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This paper attempts to describe the principles on which a Polyvalent Adult Education Center is based, its purposes, its functions, and organization, as well as its operations. It has been written with urban communities in mind. The point is made that the existing provisions for adult education are inadequate to meet the growing and diverse needs. The polyvalent approach to adult education is based on the following principles: (1) An adult worker's educational needs are multiple; (2) Educational opportunities should be available over the entire period of the worker's life; (3) The main emphasis in such education is on his "functionality"; and (4) Different educational subjects are usually given in an integrated and inter-dependent manner. Steps in planning the program include: (1) identification of objectives (2) identification of needs in the community and identification of groups that need education, (3) analysis of job requirements, (4) development of an integrated curriculum, and (5) selection and training of a part-time staff. (CK)

This paper examines the belief that the best way of teaching English-as-a-second language (TESL) is to provide the student with opportunities for hearing and speaking "Standard" English. The author contests C.C. Fries' view that "...speech 'is' the language." In India, it is noted, the greatest single difficulty for students is speaking English. The lack of any direct, positive transfer of linguistic theory to the development of TESL instructional materials is also criticized. The educational problems engendered by teaching students to speak English before reading the language are discussed, and concluding remarks point out the need for a revision in Indian educational policy concerning TESOL. (RL)

Four papers are included in this pamphlet, the proceedings of the World Assembly at Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The keynote address, "A Turning Point in History" by Jaime Benitez, President of the University of Puerto Rico, discusses the Apollo 11 moon landing as an object lesson on values with international implications for shifting educational approaches. He further explores the Puerto Rican experience as representative of international tensions between education and politics. "Rural Teacher Education in Thailand" by Bhunthin Attagara, Director of Teacher Training, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, is a description of the Rural Teacher Education Project launched in 1956 and now involving 25 teacher training schools and colleges and 190 cooperating rural elementary schools in a program which includes community development work as well as student teaching in the village schools. Mavis Burke of the University of the West Indies discusses the need for international agency cooperative efforts in teacher education and suggests five priorities which would form the basis of such an agency's role. In "The Indian Association of Teacher Educators," Dr. S.N. Mukerji, Principal of Vidya Bhawan Teachers College in Udaipur, India, analyzes the problems in Indian education and the challenges they represent with reference to the Association's role. Included also is the "Constitution of the International Council on Education for Teaching" as amended by the 1969 Representative Assembly. (JS)

Thirty-two papers presented at the seventh annual seminar of the Documentation Research and Training Center explore: (1) Universe of Subjects - Its Development and Structure, (2) Subject Analysis and Classification, (3) Subject Headings, (4) Librametry and Its Scope, (5) Subject Analysis, (6) Library Work, (7) Documentation List, (8) Library Usage, (9) Organization of Research, (10) Management of Translation Service and (11) Document Research and Training Center Research Cell: Report for 1969. (MF)

The opening session of the seventh annual seminar of the Documentation Research and Training Center is provided in verbatim form. The section of Group Meetings and Plenary Sessions examines the propositions presented in the thirty-two papers presented in Volume I (LI 002 230). The balance of the report provides: (1) the Valedictory Address and the Vote of Thanks that was given as part of the Concluding Session, (2) the list of office-bearers and groups, (3) the list of delegates, (4) the time table, (5) the Draft Rules of Procedure for Plenary Sessions and Group Meetings and (6) an index. (MF)

GRADES OR AGES: Grade 9. SUBJECT MATTER: Social Studies; Indian civilization. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The central part of the guide is divided into seven subunits, each of which is laid out in three columns, one each for topics, activities, and materials. Other sections are in list form. The guide is mimeographed and staple-bound with a paper cover. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: General objectives for the unit are listed on the first page. Each group of activities in the second column is related to a topic in the first column. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Each group of materials listed in the third column is related to one or more activities. In addition four appendixes contain curriculum materials. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: No mention. OPTIONS: The guide is prescriptive as to course content and timing. Activities and materials are optional. (RT)

