Social Sciences and Humanities from the Viewpoint of Cybernetics and Information Science" which is available as LI 004 282. (Author/SJ)

Textbooks currently in use in courses on information science are listed in this bibliography under the following headings: Information storage and retrieval, Information systems, Information theory, Behavioral sciences, and Basic books. Some of the entries in each category contain evaluative annotations by the author, while others have only the full bibliographic citation. (SJ)

The literature of knowledge is a very large system in the cybernetic sense of intractibility to control. Improving access to it needs some simplifying theory. A step in this direction is a hypothesis constructed from basic concepts. These include cybernetic concepts of variety and requisite variety; a version of the mathematical concept of homomorphic mapping; and information scientific concepts: an invariant 3-segmented information science (IS) path, and short and long duration modes of message propagation. Since all disciplines are symbiotic, defining a distinct IS domain is purely pragmatic. However, the IS concepts do define a domain, which acts as a reference frame convenient for locating the substructures necessary for cognitive access to literature. The most critical processes in access occur in our minds, not in data files. Access to knowledge requires completing an IS path--connecting two minds across a variable physical segment. The special problems of access to the literature of the social sciences and the humanities are chiefly those of small classes with large variety to overcome. Certain variety-suppressing devices should be particularly helpful at this stage. However, there is a large, long term cost for the disciplines and professions concerned. (A related document is LI 004 283.) (Author/SJ)

In open information systems, such as in the case of human interchange with the self and the environment, input quantities have no upper limits. The human information utilization system, however, is psychologically and behaviorally unable to accept ever increasing loads of information. Because of this apparent fact, human information systems should periodically cycle into a closed mode to prevent the possible psychoses of information overload and future shock. (CH)

The process of explanation as defined by the covering law model of science contains stringent criteria which often cannot be met by communication scientists. An alternative model, less powerful but more obtainable--the system paradigm--should be adopted. Four types of explanation provide a context for a discussion of the system paradigm alternative: scientific explanations, "what-explanations," mental concept explanations, and reason-giving explanations. Major advantages to using the system paradigm include a shift in the particular set of variables which are selected for study, an increase in the complexity of analysis which may be employed, and the ability to integrate current research findings into a wider perspective. (EE)

A more unified approach to communication theory can evolve through systems modeling of information theory, communication modes, and mass media operations. Such systematic analysis proposes, as is the case care here, that information models be based upon combinations of energy changes and exchanges and changes in receiver systems. The mass media is particularly exemplary as a model for such methodological procedure. (CH)

The development of the removal of rigidity in library classification is traced from the Enumerative Classification of DC (1876) through the Nearly-Faceted Classification of UDC (1896), the rigidly, though fully faceted version of CC (1933), the generalized faceted structure of version 2 of CC (1949), down to the Freely Faceted Classification of version 3 of CC (1970). The separation of the three planes of work classification -- idea, notational, and verbal -- and its conscious application is indicated. Mention is made of the advantage of recognising modes of formation of new subjects and isolates. The concept of compound isolate created by the Law of Parsimony is described. The atomisation of subjects in the Universe of Subjects make it obligatory for library classification to be based on a sound dynamic theory of classification in each of the three planes. For documentation search, the replacement of the general purpose computer by a special purpose electronic doc-finder is commended. To make the investment on electronic machinery pay back more than itself and to secure noise-free, leakage-free result of search, a continuous improvement in the theory and in the design of a scheme for classification is an absolute necessity. (Author/KE)

Search for an integrated, comprehensive theory of information science (IS) has so far been unsuccessful. Appearance of a theory has been retarded by one central constraint, the large number of disciplines concerned with human communication. Crossdisciplinary interdependence occurs in two ways: theoretical relation of IS phenomena to a given science, and practical relation of the science to IS dissemination of its contributions. We are concerned here with the first. The main difficulty in making IS models is the above mentioned interaction of many sciences of communication. Prominent among these are physics, biology, psychology, library science, computer science, several social sciences, applied logic and mathematics, and not least, cybernetics. That cybernetics should apply to IS is not a new idea. But more precision has emerged recently. Cybernetics is now seen to underlie nearly all IS phenomena through two central concepts: variety, and the law of requisite variety. The last provides a quantitative approach to system regulation and control. IS concerns regulatory activity in typically large, goal-seeking systems. That is, propagation of meaningful human messages between sender and recipient on an "IS path" is a goal-seeking process. (Author)

