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While individuals may at times lose touch with reality as their culture defines it, whole communities ordinarily do not. Yet instances are on record when this has very nearly happened: people in Mattoon, Illinois, believed for a few days in September 1945 that a "phantom anesthetist" was prowling their town; and a Martian invasion took place in the minds of many persons in the New York City area on October 30, 1938. Russia's Sputniks may be expected to give rise to a wide variety of mass hallucinatory phenomena similar to those that followed our first H-bomb explosions in March, 1954. This paper analyzes one such reaction: the windshield pitting epidemic that broke out in Seattle, Washington, in the Spring of 1954. Most commonly, the damage reportedly, windshelds consisted of pitting marks that grew into bubbles in the glass of about size of a thumbnail. On the evening of the 15th, the Mayor of Seattle declared the damage was no longer a police matter and made an emergency appeal to the Government for help. Many persons covered their windshields with mats or newspaper; others simply kept their automobiles garaged.

The objectives of the criminal justice system are ambiguous and often conflicting. Attempts to improve law enforcement, on the one hand, and the administration of justice, on the other, result in an impasse which prohibits optimization of the operation of the system. Therefore, quantitative analysis is almost always based on one of two conceptual models: the process model or the component model. This paper introduces a third conceptualization which is described as the crime-specific model. The crime-specific perspective approaches criminal justice problems by considering sub problems categorized according to type of offense. This framework should facilitate planning and action in criminal justice. More pragmatic goals about specific crimes could be set and the evaluation of the achievement of these goals would be more direct. New concepts of organization throughout the system would be produced and the management of day-to-day operations would be streamlined. In order for the crime-specific perspective to be used, two conditions must exist. First, the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense and the characteristics of the offender must be measurably different for each offense category. Second, these differences must remain stable .over time and across juridictions. This paper explores the extent to which events and offenders meet these constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years there has been a considerable shift in the proportion of resources devoted to more operational or management-oriented approaches to criminological research and development. To a large extent this shift, with a few notable exceptions, has been accomplished by the influx of researchers or practitioners from outside the ranks of traditional criminological researchers. Unfortunately, there seems to have been a lack of real understanding of both new and existing methods and approaches and, therefore, a reduction in the degree of acceptance and cooperation between the two groups. By presenting an "economic" approach to a subject of past and present interest and relevance, namely "The Cost of Crime," this paper attempts to begin to alleviate this problem of communication as well as to summarize the work done in this area to date. The paper first deals with problem definitions within an economic framework and then proceeds to develop economic guidelines relevant for a policy-maker in the Criminal Justice System. In so doing, it also lays a theoretical structure for evaluating existing or conducting future research into the cost of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a structure for analyzing efforts at professionalizing the police in the U.S. It does not indicate the criteria according to which the performance of police tasks can be evaluated. Rather, the paper furnishes the more basic footing from which the criteria can be generated. To this end, Part I is a critique of the professionalization model for reform, Part U presents a typology of police roles constructed to illuminate the several dimensions of police professionalization, and Part Ill suggests some applications of the typology to policy-related research. In conclusion, the normative task of developing criteria for acceptable police behaviors should be suspended. Indeed, the police role typology ought to provoke some new thinking in this area for it surely implies that more than one model of professionalism is applicable in the police setting. It further implies that different consequences follow from each model. The concept "professional" thereby takes on various operational meanings depending on the particular permutation of police role properties which happens to obtain.

