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Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents abstracts on advertising and sales promotion. They include "Can gas be sold like a pill?" "How to get the most out of your ad agency," and "Everybody's pushing premiums" from the journal "Sales Management."

This paper presents the determination of the greatest stiffness and least power consumption of capillary compensated hydrostatic slideways, prestressed and non-prestressed, respectively. Design equations for determining the optimum values of supply pressure, pocket pressure, length of free-periphery of slideways rim, thickness of land of slideways rim, viscosity, capillary-discharge coefficient and power consumption are determined, other variables held constant. The paper determines the operative conditions which correspond strictly or approximately to the conditions assumed in the equations. Diagrams show the effect of discrepancy between optimum and actual conditions on the stiffness of slideways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports tests of several propositions linking the degree of urbanization, the division of labor, the dispersion of objects of consumption, and the level of technological development. The propositions provide a basis for deducing a direct relationship between urbanization and dispersion of objects of consumption. The propositions were tested with data for 45 countries. The percentage of the population residing in metropolitan areas was used as a measure of urbanization, an original measure of the diversification of industry was used as a gauge of division of labor, the per capital consumption of energy was taken as a measure of technological development, and an original measure of the dispersion of external resources was utilized. The degree of relationship was measured by the coefficient of rank-difference correlation. Positive results were obtained for all tests of the propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of articles about industrial organization, government and business and industry studies. The origin of over fishing is usually explained as being the outcome of free international competition on the limited common resources of the sea. It is explained how, in spite of a regime of perfectly free competition, the natural fluctuations of fish abundance and the developments of techniques create possibilities of profit. And these profits can be big although the beneficiaries are in normal conditions relatively few. The main feature of the industrial electricity market over the period 1954-1964 is that electricity consumption grew much faster than output. There are three sets of reasons why this should occur: relative price movements inducing substitution of electricity for other fuels and possibly labor; technological change biased towards the introduction of electricity-using machinery; a greater proportionate increase in capital stock than in output, and/or an electricity intensity of the increment of capital stock which is above the average for the existing stock.

Comments on articles about the demand for energy in the U.S. Relationship between consumption of electricity, population and real income per capita; Estimation of electricity demand; Effect of alternative fuels on electricity demand; Price elasticity of demand functions.

Presents news briefs related to environmental science. Findings that snow and ice cover of the earth increased by 12% during 1967-72; Considerable stress laid on the Soviet Union's energy supplies; Susceptibility of a Brazilian tribe to illnesses from urban man found; Other reports.

This paper develops a simple theory governing the relationship between useful energy consumption and national output that explains why the adjusted elasticities found by two economists turned out to be greater than one. The theory is quantified by reference to a wide range of countries covering the whole spectrum of economic development and is tested against the actual experience over 20 to 25 years of individual countries. Conformity to the theory was very close and the efficiency-in-use coefficients computed by economists were found to hold good for periods of 20 to 25 years. Briefly, the hypothesis states that as a country moves through the various stages of its economic development from primitive subsistence agriculture to the ultimate state of fully energy-dependent production, its useful energy elasticity steadily falls from a high value tending asymptotically to one. By itself this proposition is of little use to energy forecasters, because it simply substitutes the requirement to predict energy intensiveness of output for the requirement to predict energy consumption. If we can satisfy ourselves that real GDP per capita is a good measure of energy intensiveness, however, then the relationship derived above can be used as the basis for a mathematical model linking useful energy consumption per capita with GDP per capita.

The article reports on the impact of lighting standards in national energy consumption. It discusses the criticisms posed on the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) illumination standards for requiring above level quantities in the installation of lighting systems considering that increase in illumination levels results in increased energy consumption. It presents a background of the IES, its functions and the growth of illumination levels it recommends and discusses the conflict of interest between the IES committees and electric power industries in the setting of illumination standards.

The article presents a feasibility of a policy on the improvement in the efficiency of use of energy that involves minimal change of the present life-style. The policy aims to make a major contribution to the solution of energy problem by effective utilization. It states that energy consumption has been increasing faster that the population and growing faster than the gross national product. It offers an overview of the energy consumption in the areas of industrial, residential, commercial and transportation.

The article discusses the environmental hazards brought about by the electricity generating plants that give-off sulfur oxide pollutants in the U.S. The author enumerates the effects on the environment of sulfur oxide pollutants and gives proposals for its prevention. He agrees with the conservationists that the increase in electric power consumption should be curtailed, but as an engineer, he hopes for the development of more efficient uses of electricity. When planning for power generating plants, management must look for areas presently served by electric utilities and adopt planning concepts that will help meet the electric power requirements and minimize adverse effects on the environment.

The author presents an analysis of the effects on total electrification of land transportation. The author considers the possible impact of electric vehicles by assuming the complete electrification of rail and highway transportation. On the other hand, he views the outcome on electric utility industry if all ground transport were electrified. In addition, he reckons an alternative approach of the automotive fuel consumption, which total motor fuel intake in highway use in 1968 was 80.9 billion gallons. Furthermore, the energy content of fuel was equal to 2.96 trillion kilowatt hours, which is twice the actual amount of electricity generated in that year.

The article presents an examination of transportation energy use and conservation. The reasons considered for examining transportation energy consumption are presented, which include the fact that transportation of people and good consumes one-fourth of the total U.S. energy budget. Other reasons are the facts that world oil reserves are limited, U.S. transportation is dependent on oil as a fuel, use of petroleum present environmental problems, and that transportation contributes to urban congestion, inefficient land use and noise.