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This paper challenges resilience literature, which often strips grassroots actors of their political agency and reduces their resilient actions to no more than adapting, mitigating or recovering from an exogenous hazard. I apply an everyday resistance framework to unpack Puerto Ricans' responses to the impacts of Hurricane Maria, which devastated the Caribbean Island in 2017. This methodological approach situates acts of resilience within the colonial relations that characterise the United States−Puerto Rico relationship. First, people's acts of resilience are shown to signify acts of resistance to pursue self‐determination and relinquish their dependency on the United States for their everyday lives and disaster recovery. Second, the paper demonstrates how resistance is enacted by women in the domestic space, which challenges masculinist and patriarchal notions of resistance. Third, exploring resilience "from below" is suggested to expose how state‐centric conceptualisations of resilience do not fit neatly with how disaster‐affected people define and intuitively enact resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung is the property of Leipziger Universitaetsverlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inspired by Barthes's analysis of a Paris Match cover image, our paper semiotically explores two oil-on-canvas images by New Zealand-born Indian artist Bephen Bahana. Within our exploration, we use constructs of denotation, connotation, myth and archetype to illuminate those images. Our research aim was to find the meaning behind the two portraits' visual aesthetics. In doing so, we reveal Bahana's The Curry Bunch (2012) images to be a visual shorthand signifying Indian history and the ways in which American media influence impacts notions of identity. Specifically, our insights reveal the ways in which many contemporary Indian people might 'see themselves'. While our work concentrates upon Indian imagery, myth and archetype, those considerations have pan-cultural connections. In these ways, our paper links pop art to popular culture and, in doing so, raises questions about how the canon and hierarchy of art have come to reflect and reinforce wider sociocultural norms. Our paper offers a voice of resistance, in much the same style as Bahana's images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Singapore Grip (1978) is the third instalment of the Empire trilogy by Booker Prize-winning novelist James Gordon Farrell. It inscribes colonial Singapore’s socio-economic situation through the story of a British tycoon who is engaged in multi-commercial enterprises, mainly rubber business, in the colony of Singapore. The present paper examines the titular phrase “Singapore Grip” in the novel. It argues that Farrell explores many aspects of British colonialism in Singapore through this phrase. By decoding the multiple connotations of the phrase, through reading instances from the novel, the paper will foreground the social, political, and economic issues critical in understanding colonialism in colonial Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensual Contact Zones. Making a Case for the Senses in Colonial History. This paper takes its point of departure in popular colonial cookbooks that describe how tastes 'from home' were to be imitated as accurately as possible in the tropics. It suggests looking at colonial contact zones in a new way, using methods of sensory history in two steps. First, the paper investigates how different sensory regimes clashed in the contact zones and how everyday colonial experiences, their related colonial sensory regimes, and competitions were processed in 'civilizing missions'. Second, it analyses how a history of colonial sensuality can contribute to our understanding of colonial suppression, racism, and the negotiation of power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Englishmen at Sea: Labor and the Nation at the Dawn of Empire, 1570–1630" by Eleanor Hubbard is a book that offers a new perspective on the social history of English seafarers during a crucial period in the development of England's maritime empire. The author draws on state papers, printed sources, and detailed depositions to explore the experiences of seafarers and their role in the development of imperial and commercial networks. The book challenges traditional notions of hierarchy on ships and examines the complex construction of English identity among seafarers. While the book has received praise, some critics argue that it may oversimplify the relationships between seafarers, the state, and employers, and that the transition from plunder to commerce was not as clear-cut as the author suggests. Overall, "Englishmen at Sea" is a significant contribution to the field of maritime social history and is likely to generate further discussion on the role of seafarers in early imperial expansion. [Extracted from the article]

Certain aspects of the initial phase of the process of incorporation of the Serbian metropolitanates in Bosnia and Herzegovina into the state-legal system of Austria-Hungary from the church-law, i.e., canonical aspect, are the subject of this paper. The legal status of the Serbian metropolitanates in BH during the time period following the Congress of Berlin was being settled between Vienna and Constantinople. The final outcome of the negotiations between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Viennese Court was the Convention from the year of 1880 on temporary solution to the relations between the Serbian Orthodox metropolitanates in BH and the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The main part of the paper is about the analysis of the Convention provisions concerning the selection and dismissal of a higher hierarchy from the church-law aspect. Then, on the basis of the concrete examples from the Church life, an estimation of these events from the perspective of the Canon law is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites the papers presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies (AAS) held at the Los Angeles Hilton Hotel on March 30 to April 1, 1979. A panel entitled "The Chinese World Order: Perspectives from the Periphery," included the paper "Military Uses of the Tributary System: Korea and the Early Ming," by Donald N. Clark. Papers presented at a panel on "Stability and Dynamics in Chinese Civilization: Some Preliminary Views," and a panel on "State Ceremonial in Later Imperial China" are also listed.