In this paper we confrort the problem of why prisons are not a more effective tool for dealing with criminals. Several sources of this problem are suggested, and reasonably operational solutions are proposed. These solutions are motivated by basic principles of economics, and some broader consequences of this framework for dealing with criminal activity are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of city age on a specific city characteristic—the violent crime rate of that city. As such it has five basic parts: an introduction, a summary of a model of violent crime which has been previously developed, a development of a theoretical model of the effects of age on violent crime, a specification and testing of that model, and a conclusion. Although city age has recently become of interest to urban economists, there has been little work which uses it as an explanatory variable of violent crime. Before the direct effect of age can be determined, the model of violent crime must first be examined. This paper summarizes a model previously developed, which relates the violent crime rate to economic and demographic variables, using the tools of utility maximization. Using two stage least squares to account for simultaneity bias, a model of violent crime was estimated. In the third section of the paper, a model of aging was developed. This model utilizes the dynamics of citizens making residential decisions based on the price of housing and the costs of commuting. From this model it is possible to make a prediction of how age of cities is related to the crime rate: as age increases, crime should increase, but, at some point, after the city reaches a certain age, the crime rate will fall. After the model is postulated, it is operationalized. Seventy-seven California cities were selected and placed in different age of city categories. Then, the crime model was re-estimated, using the age categories as dummy variables. It was found that, for the most part, the age dummy variables were as predicted in terms of size, and that their inclusion did significantly reduce the sum of squared residuals. Thus, it was concluded that this line of analysis may be a profitable area for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the decision of a victim of crime to notify the police of an assault. The article is concerned with the calling into action of the criminal justice system. The victim's decision to notify the police of a crime is based upon his calculation of the benefits derived from notification and the costs incurred. These costs and benefits may vary by type of crime, of victim, and of situation. Black victims may believe the probability of police action resulting from their notification is very low, while whites may believe the probability is very high. The type of crime committed may be one in which police intervention would be of little use. Burglary or larceny victims may not notify the police because they believe that there is little the police can do to recover their loss. Other victims may refuse to notify the police because they are somehow implicated in the crime itself, or believe the police will think them to be implicated. Thus, the article is an attempt to explore an optimization model of decision-making, a model of victim notification of the police based on the victim's assessment of the costs and benefits derived from notification.

The article presents some judicial decisions on criminal law and procedure. In the case of Barks V. State, Oklahoma, it was decided that by statute an appeal from a conviction of felony must be taken within six months after the rendition of judgment. Defendant in the case was convicted of felony and judgment entered. The six-months period expired on November 21st. On November 19th, defendant's attorney delivered the petition in error, with a copy of case-made thereto attached, in duplicate, to an Express Company, properly directed. The petition and case-made should have been delivered to the Clerk of the Appellate Court on November 20th. Through some mistake made by the Express Company, the papers were not delivered until November 22nd. The Attorney General moved to dismiss the appeal because the papers were not filed in time. The appeal was dismissed and the case remanded with directions to carry the judgment into execution. In a case of burglary, State V. Hodgdon, it was decided that breaking and entry is burglarious if done with intent to commit larceny, whether the larceny done or intended is petty or grand larceny, although petty larceny is not a statutory felony.

To remain effective public servants law enforcement personnel may require a re-evaluation of the organizations in which they are working members. This paper has discussed an alternative approach to police management in contrast to the traditional military organizational model which has been the rule in police departments. While the manifest goals of organizations will vary widely, their internal structure and the patterns of human relations in them have many things in common. In this paper research findings from business and industry have been discussed in terms of police management. This social psychological research on organizations suggests that many facets of police management can be improved leading to increased on-the-job effectiveness, improved communication, and better morale among members of the police organization. The job of achieving these things is not easy, but the return of investments in these newer approaches in other organizations suggests that police organizations will benefit from them also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several research papers relating to criminal justice administration. One of the papers published in the journal "Bulletin of the Bureau of Criminal Investigation" reports on the investigation of a body in a tannery boiler by the New York State Police at Oneida, New York. The University of Missouri and the Missouri State Highway Patrol are cooperating in a new educational program in the field of police science. This educational activity will deal with all of the major phases of police work. Another paper published in "The Police Journal" discuses the various tactics most adaptable to police use. Another article "Questions Raised by Examiners of Signatures and Documents" by Elbridge W. Stein and Ordway Hilton puts forth the defects they encountered in their study of the work of these pens and the consequences that might occur from the use of them. There is a full description of the mechanical construction and the inks contained in these pens as well as the manner in which they differ from the conventional nib-point pens.

The article focuses on recent papers related to criminal justice administration in the U.S. An important paper by Brien McMahon, Assistant Attorney General of the U.S., appeared in the June 1937 issue of the News Bulletin of the Osborne Association. The topic of the paper was crime prevention. The paper's introduction and conclusion were very interesting. Sanford Bates, director of the Federal Prisons, recently resigned from his position to engage in preventive work. There is something futile about a criminal law enforcement program which overlooks the necessity of crime prevention. There is something futile about the construction of prison walls to confine men who might have been saved in the first instance. At the 60th Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association, held in Kansas City, Missouri, from September 27-October 1, 1973, the Section of Criminal Law met three times on September 28, 1973. At the morning session Professor Fred E. Inbau of Northwestern University's Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory demonstrated the work of that organization.

