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This is to illustrate our experience of developing mangrove for the use of coated paper and woodfree printing paper. Mangrove species harvested in South-east Asia are generally lager in wood density and have very thick fibrous membranes which deteriorate papermaking suitability, although they cause no problem in cooking and bleaching with sulphate pulping process. When paper is made from hardwood pulp only, which is the case with KANZAKI, papermaking suitability of mangrove pulp has to be more improved. We achieved this purpose through beating by the use of refier of stone bar.

PAPER as used in the spiral laminated impregnated insulation of high-voltage power cables is available over wide ranges of density and thickness. There result important variations in the ordinary physical properties of the paper such as flexibility, tearing, tensile, and bending strength. Variations in the electrical properties of conductivity, dielectric constant, and breakdown strength also result. The peculiarly severe conditions imposed by the manufacture, transportation, installation, and operation of high-voltage cables have emphasized the importance that full attention be paid to all physical properties of the insulation, especially those relating to permanence of mechanical structure and of high insulating properties. Manufacturers of cables often utilize the several types of variation referred to in designing cable insulation to meet the particular requirements of cables for different types of service.

After having given the causes and aspects of pitch trouble in various spots at Takasago mill of the Mitsubishi Seishi Co. the writer remarks that the extent of trouble may depend upon the kinds of pulp and paper made from, and suggests such curable methods as seen below : 1.Adding 24% of bleaching powder in beater and after treating for 2 hours, to make paper without washing.2.To blend both clay and size in beater after light beating.On judging from the results of his testing, he says that the chief cause of pitch troubles will lie rather in quality, but not in quantity, and it is judged by the degree of stickiness of pitches in pulp, for which test its tackiness ought to be measured.He suggests the following temporary methods as being effective for mill practices : 1.For the separation or isolated pitches washing out; dispersing and washing ;saponification ; salting out in beater ; Having on dandy roll sticked, etc.2.Hardening of soft pitches.3.Setting pitches on fiber.4.Co-operation with pulp makers.

Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. has developed a new form of binder, identified as a Gohsenol p-200, specifically designed for vinylon fibers.The effects of PVA powder as a bonding agent of vinylon paper have been mentioned in practice. The manufacture of vinylon paper on a pilot fourdrinier paper machine by using PVA powder as a bonding agent by the beater addition were studied.Physico-chemical properties of vinylon paper by using PVA powder is better than that of PVA fiber.PVA powder is convenient to handle and paper-making readily in the mill. For the most efficient results, care should be taken to select the preferred PVA powder for the specific need.

An important factor in the design of power cables is the type of screen used over conductor and insulation. Some designers have used aluminum metallized paper tape for many years, but others have preferred carbon black (CB) paper tapes. It was discovered a few years ago, however, that CB paper screens increased the power loss in the cable dielectric at high voltages and temperatures. From hundreds of tests on model and experimental cables this increase in dielectric loss in the cable is shown to result from an internal or mass effect and a surface effect. A small part of the loss increment occurs within the body or mass of the CB paper itself, but a much larger part represents a surface effect believed to be caused by emission of electrons from the paper. These effects are larger at the outer electrode of the model cables than at the conductor. The loss increment is influenced to only a small extent by changes in the amount and treatment of gas channel CB used in the CB paper. However, a reduction in power loss can be obtained by the use of a special CB paper in which a single sheet of paper is formed with CB on one side and insulating paper on the other.

In this country, Bagasse was first used as raw materials for paper in 1881, in Shizuoka Prefecture. As to Japanese type paper, two kinds of Bagasse paper were made, one of which was made from Bagasse only. The other was white paper which was made from mixtureof Bagasse and Mitsumata. These products were displayed at the Second Industrial Exhibition.As to European paper, Bagasse was first used as raw materials in February, 1919, by Taiwan Sugar Manufacturing Company. This company made packing paper with 86 inch Fourdriniar paper machine. Several other companies followed this example, and the future of Bagasse paper in Japan was promising.