In this paper, I shift critical attention from a focus on the colonialists' overt rapacious practices to a more fundamental question of how the Other is framed and perceived in the eyes of the colonialists in Heart of Darkness. I argue that the text allows Marlow to transcend the limits of his culturally-determined perception and perceive the uniqueness of the Other in his confrontation with the unknown; as such, it resists the inculcated exclusion of the Other. To this end, I first reconsider a characteristic Conradian technique – "delayed decoding" – in the narrative, and show how this literary device unveils the driving telos of perception, the culturally-mediated selective attention. Thereafter, I trace the ways in which Marlow attempts to transcend the limits of his culturally-prescribed perception and see the Other for who they are, even as he remains confined within perceptive boundaries inscribed by European language and culture. The last section discusses how Conrad creates a dynamic space for Africa by assiduously attending to Africa per se in his writing. Ultimately, the paper aims to reveal how colonialism continues to exert its influence on the way that the contemporary world itself is framed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the economics jargon on 'rational choice', nowadays the entire world has nothing else to choose except to succumb under the spell of magic words of modern economics, i.e. 'neoliberalism', 'financial liberalization', 'free market' (laissez-faire), and 'globalization'. All of these can be shown to be part of a preconception, called "utility maximization" (cf. Milton Friedmann), i.e. far beyond the 'neutral' idea of natural sciences. In Fritjof Capra's book 'Turning Point' (Bantam Books, 1982) these phenomena are summarized as follows: economics thinking have started by assuming that in economics sciences one can achieve the same generality and universality that physicists enjoy in doing Natural Sciences. In other words, economists try through their work to become 'hard science' rather than recognizing that in economics the subject of their study is human/people which is far from being predictable, either as individual or as society. As an alternative path way and in accordance with Edward Said's "Culture and Imperialism", it has become more obvious that culture is a vehicle of imperialism all over the world through globalization. In this paper, this writer argues that the term of Cultural Advantage which I and Prof. Florentin Smarandache coined back then 2008, can be a postcolonial resistance, i.e. a method which can be used by developing and under-developing countries (especially in Asia) to resist the globalization of culture brought by the First World Countries. In this paper, this writer will discuss why Postcolonialism study matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging discussions on the "settler colonial city" present a new agenda for gentrification research in settler colonial contexts. Accordingly, this paper examines the extent to which the gentrification literature engages with settler colonial dynamics, identifying three overarching approaches. While a small but growing body of literature frames gentrification as a contemporary mechanism of Indigenous erasure, other approaches engage with concepts of settler colonialism in abstraction from contemporary Indigenous life and claims to urban space. The paper argues the persistence of these abstractions undermines the recognition of settler colonial gentrification as Indigenous erasure and limits the current potential for the gentrification literature to contribute to the disruption of settler colonial relations. In response, there is a need for further empirical and theoretical work that attends to the impulse for Indigenous elimination as a unique dimension of gentrification in settler colonial contexts. Insight from literature on the "settler colonial city" underlines the particular importance of extending conceptions of anti‐gentrification resistance to emphasize Indigenous refusal of gentrified futures and examine how (settler‐led) anti‐gentrification responses disrupt or sustain settler colonial relations. These directions provide opportunities to (re)conceptualize gentrification and its responses in ways that address the reproduction of (dis)possessory settler colonial relations while recognizing "the flourishing of Indigenous life" (Dorries, 2019, p. 27). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings the 1858 trial of 82 years old Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar into the mainstream international law. It discusses the aesthetical aspects of Zafar's trial, who was tried as a British Subject, despite being the Indian sovereign. The paper argues that the trial was used as a tool to colonise India. It also points out the treatment given to Zafar post his arrest, when he was displayed to the Europeans 'like a beast in a cage'. It highlights the confusing nature of the trial which was, at times, presented as an enquiry. Moreover, it tells Zafar's story from his point of view. The paper also highlights the blind-spots in the subject of international law where Zafar's trial finds no mention. It provokes readers to question their understanding of colonialism by pointing out the well-known nature of trial of Warren Hastings, but the obscurity surrounding Zafar's trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli was a well-known ulama (scholar) in education as well as an important political figure. This paper discusses the political activities of Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli using a content analysis approach with historical methods. In addition, this paper also uses the creative minority theory developed by Toynbee that oppression always gives birth to a small group of creative minority. The findings in this study are that, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli as a politician, dealt with colonialism by taking a cooperative way which politically benefitted the Minangkabau