Many developing countries face severe problems in their education systems, and their search for solutions to these problems is conducted with great urgency. An important area where possible solutions are being examined is educational technology. This paper examines five questions which are important to its use in developing countries: (a) what are the main problems of education in the developing nations; (b) what is educational technology; (c) to what problems has it been applied and with what results; (d) what new approaches, developments and innovations are being prepared which are relevant to the developing nations; and, (e) what things must be done in educational technology, if it is to be truly responsive to their needs? In summary, it is concluded that developing countries must be shown the cost-benefit of educational technology. A bibliography is appended. (Author/MF)

Part of a report of seminar proceedings, these papers on community development in developing nations deal largely with conditions, requirements, and effective principles of rural extension; the government system of community development village workers in outlying regions of Thailand; the methods, organization, accomplishments, and prospects of national development in India; the role of the Presidential Assistant on Community Development in the Philippines; and community development functions of the intergovernmental South Pacific Commission. In addition to reviewing concepts and goals of effective community development, a final group report examines the roles and influence of governments, voluntary organizations, private enterprise, political structures, urbanization, cultural growth, and the national economy. Increased outside assistance and more extensive research are recommended. (ly)

Case studies presented by graduate students from the United States and seven other nations dealt with topics in extension education. A system analysis approach to the problems in organizing extension services in developing nations was described, as well as physical and sociocultural problems (including illiteracy) which hinder audiovisual communication in rural areas. The Faculty of Agriculture at Kabul University was used to illustrate a discussion of the proper role of universities and colleges in Afghanistan. An evaluation was given of the relative influence of extension clubs and other extension approaches in Formosa and an analysis of the role of the National Institute for Agricultural Technology (Argentine) in Extension work, and the need for improved inservice training and cooperation with universities. The principles, process, and historical development of rural extension in the United States was outlined and implications suggested for program planning in Malaysia and Sudan. Final papers covered problems in recruiting and training village level extension workers in the Sudan, and Puerto Rican community development projects that illustrated the value of agency coordination. Also included are tables, diagrams, and references. (ly)

The paper examines the role of adult education and the contribution it can make to the solution of current problems in developing countries, particularly the problems of economic under-development and over-population. (Author/AG)

This paper tackles the assumption that as a country with a joint family system modernizes, the result will be the decline of the joint family in terms of the property relations among fathers, sons, and brothers. (Author)

This conference booklet seeks to assist high school teachers who teach about Asia. Emphasis is upon providing a bibliography, with course outlines and background materials also offered. Four hundred annotated citations focusing on book, periodical, and other resource materials, published within the last decade, are provided for teachers working with advanced and able students who desire to investigate topics in depth. The bibliography is arranged into six main sections: China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, general, and publishers addresses. In an effort to promote cultural understandings, three course outlines on China and two on India offer examples of differing teaching approaches for secondary grade levels. Four papers provide background readings on several ways of generalizing about Chinese culture and society, land settlement, Chinese ethnocentrism, and the politics of imperial China; the classical music of India; the search for relevance in Japanese history; and nationalism and communism in Southeast Asia. (SJM)

This guide provides an overview and practical suggestions for the literacy administrator and worker. Chapters deal with: an overview of the problem of illiteracy; adult learner characteristics; methods of teaching languages to illiterate adults; the organization, administration, and supervision of literacy classes; patterns of adult education; audiovisual materials; techniques of conducting a class; teaching material and equipment; followup services; dropouts; the teacher of adults; testing of adults; supervision; and literacy records. Appendixes include sample survey forms; articles required for literacy classes; a functional literacy syllabus; guidelines for formulating functional literacy projects; sample of test papers; statistics on literacy in India; and a bibliography. (DM)

This paper discusses some of the problems encountered in conducting behaviorally oriented programs, using a small group laboratory approach, in developing nations. The organizational and social contexts in developing nations which might contribute to issues in management training are briefly outlined. Specific problems relating to training executives and trainers are discussed and some suggestions are offered based on experiences in India. The document contains 33 references. (Authors/LY)

Based on a paper presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language, London, England, December 1970. (RS)