The body paper of hat was prepared from a 50/50 blend of SWP (synthetic pulp of polyethlene type, Mitsui Zellerbach K. K.) and NBKP, and was carried out beater coloring with organic pigments and alum experimentally. The vat-lined two ply paper was dry creped and worked upon and formed the sample into the summer millinery experimentally.According to an end user (milliner), the colored summer millinery well satisfactory an aethetic sense for practical usage. The physical properties of dry creped SWP two ply with pigments are shown in Table 2. Light fastness and waterbleed fastness or water-resistance are shown in Table 3.

Energy calculations for manufacture of paper from logs and waste papers are reported based on data on energy use from the Canadian Census of Manufactures and estimates for collection and de-inking of waste. The energy requirement of the recycling technology explored exceeds the energy requirement of manufacture from logs by 33%. It appears that forest conservation through recycling has a fossil fuel cost.

A simple linear model is constructed for production, use and recycling of various paper and related products. This model is used to estimate the maximum feasible recycling rate given the current state of pulp and paper technology. Parametric linear programming is used to investigate the effect of the efficiency of collecting, sorting and transporting waste paper on the fraction recycled.

In order to effectively control slime production in paper plants and other major water consuming industries, the efficacy of selected chemical compounds as inhibitors of growth of Sphaerotilus natans was investigated. It was determined that a few products were effective against Sp. natans in paper mill process water (80°F). These are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: chlorine, Busan 90, chlorine dioxide and Slimacide V-10. In vitro studies can suggest those chemicals which may be useful; however, the choice of inhibitors depends largely on the individual plant, i.e., the mill processes' capacity to tolerate the concentration, contact time or cost of the specific chemical.

The writer invented the improved Vat for a cylinder paper machine for making paper with high speed. The construction and the method is as follows : in front of the cylinder moved, a head-box is fitted higher, with a nozzle at the outlet over the width of cylinder face, whose lip is capable to adjust in opening. With a suitable high speed, made by the hydraulic head standing in the head-box, the stuff stream rushes into the stuff pool and agitates uniformly the stuff before the eylinder mould. And at the instant, the cylinder picks the fibres from the stuff on its surfaee, making good even paper web. (Pat, applied in Japan)

The cleaning of the suction roll was some of the operating problems facing in every paper mill. Unless the clogged suction roll were cleaned, the suction efficiency might be deteriorated. And the suction roll has so many holes that cleaning was almost impossible.Machine tenders found that the high pressure jet water would spurt out the stock and other foreign matter, thereby cutting down the time and labour. As it happened, engineers at Asahi Iron Works Company in Osaka, has been thinking about the same problem. Last year, Asahi Iron Works had introduced to Honshu Paper Company and Seiko Isuzu Automobile Company, the “Paper Mill Washer”. Seiko Isuzu is manufacturing a new type high pressure water pump as car washer since for years before.Distinctive features of the pump are : two special modified elliptic gears which are arranged and combined properly in the casing, the increased out put considerably per revolution and the highest overall efficiency. Capacity of the pump is up to 10 gallons per minute at 330 r.p.m.. Derivery pressure is up to 250 pound per square inch.This pump is used as a main component in the washer. The portable type is extremely easy to handle and to move from place to place. And is very quiet but efficient operation. A cohered pulp is spurt out thoroughly by spraying or jetting. Also it is fitted in removal of strongly cohered pitch, dirty grease and machine oil. Therefore, it is applied to cleaning the machine frame, stock chest, flowbox, etc.

Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

The writer makes it clear that the difficulties Japan's paper industry is facing are in the shortage of raw materials, that Japan need not be worried about her equipments of production and that she can meet the demand of her own to some extent if she will make good and wise use of pulp and paper, investigate substitute raw materials and put the result into, practical use. The writer suggests that Japan should afforest rapid growing trees and utilize her rich production of rice and wheat straws.