community. During the Dutch colonial period, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli successfully established VIOS (Vereeniging Ittihadul Oelama Sumatra), the Tarbiah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), and stopped the Marriage Bill which was drafted by the Dutch colonialists from becoming law. During the Japanese occupation, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli formed the Minangkabau Islamic High Council (MITM), served as General Chair of the Assembly and successfully inspired youth to join the People’s Army. After independence, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli became chairman of the Constituent Assembly session in 1955 and was the highest advisor to the Tarbiyah Islamiyah Unity Party. He was also one of the founding figures of Lasykar Muslimin Indonesia (Lasymi), advisor to the Military Governor of Central Sumatra and Chairman of the MUSI Commission (All Indonesian Ulema Council) in Palembang in opposing communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-20th century, cities in Africa drift awkwardly along paths charted by different shades of development ideologies, development hypothesis, planning theories, and planning mandates. These cities end up as inevitable products of intervening culture and policy formulation hegemony from abroad. They function outside the mainstream of the global economy; hence, they barely share the global perception of world cities, as economic centers of excellence for manufacturing, and information products that influence the global economy, as profit-making corporate entities with the potentials to perform economic functions, and as a remote sensor for measuring capitalist development. In the context of emerging city networking for new regionalism, this paper argues that Africa requires an alternative hypothesis of world cities. Therefore, the paper aims to suggest a hypothesis of world cities that makes sense of African realities. The critical question is what hypothesis of world cities is suitable for Africa? The underlying research problem subsists in rethinking the city, which involves the reversal of the alterations that sustain the imperial status of cities in Africa. Using a qualitative research methodology the paper contributes the 'worldwide city' hypothesis of world cities for Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analysing the liminal and thus ambiguous position of both Ireland and the Irish within the British Empire through Mary O'Donnell's short story "Empire", published in an eponymous collection in 2018. My approach is critically informed by the theoretical perspective of liminal studies, which have characterised the short story as the liminal genre par excellence, and are thus especially suitable to address the complexities of postcolonial identities. This paper focuses on the different thematic and narrative techniques the story employs to represent different Irish experiences, while negotiating conflicting identities and spaces at a time of political upheaval and social unrest - in the years surrounding the Great War and the Easter Rising - thus providing a contemporary perspective that invites reflection and re-consideration of the official Irish national memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Procesos Historicos is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas (RIPS) is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the urban space as an ecology of anxiety in post-9/11 literature. After the atomic bomb drop on Hiroshima in August 1945, survivors testified of experiencing prior to the bombing an anticipatory trauma known as bukimi rooted in the belief that a catastrophic event was forthcoming. Paul K. Saint-Amour suggests that similar experiences to bukimi are not exclusive to the residents of Hiroshima but came to structure post-war urban experience as a result of a nuclear condition wrought by the Cold War. My paper explores whether a contemporary bukimi can be identified in post-9/11 literature. The post-9/11 novel—works which directly or indirectly acknowledge the terrorist attacks—present familiar but ambiguous forms of risk engendered by the threat of terrorism and maintained in the form of an urban-originated anxiety. This anxiety is rooted in the spectre of an event that’s never total or conclusive—an event that promises witness testimony and the maintenance of traumatic memories, but which also eclipses calamitous structures (like global warming) that are gradual and continuous. To unravel this contemporary species of bukimi, my paper examines depictions of the urban space in the post-9/11 literature of Foer and McEwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the influences of French colonialism on the creation of Lebanon’s modern political institutions. The recent political, economic, and social turmoil occurring in Lebanon has motivated continued research and deliberation over the forces that manifested this complete downfall, and the nation’s possible solutions going forward. This research observes the current collapse of the Lebanese government and contextualizes these events as the result of decades of colonial control that failed to maintain stable institutions and peaceful religious cohabitation. The evidence in this paper assesses confessional governance as a form of political rule and concludes that its implementation manifests discord and makes sustained political stability impossible. Using modern case studies such as the Civil War and the Beirut Port Explosion, this paper elucidates the nation’s path toward collapse and demonstrates that it is the result of a century of divisive colonial politics and power struggles. This paper is divided into three sections. Section one examines the history behind the French mandate, and how it effectively institutionalized the confessional system in Lebanese politics. This takes a close look at Lebanon’s independence, and the colonial legacy of religious tension that precluded any hopes of effective governance. Section two puts forth the argument that Lebanon’s confessional system played a primary role in causing the 1975 Civil War that took the lives of over 200,000 people. Lastly, section three introduces a modern-day case study by observing the August 2020 Beirut port explosion