Paper reveals that Canadian children tend to begin their school life at a later age than U.S. or Indian children and that Canadian school participation rates peak a year earlier and thereafter decline more rapidly than U.S. rates. (Author/CB)

Paper presented at the 25th All India Adult Education Conference held in Bombay, India, October 30-November 3, 1972. (DS)

THE 21 WORKING PAPERS IN THIS BOOK WERE PREPARED BY AMERICAN SCHOLARS IN THE FIELD OF SOUTH ASIAN AREA AND LANGUAGE STUDIES FOR A CONFERENCE CONVENED BY THE COMMITTEE ON SOUTH ASIA OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN STUDIES IN 1961. THE CONFERENCE DEALT WITH THE NEED FOR RESEARCH ON SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND IN SPECIFIC DISCIPLINES AS WELL AS THE PRESENT CONDITION OF SOUTH ASIAN AREA STUDIES IN GENERAL. A COMPANION VOLUME, "RESOURCES FOR SOUTH ASIAN LANGUAGE STUDIES," CONCERNS THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND PERSONNEL, WHILE THIS VOLUME INTEGRATES THE TEACHING OF SOUTH ASIAN LANGUAGES WITH AREA STUDIES. INCLUDED WITH THE WORKING PAPERS IS A "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE" WHICH SUMMARIZES THE MANY SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS PRESENTED IN THE PAPERS AND DISCUSSED AT THE CONFERENCE MEETINGS. THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS, 3436 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19104, ($5.00). (JD)

IN 1960 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA A CONFERENCE WAS CONVENED TO SURVEY THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND AREA STUDIES OF SOUTH ASIA AND TO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A PROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT. THE 23 PARTICIPANTS INCLUDED PROMINENT AMERICAN SCHOLARS FROM UNIVERSITIES WHERE SOUTH ASIAN LANGUAGES ARE TAUGHT AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE AND OTHER INTERESTED GROUPS. ELEVEN WORKING PAPERS WERE PREPARED FOR THE CONFERENCE AND ARE PUBLISHED HERE. THE PAPERS DEAL WITH AMERICAN RESOURCES FOR SOUTH ASIAN LANGUAGE STUDY AND SUGGEST PRIORITIES FOR FURTHER WORK ON NEW TEXTS, RESOURCE MATERIALS, TEACHING METHODS, AND CURRICULUM GUIDES. IN A "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE," ALSO PUBLISHED IN THIS VOLUME, THE EDITOR SUMMARIZES THE TOPICS COVERED AT THE CONFERENCE MEETINGS AND PRESENTS THE SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PARTICIPANTS. THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS, 3436 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19104, ($4.00). (JD)

Four thousand immigrant schoolchildren were screened by using a concentration method on a single faecal specimen for intestinal helminths; 1,468 (37%) were positive. Carriage rates were highest (51%) in children from the West Indies, in whom trichuris (75% of carriers) and ascaris (40% of carriers) predominated; carriage of two or more species was common (36% of carriers). Carriage of worms was low in children from Kenya (16%) and Uganda (7%). Children from South-east Asia, predominantly from India and Pakistan, had carriage rates between 30 and 40%; girls and boys from Pakistan differed significantly in their carriage patterns of hook-worm (commoner in boys) and hymenolepis and ascaris (commoner in girls). Five salmonellas were found, two of which were Salmonella typhi, and five Shigella sonnei were isolated. No isolates were made of Vibrio cholerae (classical or El Tor biotypes) from 590 South-east Asian children.