The article focuses on recent papers related to criminal justice administration. The paper "The Development of Latent Fingerprints with Dyestuffs," published in the March 1937, number of the journal "The Analyst," H.A. Thomas, of the Imperial Chemical Industries PLC in Manchester, England, presented the results of experiments with various basic dyestuffs for the development of latent fingerprints. In the trial of Green vs. Commonwealth, in Kentucky, which involved an identification of the defendant's fingerprints on an empty cigarette package found at the scene of a rape, a person named Hugh Coffee testified, as regards his qualifications as an expert, that he had received instructions "off and on" for two and one-half years at Northwestern University in the field of crime detectioncology. In Lambert v. State, which involved a prosecution for murder by strychnine poisoning, the trial court admitted in evidence the "Text Book of Legal Medicine and Toxicology." Upon appeal, the appellate court upheld the use of the book.

The article discusses the social psychology of witness behavior with special reference to criminal courts in the U.S. This paper describes some features of the criminal court system which are necessary for the comprehension of the complex phenomena of witness behavior. The conceptual frame of reference used here is that of legally structured roles. Given the anxiety stimulating features of the necessary legal safeguards of American court practices, the study of the witness who is not under stress as a result of his contacts with courtroom procedure is as important for the comprehension of witness behavior under stress as is the direct study of stress behavior.

Twenty years ago the sociologist Donald Clemmer introduced the concept of prisonization to account for the changes inmates undergo during periods of confinement. This paper re- examines the concept of prisonization and provides an empirical test of the processes Clemmer described. Because of Clemmer's concern with the process of induction, little attention has been paid to changes inmates may exhibit as they approach the time of release. Evidence from a western state reformatory is consistent with Clemmer's analysis when length of time served in prison is taken as the relevant time variable. When inmates are classified into phases of their institutional career, however, there is evidence of a recovery process and a shedding of the prison culture that operates prior to parole. The evidence suggests a re-formulation of the effects of imprisonment on inmates and poses further problems relevant to other total institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the state-use system of prison labor in Massachusetts. The field of prison labor literature is characterized by an astonishing dearth of detail concerning policies, practices, and problems. Massachusetts prison labor literature is no exception to this rule, for nothing has been published by its correctional authorities or others which deal extensively with matters of prison labor administration. However, annual reports of the Department of Correction, reports of the Legislature, and the statutes pertaining to prison labor do illumine the path, which prison labor administrators have taken. It is the purpose of this paper, therefore, to explore this path with the aid of available documentary evidence in a search for clues to the forces, which shaped the direction of prison labor history in Massachusetts. The State-use system of prison labor has been gradually developing in the U.S. ever since the time when mechanics began their opposition to the introduction of their trades into prison industry.