as a result of the political system’s failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Omran for Social Sciences is the property of Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Generally, plants constitute the very foundation of human and nonhuman life. These organisms, among others produce fresh air that surrounds the Earth and provide organisms with food and nutrition. They provide organisms with medication, shelter and wearable materials. Moreover, plants are vital sources and materials for botanical imagination. Their omnipresence in literature in form of tales and devices such as symbols, similes, metaphors, satire, and personification is not a new thing; they have been making their appearances in art from since time immemorial. However, a critical eye on their potential literary imaginings particularly in Tanzania's orality has largely been unnoticed or overlooked as a minor issue. Through the analysis of selected Sangu plant tales informed by a post-colonial eco-critical perspective, this paper shows how plant tales can help arouse general interest in plants and the floralrelated narrative experiences as resources for making sense of human dependency on the vegetal beings and as a way initiating a meaningful dialogue about environmental protection from a literary point-of-view. More significantly, the paper uses the same vegetal tales to demonstrate the credibility and richness of the environment-related genuine information, wisdom and worldviews found in the oral literature of the African people in the struggle to combat the on-going global environmental crisis. This realisation negates the long-lived misconception that African literature is mediocre and does not satisfy universal aesthetic standards and sensibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the making of a 'new man' character in Adichie's Americanah and discusses how such a moulded man integrates himself in society and deals with other gendered worlds. The discussion shows how much Adichie in the representation of 'new man' character in her novel rejects the naturalisation of the unchangeability of the male subject by dramatizing how much the male's enactment of masculine-self is contingent to the orientation one gets. In this paper, I establish that that Adichie's representation of progressive 'new man' character in her novel does not only serve as a role model for ideal alternative masculinity, but also re-invents a space necessary for a progressive female character to belong in hetero-patriarchal setting of the novel. Although the categorisation of modes of masculinity in this paper begins with Connell's binary of hegemonic and subordinate masculinities, the objective of the discussion is beyond such fixity. My interest in this paper is precisely on the sets of masculinity which, although they divert from the hegemony, the difference or the deficit of hegemonic masculinity does not suggest the inferiority. The paper borrows Swain's (2006) "personalized masculinities" to refer to softer and transgressive modes of masculinities that are rebellious against the naturalisation of heteronormativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at 'Maasainess' and Whiteness as binaries in constant engagement aimed to question how Whiteness is re-inscribed in Maasainess in the autobiographical genre. It explores the image of the Maasai often figured as a male warrior, a residue from the colonial intrusion into the East African region during the nineteenth century. To trace the various embodiments of this male figure and how it enhances the intersections between Maasainess and Whiteness, I focus on two autobiographies by Euro-American women: Corine Hoffman's The White Maasai and Budgor's The Warrior Princess: Becoming the First Female Maasai Warrior. Drawing from Mary Louise Pratt's idea of the contact zones and Renato Rosaldo's imperial nostalgia, the paper reads Maasainess and Whiteness as sites of cultural encounters, even contested encounters. Both Hofmann and Budgor appropriate the Maasai male warrior by way of nostalgia as a trope and double cultural signifier to embody and reflect white privilege as well as freeze the image of Africa to its colonial past. It argues that the autobiography as a tool for self-expression is employed to extend the colonial agenda to appropriate cultural spaces and entities to further perpetuate the differences between Maasainess and Whiteness as cultural markers. However, the two autobiographies read here as medium of selfexpression defy such cultural appropriations through their constant engagement with Whiteness and Maasainess as categories of difference, highlighting the fault lines in the cultural appropriation of Maasainess by Whiteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Neophilologica is the property of Acta Neophilologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper argues that the presence and actions of venomous snakes helped to shape the image, policy and trajectory of the environment of Taiwan under the Japanese rule (1895-1945). Venomous snakes challenged the natural and colonial order that the Japanese colonial government intended to impose on Taiwan--with the goal of managing its natural resources and organising its sociopolitical order. The perceived epidemic of snakebites or envenoming thus became a scientific topic for institutionalised research and an environmental and biomedical problem to be solved. The paper goes on to examine the development of snake antivenom in Taiwan in the global context of scientific colonialism and medical science. Venom and serum research emerged as an important research field in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Scientific centres in Europe, colonies in warm climates and aspiring nations practising creole science all played a significant role in developing antivenom. Animals--including snakes, laboratory animals, and large mammals in serum production--were vital actors in the process. This historical episode demonstrates the importance of animal history to environmental history, the history of science and the history of colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approaching the problem of artificial creativity through the lens of machine vision, this article examines the impact of computer science's model of vision on our socio-political values and institutions. It also proposes a creative experiment in "conceptual engineering," which entails an attempt to build a non-trivial perception machine. This idea references two science papers on the relationship between humans and machines: Heinz von Foerster's "Perception of the Future and the Future of Perception," in which the concept of a "nontrivial machine" was first introduced, and Gerald M. Edelman and George N. Reeke Jr.'s "Is It Possible to Construct a Perception Machine?". Critically engaging with those papers, the author ends by constructing a conceptual scaffolding for the theory and praxis of machine perception, while addressing the wider problem of epistemic and racial (in)justice in the industry focused on getting machines to "see.