The report presents a summary of science information research activities of the School of Information and Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology. Included are project reports on interrelated studies in science information, information processing and systems design, automata and systems theories, and semiotics and linguistics. Also presented in the report is a description of the programs of the School of Information and Computer Science, and a summary of research activities at the Information/Computer Science Laboratory. The report concludes with a bibliography of publications for the period 1970/71. (Author)

Three papers are presented which delineate the foundation of theory and principles which underlie the research and instructional approach to communications at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Pittsburgh. Cybernetic principles provide the integration, and validation is based in part on a situation-producing professional theory for both library and information science. Experimental research vehicles have been developed as verification matrices including both on-line and off-line components. (Author)

This preliminary work in human communication for librarians is designed to help the library profession address itself to significant communication problems. As they relate to the library and information sciences, the three major areas of communication science covered are: (1) History and theory of communication and culture, organization and function of communication institutions, and communication structures in biological and social organization; (2) Transfer of meaning, design and processing of messages in different media, analysis of message content and systems; and (3) Individual behavior, social interaction and experience, attitude formation and change, public opinion and collective behavior, and the consequence of exposure to various messages. A listing of 253 references is included. (See also LI 002 783 to LI 002 785.) (Author/MF)

For the purposes of this Directory, information science includes the following subjects: library and information systems, library automation and networks, systems analysis, management information systems, information needs and uses, abstracting and indexing, advanced classification theory, non-traditional techniques of organizing knowledge, management of technical information centers, reprography, computational linguistics, man-machine interaction, and information theory. The Directory includes an introduction, a table of contents, a compilation of entries arranged by school and department or program, and four indexes. Separate entries are made for each department or program even though some of them are at the same university. The "Index of Educational Institutions by State and Province" is an alphabetical list of the states in the United States and provinces in Canada. The other three indexes are: "Index of Degrees Offered,""Index of Information Science Courses Offered," and "Index of Faculty Members Interested in Information Science." This first edition of the Directory describes only those graduate programs with primary emphasis on information science rather than on its two major applications, namely computer science and library science. (Author/NH)

Human individuals, social organizations and societies are alike in that their knowledge of past events is to some extent maintained and brought to bear on their behavior. On the individual level we know quite a bit of how this is accomplished. However, on the social level we know close to nothing. It is not the task of this paper to ascertain the reasons for this notable lack of knowledge, rather, to explore concepts that would overcome it and to point to some phenomena that might thereby become transparent. And because this is in a sense a step into no-man's land, a major portion of this paper is devoted to introductory topics, that is, to questions regarding memory, information retrieval by computers, etc. with lesser space devoted to elaborating the properties of different kinds of information storage and retrieval in society. (Author/SJ)

Processing complex multivariate information effectively when relational properties of information sub-groups are ambiguous is difficult for man and man-machine systems. However, the information processing task is made easier through code study, cybernetic planning, and accurate display mechanisms. An exploratory laboratory study designed for the University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Department of Electrical Engineering, after pretesting by the Department of Information Science, sought feasible coding strategies for displaying multivariate biochemical data gathered on a set of patients. The coding strategies served as "facilitators" of the human perceptual process to permit an accurage placement of the patients into two groups--normal and diseased. Geometrical designs successfully functioned as "codes" for a variety of body chemistry states. Users were able to interpret the visually displayed designs because of a natural human facility for pattern discrimination and recognition. The results of this laboratory test encourage further work of this kind. (CH)

The papers contained in this volume deal with world perspectives, population communication, new communication technology and social needs, and communication in the future. Among the papers are: "Communication and Change in Global Institutions,""Foundations for East-West Understanding,""Youth and the Future of Population,""Population Communication Research and Population Training Programs,""Telecommunications Development--Intelsat and Beyond,""The ATS-1 Satellite Experiments,""Telecommunication Needs in Higher Education,""Applications of Communications Satellite Technology,""Ground Terminal Hardware,""Communication Technology and the United Nations,""Communication Revolutions: Past, Present, and Future,""Creating New Communication Technologies,""From the Microbiological to the Astrophysical in Human Communication," and "An Emergent System Paradigm of Human Communication." A new approach to communication study, one that calls for a re-evaluation of existing research as well as the investigation of new research directions, is suggested in the concluding paper. (LL)

A demonstration, evolved during the teaching of information science courses in graduate library schools, of how Fairthorne's theory can aid in systematizing the analysis and improvement of library operations. (Author/PF)