This paper reviews die use of "hazard "formulas for allocating police patrol personnel and indicates the need for new quantitative methods to assist decision makers. Mathematical models of patrol activity can be structured to provide insight to such planning and management problems as optimal design of patrol sectors, formulation of preventive patrol strategies, evaluation of technological and administrative in nova- dons, and precinct-by-precinct allocation of personnel. Several illustrative models are discussed, with emphasis placed on the diversity of modeling applications in patrol operations and on the insights provided by use of the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic data in this research consist of a 40 per cent systematic sample of police contacts with juveniles aged six through seven teen in Madison, Wis., over a six-year period. Earlier research reports have described the distribution of police contacts, referrals for official action, and the (distribution of individual delinquents according to social areas of the city. No attempt has previously been made to place the various types or patterns of delinquent behavior on an empirically derived scale or delinquency continuum. The data in this paper cast considerable doubt on the hypothesis of unidimensionality and the hypothesis of distinctive types of delinquent careers. Actually, relatively few delinquents who had police contacts had what could be called a career in delinquency. Juveniles with multiple contacts and what might be defined as. careers in delinquency engaged in quite diversified behavior. One must tentatively conclude that the total number of police contacts by a juvenile for those reasons that involve a violation of the law or more serious juvenile misbehaviors (serious as perceived by the public and authorities in the community) will serve as an index of juvenile misbehavior about as well as or better than either Guttman scale or geometric scores. However, this conclusion must be tentative, pending a similar analysis of juvenile contact data for Racine, Wis., since Madison may be an unusual case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a summary account of an operational study closely related to social action. It is realized that repeated short-term sentences imposed on chronic inadequate offenders are sewing no deterrent purpose and that they might even satisfy some social and emotional needs of the repeaters. The purpose of the investigation carried out in Toronto reformatories was to determine more precisely the nature of these needs, so that more humane and more economical social action could be planned to meet them, possibly outside the penal system. Results of the study challenge the soundness of many generalizations derived from clinical and sociological data on the serious offender. The paper discusses implications of the study for social policy with regard to an important, and growing, segment of our criminal and socially Inadequate population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to examine the total criminal justice system--police, prosecution, courts, and correction agencies--in an integrated way constitutes a central problem in improving law enforcement. Too, any such analysis must reflect the feedback into society of offenders released at various stages in the system. This paper formulates a model for the criminal justice system in one state; it depicts the flow of arrested persons through the system as a function of type of crime, and provides a basis for apportioning costs to system components and to types of crime. The model's feedback feature includes the probability of rearrest as a decreasing function of age and a crime-switch matrix reflecting the successive-crime distribution. The resuits from the model include a cost distribution by crime type, criminal career costs, an examination of the courses of criminal careers, and estimates of the sensitivities of costs and offender flows within the system to changes in its controllable variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the case of the Chicago Tribune and the Republic Steel strike. The Chicago Tribune has the second largest circulation of any newspaper in the United States. It is exceeded in number of readers only by the New York Daily News. The Tribune's circulation during April, 1940, was in excess of 1,000,000 a day, and during April, 1937, it was over 800,000. This is more than twice as large as that of the next largest Chicago newspaper. In an attempt to determine the influence of the Chicago Tribune's reporting of the Memorial Day incident, when 10 strikers and sympathizers were killed by Chicago police, 177 Northwestern University evening school students filled out a multiple-choice questionnaire 30 months after the event. In the questionnaire they listed their sources of information about the incident and checked what they considered the true version of the incident. Two months later 144 of these students indicated their attitudes toward workers as a potentially dominant group by marking a questionnaire prepared for that purpose.

This article analyzes the deterrent effect of punishment in the U.S. The treatment of criminal offenders in the U.S. is based on the concept of punishment. Punishment for serious offenses is for the most part synonymous with imprisonment, in that imprisonment or the threat of imprisonment is the most common penalty for committing a serious criminal act. How effective has punishment been as a deterrent? There is a vast literature documenting the increasing rates of crime. A promising idea in the literature on the analysis of punishment is the insistence on a complementary analysis of crime. Punishment brings to the fore the problems of free will and functional responsibility. During the nineteenth century, a utilitarian concept of human behavior developed which indicated that life was made up of pleasures and pain. Man contemplated his actions and chose, obviously, pleasure over pain. Punishment functioned to make more costly certain actions and in this rationalistic view, man would be less likely to do things he would be punished for. This conception of behavior implicitly involved the free will of man to act.

Focuses on the campaigns for police reform in Chicago, Illinois led by civic reformers from 1905 to 1935. Division among reformers concerning police priorities; Role of City Mayor William E. Dever and Police Chief Morgan Collins in the campaigns; Information on the Chicago Crime Commission.

This article presents abstracts and papers related to police science, published in previous issues. One of the papers "Failure to Take Federal Prisoners Before Commissioner for Preliminary Hearing Nullifies any Confession Obtained During Period of Unreasonable Delay." Until the recent United States Supreme Court decision in Upshaw v. United States, 69 S. Gt. 170, there was considerable uncertainty as to the full effect upon the admissibility of confessions in federal cases of a failure on the part of federal officers to take arrested persons without unreasonable delay before the nearest available committing magistrate. The language the Supreme Court used in the earlier case of McNabh v. United States, 318 U.S. 332, which laid down the so-called civilized standards rule for federal criminal interrogators, seemed to indicate, or at least was so interpreted by a number of lower federal courts, that whenever federal officers failed to comply with a statutory mandate regarding early arraignment, any confession obtained by them was inadmissible in evidence.