In countries of temperate climate, such as the United Kingdom, the fluid and electrolyte requirements for a patient recovering from surgery are well known. During the past decade much work has been done on the metabolic response to trauma, and a great deal of information has been documented (Moore and Ball, 1952). Those studies, however, have been carried out mainly in North America and Europe, and as such are strictly applicable only to patients under like conditions. The different circumstances of surgical patients in the tropics, both racial and climatic, make it probable that there are differences in their requirements to an extent that appears, as yet, to be insufficiently known.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was reassessed in April and May 1971, 10 years after the discovery of widespread late rickets and osteomalacia in the Glasgow Pakistani community. Evidence of vitamin D deficiency was found in 28 out of 115 adults and children examined (24%). Children at the age of puberty were most severely affected by rickets, whereas most infants and younger children in the survey were protected by vitamin D supplements. Mild biochemical osteomalacia was common in Pakistani women. A total of 21 Pakistani and Indian children with rickets were admitted to Glasgow hospitals during 1968-70. These comprised 10 children with infantile rickets and 11 with late rickets. Four of the latter group required osteotomy for severe rachitic deformity. Late rickets and osteomalacia in Pakistani and Indian immigrants are not primarily due to nutritional deficiency of vitamin D, though the high phytate content of their diet may be of aetiological importance. A combination of environmental, social, and endogenous factors, the relative importance of which is not at present clear, may also be involved. Advice on the prophylaxis of vitamin D deficiency should be given to all Pakistani and Indian communities in the United Kingdom.

A total of 164 patients from Australia, Ceylon, India, Singapore, and Thailand were studied for the prevalence of autoantibodies associated with "idiopathic" chronic liver disease-namely, antinuclear antibody, smooth muscle antibody, and mitochondrial antibody. The prevalence of these autoantibodies was high among patients from Australia (55%), but was low among patients from Ceylon (14%), India (11%), Singapore (0%), and Thailand (8%). There are variations in types of hepatitis and cirrhosis between races, and this applies particularly to the type associated with autoimmune markers. This may be related to genetic differences that have evolved between peoples of European and Asian descent.

Of 100 malnourished Indian infants and children 50 showed a stool pH below 6. Carbohydrate-loading tests demonstrated intolerance to lactose in 39, to sucrose in 25, and to maltose in 15. D-Xylose absorption was reduced in 16. Steatorrhoea was detected in 7 of 18 children tested. Nutritional recovery reversed the abnormalities in all except four, in whom a primary enzymic deficiency was considered on the basis of persistent lactose intolerance and a positive family history.

Oil-aspiration pneumonia is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in infants and young children in South India. The high incidence of this condition results from the local custom of giving oil baths to infants and of cleansing the mouth, throat, and nose with oil. The clinical findings in 12 cases, 10 of them in babies aged under 8 months, are described. The signs range from an acute segmental collapse of the lung, clearing in a few days, to a chronic picture mimicking pulmonary tuberculosis or mucoviscoidosis. Mothers in South India should be advised to abandon the practice of cleansing their baby9s mouth and nose with oil.

Thirty-four cases of malabsorption are described in young adults after brief periods of overland travel to India. Symptoms included diarrhoea, abdominal distension, and weight loss. Investigation revealed fat, xylose, and vitamin B(12) malabsorption with marked morphological changes in the mucosa. Lower levels of serum folate and vitamin B(12) were observed in those with protracted diarrhoea, but no anaemia developed. Malabsorption may persist for many months after return to the U.K. Most patients responded initially to antibiotics, but some subsequently relapsed. The reasons why these patients developed tropical sprue are discussed.

In order to assess the trend in the body load of organochlorine pesticide residues in Great Britain, between July 1965 and June 1967 samples of fat were taken during routine necropsies on 247 subjects over 3 years old and on 44 stillborn or premature babies and infants below the age of 3. The levels of the three main pesticides, B.H.C., dieldrin, and D.D.T., were lower than those found in an earlier survey carried out in 1963 and 1964. No marked differences were observed in levels throughout Britain, but the levels in man were higher than those in women. Britain compares favourably with other countries in which similar surveys have been done.