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Odia Ofeimun's two poetry collections: A Feast of Return and Under African Skies. The aim is to underscore Ofeimun's deployment of the folkloric tradition, invocative poetry and mytho-historicity as aesthetic designs in the re-invention of modern Africa. The objective is to demonstrate how the foregoing aesthetic designs foreground Ofeimun's African gaze and poetic imagination with which he locates Africa in glorious and heroic moments of the past, just like the Negritude poets did, yet, in his poetic imagination of Africa of the past, Ofeimun shows how the issues of the moment in Africa draw from a complicated past event in Africa. This paper adopts Edward Said's notion of contrapuntal reading as a hermeneutic practise and a qualitative descriptive, analytic method. In the findings, this paper notes that Ofeimun does not offer a superficial or exaggerated romanticisation of Africa's past; instead, by showing a connection between Africa's past with Africa's present, Ofeimun deepens the conversation and debate on Africa's history, epistemology, identity and the subject of euro-western colonialism, particularly in Southern Africa. This paper concludes that Ofeimun's poetic imagination of the past speaks of historical remembrance configured as trance and memory. This historical remembrance is a strategy of re-invention and a panacea for charting a new course for modern Africa today in terms of self-re-conceptualisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A careful evaluation of recent history illustrates that the claim that US and NATO expansion threatens Moscow's existence is an exaggeration. That Russia would inflate fears of NATO to pursue its global aspirations is understandable. What is less comprehensible is the degree to which influential Western thinkers, particularly on the anti-imperial US left, have promoted this narrative. This paper will examine the work of prominent US anti-imperial leftists who view the Russo-Ukrainian war through a US-centric lens, a conceptual framework that distorts the historical record. It will first document how these commentators' explanatory models give outsized attention to US maneuvers, while neglecting regional fault lines, Russian irredentism and historical nuance. Consequently, many US anti-imperial leftists conclude that the US/NATO alliance is to blame for Russia's invasion of Ukraine. This paper will explore Russia-NATO interactions and Moscow's imperial discourse to demonstrate that the blame NATO stance obfuscates the historical record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper would examine the evolutionary parade of postcolonial theory and its practice across time and space. There will be an attempt to pen down the paradigmatic shifts from precolonialism to colonialism to postcolonialism and to the very recent phenomenon, i.e. multiculturism. Through this whole journey the canonisation of literature has also evolved with new dimensions. The idea of studying English literature in Indian classroom has been mystified and resisted by the students due to anxiety created in the classroom where teaching has always been a one-way traffic system. But no education will be complete until it becomes a reciprocative process. For years the courses which offer to study English literature forced young minds to go through the imperious task of reading/learning Western or Anglo- American texts. Rather there should be a conscious project where students will meet the cognitive criteria that is the pursuit to read both old syllabus texts and the counter canonical texts. Thus the ascribed course will offer English as well as Asian works. The learning will then be a liberal practice of possibilities, independent investigation of intellectual, social and political issues. Institutions must be retained as the place for free search and exchange of diverse ideologies. The paper will deplore the intense pressure laid upon the learners by forcing them to read the so-called authorial texts from different ages. The following research will aim to discuss the "Third World" novels in general and a particular text, i.e. Amitav Ghosh's The Shadow Lines. It will address Ghosh's text to move towards the issue of "other" yet also making a proposal to analyse his text as a counter reaction to the mainstream colonial propaganda; "Writing Back" to the prevailing current of thought. Before reading the text it is important to be acquainted with Kipling's Kim or Conrad's The Shadow-Line in order to understand the nature of discourse and its counter formations. Ghosh's text is not only restricted to a rundown of partition but also a description of complex survey of the consequences held by colonialism in Calcutta and Dhaka divided by shadowy national borderlines. Despite of several boundaries and national identities it is impossible to refuse the reality of multiculturalism. This paper, therefore, will aim to examine the novel through the transitional approach of theoretical perceptions with a historical orientation relating to pedagogical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to define the way Egyptians perceived the boundaries of their land and reassesses the impact of Egyptian colonialism during the Ramesside period (c. 1292–1069 BCE). During this era, expansive wars, diplomatic action and land administration/governance reforms led Egypt to control a large part of modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. To refer to