This article presents abstracts and papers related to police science, published in previous issues. One of the papers "A Comparison of the Sensitivity of Methods Used for the Detection of Carbon Monoxide in Blood," says that human blood must contain at least 4% of the saturation level of CO in blood before the most sensitive qualitative tests will give positive results. They found that pyrotannie acid and 1% tannic acid arc the most sensitive reagents. The ordinary biological spectroscope, .so often used in this determination, requires at least 30% of saturation before carbon monoxide can be detected. Another paper presents an announcement of the National Safety Council's tentative plans to conduct courses at California, New York, Northwestern and Tulane Universities in chemical testing for alcohol. The present plans call for five courses of fifty hour duration designed to train technicians and police officers in the proper procedures in chemical alcohol tests. One of the papers discusses In a recent murder case seven fired .38 automatic cartridge cases were recovered, and it was established that the seven cartridge cases had been fired in the same weapon. The positive identifications were made on the basis of the individual characteristics on the primer.

This article reports that in People v. Lombard (California 1933) 21 P. (2d) 955, the defendants, Lombard and Snyder, were convicted of an attempt to kidnap for the purpose of extortion. Dow, a feigned accomplice in the transaction, had informed the police of the defendants' intentions to kidnap someone in the city of Redlands. As the car neared San Bernardino on the return trip, the police recovered scraps of paper which had been thrown from the defendants' car. The scraps proved to be an extortion note written by Lombard. Some few minutes thereafter, the arrest was made. In the car, which was owned by the informer Dow, were found a ball of twine, two sheets, two pillow cases, and the paper pad which had been used in writing the extortion note. At the trial Dow's testimony revealed the details of the kidnapping plans. The evidence was sufficient to warrant the conviction. The courts are in substantial agreement that to constitute an attempt to commit a crime there must be an intent, followed by an overt act, or acts, tending, but failing to accomplish it.

Results of surveys of public opinion regarding topics of importance to criminal justice are widely available from a variety of sources. In addition to national pollsters who regularly include such questions in their periodic pools, governmental commissions often conduct in-depth surveys on specialized topics. Although these public opinion data offer a wealth of critical information which can be of value to criminal justice planners, practitioners, and academians alike, these data have been largely ignored. The primary purpose of this paper is to explore the nature, scope, and sources of public opinion data which are currently available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper that examines the pretrial detention institution. The data were gathered from a pretrial institution located in a north-eastern metropolitan region of the U.S. From June 1970 through May 1971 information was obtained through observations of the daily life in jail as well as interviews and conversations with various persons involved. The focus is on patterns of and reactions to infractions of jail regulations. The jail has a legal system of its own. It has its own set of rules for guiding behavior and its own mechanism for handling trouble when it arises. Infractions of these rules reflect regularized cycles of life within the institution. It is in this sense that it becomes useful to approach the criminal justice system as a series of interlocking legal levels. Each level constitutes a society apart. Individuals are confronted with one legal system in the courtroom. They face another when spending time in jail awaiting trial. This "non-systemic" aspect of the criminal justice system is often noted when discussing its workings.

The article presents a paper that seeks to explicate the many serious obstacles to obtaining reliable and valid measures of the outputs of urban criminal courts. Given the importance and relevance of the operation of criminal courts, two facts are particularly pertinent to the measurement of their performance in comparative urban research. First, the knowledge of the impact has not kept pace with the increased recognition and importance accorded to them by society. Detailed statistics on admissions to local, state, and federal penal institutions are not available. The best strategy to use in measuring the performance of courts is to use defendants as the standardized unit of analysis. Such a choice produces the most valid indicators of outputs because in most instances researchers as well as policymakers are concerned with what happens to people rather than what occurs to descriptions of events. For instance, the conviction rate would tell the proportion of defendants convicted independent of the specific charge, it would disregard the additional charges which were dismissed.

This article reports on a convention on the Mentally Ill Offender that was conducted by the Crime Commission of Philadelphia on June 11-12, 1970. Its purpose was to develop a clearer understanding of the responsibility of the mental health profession in general and its community mental health and mental retardation centers in particular with reference to the complex problems of criminal justice. Several papers presented to the event were included in the Quarterly of the Pennsylvania Association on Probation, Parole and Correction for Winter 1971.