Haemoglobin, serum vitamin B(12), and serum and red cell folate levels have been measured in 322 pregnant immigrant women in London at their first booking and in a proportion at 34 weeks of gestation and postnatally. The Indian, East-African Indian, and Pakistani and Bangladeshi patients showed significantly lower initial mean serum vitamin B(12) levels than the European group, the levels being lower in Hindu and Sikh patients than in Moslems. The patients of West Indian, Indian, and East-African Indian origin showed significantly lower initial mean haemoglobin levels than the immigrants from European countries. Though there was no overall correlation between haemoglobin and serum vitamin B(12) level the incidence of hypersegmented polymorphs and macrocytosis in the peripheral blood was highest in the Indian and East-African Indian patients, and both these features were particularly frequent in patients with subnormal serum vitamin B(12) levels. Only one patient, however, had overt megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B(12) deficiency. The Indian patients whose red cell folate levels were less than 200 ng/ml also had a lower mean serum vitamin B(12) level than those with red cell folate levels greater than 200 ng/ml. The Indian patients had smaller babies than the Europeans but this was not related to the differences in vitamin B(12) status between the two groups. However, out of 39 babies of the Indian group 5 (13%) showed subnormal serum vitamin B(12) levels in the first 10 days of life, the lowest level being 120 pg/ml.Though there was an overall statistically significant fall in serum vitamin B(12) between first booking and 34 weeks of pregnancy there was no significant fall in serum vitamin B(12) in those who initially had subnormal levels. Thus many Indian women are vitamin B(12) deficient in pregnancy, and this is associated with morphological blood abnormalities in many cases, but megaloblastic anaemia due to this deficiency is relatively infrequent.

The incidence of dental fluorosis in 46,000 children in the Punjab was assessed and compared with the fluoride content of their water supplies. Ten villages were selected for more detailed studies of skeletal as well as dental fluorosis. Factors other than the fluoride contect of the drinking water which were found to influence the incidence and the severity of fluorosis were the chemical composition of the water and in particular its calcium content; the duration of exposure; sex and occupation; nutritional status; and climatic and geological variations. The role of fluoride-containing foodstuffs has yet to be assessed.

Drachman, D. A., and Adams, R. D. (1962). Arch. Neurol. (Chic), 7, 45. Haymaker, W. (1949). J. Neuropath, exp. Neurol, 8, 132. Jellinger, K., P?etsch, F., and Seitelberger, F. (1964). Acta neuropath. (Berl.), 3, 278. Leider, W., Magoffin, R. L., Lennette, E. H., and Leonards, L. N. R. (1965). New Engl. J. Med., 273, 341. MacCallum, F. O., Potter, J. M., and Edwards, D. H. (1964). Lancet, 2, 332. Pierce, N. F., Portnoy, B., Leeds, N. E., Morrison, R. L., and Wehrle, P. F. (1964). Neurol. (Minneap.), 14, 708. Ross, C. A. C, and Sharpe, J. H. S. (1965). Lancet, 2, 708. Smith, M. G., Lennette, E. H., and Reames, H. R. (1941). Amer. J. Path., 17. 55.

Cerebral angiographic findings in ischaemic stroke are described and discussed in detail. Though the Indian patients studied had altogether different social customs, living standards, and dietary habits from Western people, the relative incidence of various cerebral vascular lesions did not differ significantly. Irrespective of the poor nutritional status of the patients, thrombosis associated with atherosclerosis was chiefly responsible for a non-embolic cerebral infarction. Atherothrombosis in the young normotensive persons not showing any evidence of arteritis, diabetes mellitus, or hypercholesterolaemia was also identified.The grave risks involved in cerebral angiography in cases of acute stroke are re-emphasized.As to prognosis, the nutritional status, the type and territory of an ictal lesion, and the blood levels of sugar and cholesterol had no significant influence on the immediate survival-after a non-embolic cerebral infarction. However, a significantly greater number of deaths were encountered in the hypertensive patients. Female patients and patients with a large cerebral infarction had a poor prognosis.

Nine poppy-head addicts were seen at a Birmingham hospital. Seven were Sikhs born in Jullundur and two were West Pakistanis. Most began their poppy-head addiction in their early 20s, usually out of curiosity or to relieve the hangover effects of alcohol. Only two took opium in addition and one of these had taken cannabis, morphine, and heroin. They all drank several pints of beer a day and were heavy smokers. All had had little schooling and married young. Most of them were industrious foundry workers in good physical health. Withdrawal of poppy capsules failed in each case. The present situation whereby an addictive drug is readily imported and sold in local shops is questioned.