this period, historians often use the terms Egyptian "empire" and Egyptian "imperialism", extending terminology coined in the 19th century to describe modern cases of political dominance to Late Bronze Age Egypt. Furthermore, traditional scholarship also presents Egypt's borders in such a way that Egypt appears as a solid territory with fixed borders, despite evidence pointing to a different model of geographical division. Seeking to explore whether the use of modern terms on ancient Egypt may be an anachronism, this paper reviews the scholarship on (a) Egyptian records documenting conquests and (b) contextual archaeological evidence from the southern Near East itself. This review highlights differences between modern and ancient conceptions of land domination. Finally, Egyptian border-related terms are used in a strictly local symbolic cultural context but not in the one of international diplomacy. As for Egypt's boundary, it was mostly formed as a buffer zone rather than a borderline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical sociologists have questioned the idea that nationalism and imperialism are mutually exclusive phenomena. In contrast to traditional historiography that depicted empires as 'the prison houses of nations' contemporary scholarship emphasises the structural and ideological ambiguities that characterised the 19th century European imperial projects. Hence instead of 'popular longings' for national independence the focus has shifted to the experiences of 'national indifference'. In this paper I aim to go beyond this dichotomy by questioning the role of (nationalist) agency in the collapse of imperial order. Drawing on the primary archival research I zoom in on the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Austro‐Hungarian rule (1878–1918). The paper contests the view that the imperial state was severely undermined by the presence of strong nationalisms. I also challenge the notion that the majority of Bosnian population remained 'nationally indifferent' during this period. Instead, I argue that understanding the character of the Austro‐Hungarian rule is a much better predictor of social change that took place in this period. Rather than stifling supposedly vibrant nationalisms or operating amidst widespread national indifference the imperial state played a decisive role in forging the nation‐centric world through its inadvertent homogenisation of discontent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to position the Scramble for Africa in the context of the continent's transformative, global nineteenth century. While imperial historiography develops apace, Africa-facing analyses of the continent's partition and the processes which led to it are increasingly rare. European expansion into Africa was characterized by an aggressive dynamism, and millions of Africans experienced profound crisis in the process of the establishment of colonial rule. Yet Africa's revolutionary nineteenth century was both driven by, and culminated in, complex processes of co-option on the part of Africans and Europeans. The paper proposes that a more Africa-centered assessment of the Scramble is possible, one which aims to contextualize the partition of the continent as part of an ongoing, endogenously shaped but often exogenously connected, transformation in political, economic, and social organization and behavior. While no single overarching theory can apply to the entire continent, it is possible to identify dynamics and processes for change that recur across Africa, from political and military reform to economic innovation. These point toward possibilities for reframing Africa's development in the late precolonial period, and enable us to challenge the hegemony long enjoyed by scholars of European empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of its colonial settlement in Kenya, the British administration criminalized Kenyans. Even now, colonial modes of punishment, incarceration, closure, interrogation, curfew, confiscation, separation, displacement, and detention without trial are deeply embedded in the spatial and ideological arrangements of post-colonial Kenya. Initially assumed to herald a rupture from colonial modes of criminalization and punishment, the post-colonial period instead normalized them. Through ethnographic, scholarly, and visual encounters, the paper engages five interconnecting structures that engendered the legacy of a seamless system of control, containment, and punishment evident in the 'afterlives' of empire. These are settler colonialism, violence, racism, colonial corporeality, and capitalism. The paper attends to the violence and brutality that endures in the very geographies that were the urban targets of colonial siege and links the carceral practices of settler colonialism and the everyday post-colonial governance of Nairobi's poor neighbourhoods, encounters with the debris and ruination of empire found in the material and spatial fabric of Mathare. We take up a critical encounter with colonial files to both discern the continuity and lineage of carceral practices and to disrupt the authorial totality and continuity the colonial archive files assembled. The paper includes archival and authored photographs: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the Indian man-eater tiger, through Jim Corbett's narratives, as an anthropocentric construct of animality in British India at the beginning of the twentieth century. During this transformative phase, the masculine idea of unrestricted sportsmanship against tigers struggles for its validity in the surge of game preservation. The paper argues, forthwith it is the hunting of a man-eater tiger that reinforces the British Crown's hegemony in the subcontinent by studying Corbett as a sort of metonym for imperial legitimacy that protected Indian populations from predation. The analysis sheds light on the politicisation of an animal's animality by highlighting a rare view of colonialism when the imperial power targets man–animal conflict via sharpening the biopolitical congeniality between the coloniser (the state) and the colonised human population. The paper advances on how the colonial and post-colonial state power unevenly exert the notion of conservation by infringing a tiger's identity from biopolitical