This paper details the case "People V. Preuss." The court having taken the position that intoxicating liquor seized on defendant's premises by an officer conducting a search under a warrant authorizing search for certain stolen beans was inadmissible as evidence in a prosecution for unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor, the prosecution contended that the arrest could be justified on the theory that the officer being lawfully in the building to search for the beans could arrest for, and seize evidence of, an offense being committed in his presence. Held, the contention was untenable. The court distinguishes this type of case where the officer's entry is originally by virtue of a warrant with a mandate to search only for evidence of crime A, in which case evidence of a totally different offense, B, may not be seized, and the case where the officer's original entry is authorized not by a warrant, but by his duty to arrest for crime A actually being committed in his presence, in which case, being lawfully on the premises he may arrest for and seize evidence of crime B. In the former case to allow the arrest for, and seizure of evidence of crime B would violate the constitutional prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures while in the latter case no such right is violated.

This paper provides a definition of state police in the United States. A Committee of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology defines State Police as a specially organized and highly trained body, acting under state rather than local authority, and constantly employed in the prevention of crime, the apprehension of criminals, and the protection of life and property generally throughout the state and especially in the rural and sparsely settled districts. In most states the state police force is organized on a military basis and distributed over the entire state in small groups for patrol duty, but quickly mobilized in larger units in an emergency. In the selection of such a force the greatest care is taken to eliminate political considerations and to secure persons with the highest physical and moral qualifications and with more than average intelligence. Pennsylvania was the first state to adopt the form of armed and mounted force now known as state constabulary, and it is not necessary to here describe its organization and equipment.

This article argues that there is no longer any doubt in the minds of more enlightened reformers that the confirmed criminal defective should be committed to a special institution set apart for that purpose rather than sending him to prison. It is not only bad business practice, but also a miscarriage of justice to the delinquent himself to do otherwise. From the very nature of things all morons are potential criminals unless some kind friend lends them a helping hand. It is the neglected defective that generally turns out to be a criminal later. And the writer of this paper is more than ever impressed with the prominent part played by the home and the parents in the making of every criminal. So, while we are trying to patch up the mangled wrecks of character that come to our penal institutions, let us not forget that modern society itself is the original offender, and that, in order to be effective, reformation must begin with a proper education and control of the grandparents.

It will be the purpose of this paper briefly to indicate the historical background and origin of the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems of prison administration and their influence upon contemporary penology. In view of the limited space at my disposal it has seemed best to omit most details of local antiquarian interest and thereby make possible the treatment of the much more vital general historical circumstances which combined to produce these important types of prison discipline. The prison, viewed as an institution for detaining men. against their will, originated in the most remote antiquity. It probably goes back as far asi the time of the general practice of cannibalism, when future victims were held in stockades to be fattened or to await their .turn in contribtiting the chief course in the menu of their captors.

This article presents judicial decisions on cases that need the application of criminal law and procedure in the U.S. In the case People v. Miller, where a woman, with no intention of marrying a man, promised to marry him solely for the purpose of obtaining his money and property, which she did obtain by such pretenses, she was not guilty merely of a breach of the marriage contract, but was guilty of an offense under the confidence game statute. Other cases deal with property ownership, papers illegally seized, and materiality and correction of false testimony.

The article focuses on issues related to reforms in the criminal procedure in the U.S. There is a great need for such reforms because many trials are prolonged much beyond a reasonable length to the inconvenience of most of the persons involved and at the expense of the state. There is good reason to believe that some guilty persons escape punishment as a result of technicalities in procedure. Such a condition of affairs is certain to stimulate the increase of crime and it has undoubtedly done so to a certain extent in this country. As a result of this interest various reforms in criminal procedure have been suggested and a number of the more important of such reforms have been discussed in this paper. These reforms will undoubtedly increase greatly the efficiency of the present procedure but they will not change its character radically. They will not make it much more feasible to utilize in the course of procedure many scientific facts which have recently been secured with respect to the nature of the criminal, the causes of crime, and the effects of the different kinds of penal treatment.