Readings are included on seven topics: 1) theories and models of communication processes, 2) acquisition and performance of communication behaviors, 3) human information processing and diffusion, 4) persuasion and attitude change, 5) psychophysiological approaches to studying communication, 6) interpersonal communication within transracial contexts, and 7) measuring communication effects. An introductory article begins each chapter and provides a summary of the literature concerning the topic and frame of reference for the readings to follow. Each introductory article includes a section on principles derived from theory and research findings, along with implications for employing them in communication situation. An epilogue focuses on key issues discussed in the book. Throughout the book are status reports on present knowledge concerning the topics. (JK)

Many scholars engaged in the study of human communication have indicated the need for a "process orientation" in theory and research. But relatively little work exists which has actually made use of the concept of process. This paper attempts to act as a guidebook to sources of information of potential use to the scholar interested in learning to deal with the concept in theory and research on communication. Included are both a general guide to sources and a specific guide to information on process in theory, design, measurement, and analysis. (Author)

One of the most important requirements of information mapping is that every sentence and illustration in a subject must be part of an information block. In this way all of the blocks of information in a subject matter can be assigned to unique maps, and thus be manipulated, stored, and displayed in a variety of sequences. The hierarchy from top to bottom is: subject matters, courses, units, information maps (each having a unique name and number and covering all the information about a limited topic), and information blocks (each having a label like definition, example, or diagram). There are two kinds of information maps: 1) those which supply new content, and 2) those which give redundant information like summaries. For example, these blocks fit into concept maps: name, definition, example, formula, introduction, rule synonym, comment, theorem, and analogy blocks. Presented here are ways to write many kinds of information maps and blocks. Also considered are types of procedures, processes, classifications, prerequisites, and proofs. (JK)

A series of essays discuss in a semi-technical way the philosophical, theoretical, and applied aspects of cybernetics and bionics. Of particular interest to educators is the author's discussion of the implications of cybernetics for pedagogical methodology. He predicts that education in the future will concentrate on a teaching systems approach, data retrieval, and problem solving, rather than insisting on the memorization of large bodies of knowledge. Cybernetics will aid education in many ways, he says, such as in automating the retrieval and storage of data, in determining the optimum volume and content of educational need for society, production, science, and the national interest, and in planning and locating the number and types of schools. He cites the usefulness of applying the essentials of automatic control systems to education in order to discover the general laws which will optimize the process of education. Other essays deal with the cybernetic aspects of such fields as space medicine, history, eugenics, politics, health care, marine science, entomology, and behavior analysis. A glossary is provided. (JY)

Any human communication has intrinsic objectives, to reach maximum communication efficiency and dependability. Because of "equivocation" and "noise," these absolute maximums are unobtainable; only relative maximums are possible. Based on Shannon's information theory principles, various information terms and different forms of "redundancy" are discussed to expound the optimal ratio between input and redundancy which is prerequisite to reaching the relative maximums of efficiency and dependability. The merits and deficiencies of information theory in communication and learning research are examined. The conclusion is that information theory, because of its simplicity and universality, may be one of the best instruments for the development of a general, systematic communication-and-learning theory. Redundancy, in its many forms, is seen as the best device to reduce equivocation and the effects of noise. Information theory differentiates error and equivocation (i.e., error by projection and error by omission) which are of different origins and natures and which may be capable of explaining many communication and learning phenomena such as the relative efficiency of different media. (Author/JK)

Following an introduction providing background on the role of information, modern methods of information transfer and the theoretical bases of information systems are described. A second section deals with practical aspects of information services practices and operational management problems. A final section examines the specialized character of the information analysis center. Appendixes contain examples of forms, techniques and approaches. (Author/RH)

The purpose of this report is to summarize the content of a series of lectures given at the School of Library Science, State University of New York at Albany. Four summaries are presented. "The Limits of Information Retrieval" discusses the need for a theory of documentation and how it can be derived. "The Structure of Notification" considers in more detail matters raised in the first lecture, and discusses the structure of retrieval service using information theory concepts. "About 'Aboutness'" discusses the difference between extensional aboutness (what a document refers to) and intensional aboutness (why a document is about what it is about). 'Aboutness' is defined as the relation of the Designation of a Message with respect to Code, Source, or Destination; library services exist only to serve the last, the reader. "'Information Sciences' and the Library School Curriculum" notes that the only common feature of the 'Information Sciences' is the application of diverse technologies and skills to facilitate discourse. (JW)