to necropolitical subject when species (human and animal) share antagonistic spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the Polish state's centuries-long contacts with the East are to be understood as an important instrument for the legitimization of a Polish imperialcolonial self-image in the epoch of European high imperialism. In the period between 1880 and 1914, the Polish-language commercial weekly press analyzed in this paper produced a sizeable body of historical knowledge on the East. Two focal points can be identified: the origins of Lithuanian, Ukrainian and, to a lesser extent, Ottoman history, as well as the manifold Polish-Lithuanian, -Ukrainian and -Ottoman historical relations. These two bodies of knowledge have contributed to the construction of the East as an inferior other vis-á-vis Poland, as well as a feature of Polish claims to be an imperial-colonial power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The California mission system linked Spanish Catholic and political institutions. To secure land and convert Indigenous peoples, the Spanish built 21 missions from San Diego to Sonoma in the 18th and 19th centuries. These missions were sites of disease, violence, and mass death. They were also places built by Native people, on Native lands, where they lived, prayed, and were buried. As a result, missions are fundamentally Indigenous places and important touchstones for descendants today. This article examines such meanings in the lives of several Ohlone peoples, Indigenous peoples of the San Francisco-Monterey region. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with Ohlone tribes, I argue that we can understand relationships they sustain with California missions by considering such places as Indigenous cemeteries, Indigenous churches, and especially both. While dominant narratives restrict "missionized" Indigenous peoples to an irrecoverable past, this paper theorizes California mission as sites of violence, survival, and belonging to homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increased application of settler colonial theory to analyse settler colonial contexts, critical scholars have highlighted its inadequacies – primarily, that it has marginalised Indigenous knowledge and agency. Palestinian scholars have questioned the paradigm's ability to fully capture the particularities of the Israel–Palestine -context. This paper seeks to contribute to these critiques by exploring Palestinian youth's interpretations of settler colonialism in the West Bank. It draws on qualitative research that explored Palestinian youth's views on and experiences of human rights. This article suggests that Indigenous analyses of settler colonialism seem more relevant to Palestinian youth than the settler colonial analytic. These, along with consideration of the interplay between neoliberalism and -colonisation, may better assist them to understand and articulate settler -colonialism and strategise against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that China is the supreme overseas capital accumulator is part of a discourse of China as colonialist or neocolonialist. The discourse exists not because Chinese behaviour aligns with scholarly understandings of colonialism or neocolonialism, but as a rhetorical device to discredit China as the US's 'strategic rival'. In this paper we show that China does not practice colonialism or neocolonialism and examine the question of how China's activities fit into modes of globalised capital accumulation abroad. We argue that China's mode overlaps, but is also distinct from, the East Asian developmental states' approach. It is even more dissimilar to the US's archetypal neoliberalism. Two areas in which China most diverges are its deployment of state-owned enterprises and Communist Party of China leadership, and the concomitant alignment of Chinese firms overseas with home and host-state policies. In analysing Chinese capital accumulation abroad, we adumbrate a Chinese mode that reflects 'two semis': China's semi-peripheral status and its semi-neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-nineteenth century, Iceland's small population under Danish rule tried establishing itself as part of Europe's civilized and progressive population. The production of racist texts and images that emphasized Iceland's natural place with 'progressive' European nations reflect Iceland's relationship with colonialism and the anxieties of being categorized with colonized others. The paper focuses on plaster casts of Icelandic faces, which were a part of collections meant to showcase racial diversity in the late nineteenth century in France and Spain. The analysis of the making and commercialization of the busts reflects one of the multiple ways Iceland was engaged in a world of imperialism and colonialism, underlining Iceland's ambiguous status in mid-nineteenth century Europe as a marginal European country. This status shaped Icelandic identity during the 19th and twentieth century, characterized by a strong need to position themselves as civilized subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In difficult moments of struggle for survival, when the First World War was in full swing, and Austro-Hungarian troops at the country's borders, Serbia hoped that Romanian would engage in the war, given that these two countries had common interests in the great empire from their vicinity. The paper tracks and presents the attitude of the Serbian press towards Romania's position in the early years of the Great War, at a time when it had not yet made a final decision of military involvement in the World War. The Belgrade Daily Politika, the most prestigious publication in the country, followed with keen interest the events in Romania, showing the political events in the neighboring country almost in every number and often naively announcing Romania's future entry into the war against Austria-Hungary. Depending on the situation at the given moment, comments that were usually favorable towards Romania sometimes also received a dose of skepticism regarding Romania's exit from its neutrality and entrance into the war on the side of the Entente. When Germany launched its offensive on Serbia, the newspaper ceased to publish, as a consequence of the evacuation