The progress made on 65 contracts and grants active during 1968 in the four areas designated by the COSATI subject headings: (1) documentation and information technology, (2) language and linguistics, (3) bionics and (4) information theory are presented. Selected highlights of the program are given in the introductory chapter. This is followed by brief statements of progress and publications for each work unit. Indexes to institutions, principal investigators and ARPA supported efforts are included. (Author/NH)

A TRAINING PROGRAM FOR SCIENCE INFORMATION SPECIALISTS, SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, PREPARES GRADUATE- LEVEL STUDENTS FOR POSITIONS IN THE BIOMEDICAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION FIELD. EMPHASIZING ADMINISTRATIVE SKILLS, PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE, KNOWLEDGE OF NONTRADITIONAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION, AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY, THIS PROGRAM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS--(1) A FORMAL PROGRAM AT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LEADING TO THE DEGREES OF MASTER OF ARTS AND DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, AND (2) ON-THE-JOB TRAINING AT THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATION PROJECT (BSCP). DEGREE WORK MAY BE PURSUED IN THE UNIVERSITY'S SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OR THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, WITH A SPECIALITY IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF MANAGEMENT REQUIRED IN EITHER SCHOOL. DEGREE REQUIREMENTS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE COURSES ARE INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT. ON-THE-JOB TRAINING INVOLVES BSCP PROJECTS RELATED TO ITS RESEARCH PROGRAM IN BIOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION, EXPERIENCE IN AREAS IN WHICH THE TRAINEES WILL EVENTUALLY WORK, FIELD TRIPS, AND CONTACTS WITH EXPERTS IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE COMMUNICATION. OTHER INFORMATION INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT ARE PROFILES OF THE FOUR STUDENTS ENROLLED IN THE PROGRAM AND BRIEF SUMMARIES OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE PROGRAMS AND INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS FOR HEALTH SCIENCE INFORMATION SPECIALISTS SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE EXTRAMURAL PROGRAMS. (JB)

A general theory and taxonomy of human communication is discussed within which the information handling propensities of the special librarian can be evaluated for relevance to the axioms of library and information science. (Author)

A brief account of the design and implementation of the first full-time one-year post-graduate course in science information work in Israel is presented. (Author/AB)

Reviews characteristics and efficiency of types of information retrieval systems, and concludes that for selective dissemination of information from computer tapes keyword indexing is less efficient than enumerative hierarchical systems which require single hit searching. (AL)

The plain fact about information science...is that its practitioners do not know what they are talking about and are unable to describe the product they are trying to produce. (16 references) (Author)

The purpose of this work is to help build and bridge between total overviews of the fields of information science and empirical research. This is done by building a model for linking multidisciplinary approaches into a relevant and effective whole, and for deriving testable propositions from this new framework. (63 references) (Author/KE)

A taxonomy for modeling information systems is presented. Epistemology is used as a prescriptive modeling basis and it is shown how the different models can be made scientifically operational by using a special kind of systems analysis. Results of a preliminary experiment based on one of the models are presented. (60 references) (Author/KE)

Classification is interpreted so as to incorporate all attempts at the imposition of order upon our observations of the universe. In this article, the fundamental bases of classification are examined: in particular the alien notions of mutual exclusivity and the use of inflexible structures to mirror a dynamic universe. (26 references) (Author/KE)

A generalized framework for developing analytical and conceptual relationships involving the flow of information has previously been suggested. This paper provides further refinement, rigor, and extension for some of the earlier relationships suggested. (12 references) (Author)

This paper reviews research findings related to color and how it affects perception and retention of information. From the literature it appears colors have varying degrees of value as cues or aids to memory of stimulus information and difference appears to exist between colors as they interact in informational materials. (21 references) (Author/SJ)

The philosophy and objectives of ERIC are outlined and examined with respect to questioning what kinds of data systems would best serve the needs of teachers. (TW)

The advancement of science through information transfer and the role of operations research and information science in this process are re-examined by the author in terms of the rise of technological disillusionment, scientific recession and concern with the limits of growth. (21 references) (Author/KE)

Technology should not be allowed to dictate objectives and procedures; the study of users and their needs, and the social role of information transfer, should be given more emphasis in curricula in order to avoid over-emphasis on techniques at the expense of services. (8 references) (Author)

Focuses on new or changing information technology and the social effects following from such changes. (TO)

The concept of information utility'' (an extensive super information system) presents a challenge to librarians. Philosophies and operations must evolve to insure the librarians' position as the information specialist capable of bringing order to the chaos of the information explosion. (Author/DH)