of Belgrade and the withdrawal of the Serbs from the capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the historical relationship between imperialism and sport has been well documented, imperialism is often relegated to the past and thus rarely used to characterize the contemporary political-economic conditions underlying the global sport industry. Formal empires might have become obsolete, but as Marxist economists Utsa Patnaik and Prabhat Patnaik argued, the strength of present-day imperialism is precisely its invisibility. Drawing upon Marxist traditions of conceptualizing imperialism as an economic relationship complemented by cultural and ideological arms, this paper situates the sport industry within the imperialist global political economy and highlights patterns of sport serving cultural/ideological purposes for imperialism. Highlighting the importance of forming an internationalist, anti-imperialist alliance amongst athletes, workers, educators, and scholars alike, I present a number of interventions to be considered by sport scholars and educators in the imperialist metropole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Neither Jane Austen's writing, nor film adaptations of her novels made in the heritage film tradition seem particularly uncanny. Linked in the viewers' minds with the representation of the English countryside stability, the films promote traditional values and take the spectators away from the problems and anxieties of the contemporary status quo. However, Patricia Rozema's Mansfield Park (1999) uses Austen's plot to question the colonial past by creating uncanny effects. Understood in this paper as an eerie resurfacing of the hidden (following Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Sigmund Freud, John Hodgkins, Barbara Creed), the uncanny becomes a tool for inquiring into how contemporary filmmakers and their audiences revisit old stories. Rozema creates two subplots for the main narrative: a story about an artist's growth (Fanny Price becomes a writer) and a colonial narrative, which foregrounds the Bertrams' dependence on their property in Antigua and their use of slave labour. Both plot lines enrich the film with uncanny effects linked to the inherent intermediality of film adaptations. Grotesquely frightening verbal images from Fanny's writing (extracts from Austen's Juvenilia) and the uncanny visuality of Tom Bertram's drawings frame the viewer's revisitation of Mansfield Park while reminding him/her of a subversive potential – of the uncanny and film adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse how the colonial spectrality of the George Floyd video translocalises from the United States to Denmark to form heritage assemblages of solidarity, removal and repression that re-vitalize the colonial past and anti-racist protests in contemporary contexts. Through our analysis, we unfold the affective capacities of the Floyd video and its memetic mutations that mobilize publics against asymmetries inherited from colonialism and invent new forms of activism. We show that while protester tactics following Floyd demonstrate a reflexive distribution of subjectivities and positionalities, minority voices and efforts to remove symbols of colonialism are condemned and suppressed in Denmark. Our main contribution is to include digital media into heritage assemblages as an affective device. A second contribution is presenting digital epidemiography as an affective methodology to remotely study transient and unpredictable global events, through an analysis of digital traces found on the internet. A third contribution is the knowledge of how post-Floyd heritage assemblages in Denmark position this Scandinavian country as a former colonizer in the decolonial turn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy had a colonial empire in Africa in the areas of Libya and East Africa during the first half of the 20th century. The postage stamps issued for these areas served as instruments of propaganda for that empire. This paper uses the method of quantitative content analysis to determine which themes and ideological messages appear on the postage stamps of the Italian African colonies. The results show that, although more than half of them have an attitude of respect for the life of the indigenous population or the civilizational benefit of the colonial government, with the purpose of expressing the benevolence of its power, almost a quarter reflect attitudes of domination, especially in East Africa. Overall, an image of exoticism emerges that reinforces the idea of the Italian nation as a new empire that aimed to show itself to the world as such, especially starting in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images are created not in a vacuum but in hidden yet potent, contending political forces. The missionary endeavour of the nineteenth century was not exempt from this reality. Images became integral to missionary publications and shaped the metropolitan imagination regarding the colonised people, their religion, gods, and rituals. Displaying the colonies and their people was of utmost importance as it aided in garnering support and funding for missionary societies' motto of civilising, colonising, and Christianising the indigenous populations. This paper highlights how the missionary portrayals of the indigenous community and its individuals played an essential role in imprinting in the minds of the nineteenth-century British public the need for the mission civilisatrice. This analysis is attempted through a careful examination of selected engravings and their descriptions printed in the Missionary Register for the period comprising 1813–1855. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It seems inconceivable for a garden in China (or a Chinese garden elsewhere) not to feature bamboo, serving a variety of aesthetic, practical, and metaphoric purposes. This paper offers both a translation of a set of some of the most famous celebrations of the bamboo, in prose and poetry, from the Book of Odes (Shijing 詩經) down to the late imperial period, and a discussion of the role of this particular plant in the design and life of the Chinese garden and the levels of symbolic meaning it brings to these gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]