1.1. Filter paper electrophoretic analysis of the serum and urine proteins in thirty-five cases of multiple myeloma has been carried out. In all thirty-five cases characteristic protein abnormalities were observed; seventeen cases showing homogeneous peaks in both the serum and urine, eleven cases in serum only, seven cases in urine only. 2.2. All urine samples showing a positive Bence-Jones protein reaction also displayed a characteristic electrophoretic abnormality. Eight of the twenty-four electrophoretically positive urine samples were Bence-Jones protein negative by the usual tests. Because of the relative simplicity of urine electrophoresis by the filter paper technic, this test is considered to be a practical clinical procedure. 3.3. Two cases are presented in detail because certain atypical clinicopathologic features of their disease patterns possibly assist in an understanding of the relationship of the plasma cell dyscrasias to chronic lymphatic leukemia and the lymphosarcomas. A third case, which demonstrates the value of serial electrophoretic studies in myeloma, is also presented. 4.4. Consideration is given to some of the physicochemical properties of the myeloma serum and urine proteins, and to the possible nature of their interrelationship.

In a previous paper (‘Philosophical Transactions,’ A, 1897, vol. 189, p. 137) we have drawn attention to the fact that the disturbance set up in a liquid by the impact of a rough sphere falling into it, differs in a very remarkable manner from that which follows the entry of a smooth sphere. In the present paper we describe further experiments, made with the object of ascertaining the reason of this difference, and give the conclusions reached. It appeared desirable, in the first place, to take instantaneous photographs of the disturbed liquid below the water-line. These were easily obtained by letting the splash take place in an approximately parallel-sided thin glass vessel (an inverted clock-shade) illuminated from behind. The liquid surface when undisturbed was about level with the middle of the camera-lens, which was focussed for the sphere when under water. The general arrangement of the optical apparatus will be suffi­ciently understood from the accompanying cut (fig. 1). The method of timing the illumination was that already described ( loc. cit. ).

The problems confronting the chemist in control of water treatment for an industrial boiler plant are very complex and dictated to a great extent by the pattern of plant operation. An interesting field of study is presented, particularly where the plant is modern in design and very extensive in the service it provides. The author has concerned himself principally with the problems of water supply and treatment at Aylesford Mills, as these are very typical of those which occur in other large industrial undertakings. Details are given of the feed water treatment plant for the medium- and high-pressure boilers, consisting of primary sedimentation units using lime, ferrous sulphate, and alum as chemical additives, followed by a filtration stage. This section of the plant is followed by a dual system comprising three base-exchange softener units and a fully automatic demineralization plant. The interesting features of fully automatic regeneration of the demineralization plant are discussed, together with the author's experience in operating this plant. Emphasis is placed on high standards of feed water treatment and the principles of the system adopted. Sodium sulphite and tannin are added as chemical deoxidants on medium-pressure plant. Hydrazine, together with a neutralizing amine, are used on the high-pressure boiler installation. The author concludes the paper with comments on the subject of boiler corrosion.

The Gakunan District lies on the southwestern foot of Mt. Fuji. It is the leading pulp and paper industry center with a production of over 16% of Japan's total, Silk, the leading product here in the former day, was replaced by pulp and paper. Of late, however, machineries are becoming important. Before 1880, agriculture, especially rice cultivation, was the dominant productive activity in the district, There were small rural industries such as brewery, silk, Japanese paper and others related to agriculture. All of them were ubiquitous all over. A mechanized silk manufacture sparked an incipient industrialization. A small silk mill, which was built at Omiya, a trade center, in 1886, was the first seat of mechanized industry in the district. The President of the Bank of Omiya was given a major credit for the establishment of this silk mill. It was ten years later, however, than the establishment of mills in the advanced silk production regions in Japan. The mill employed 75 women. An increase of number the of silk mills resulted in a rapid increase of employees, even up to 1200 in 1900, and the district could be said to have been specialized in silk. All silk mills were established by the natives of the district such as land owners or bankers. The distribution pattern of the mills was intimately related not only to sites where water power sufficed, but also to the distribution of enterprisers, in other words, land owners. The latter was presumably a primary cone emn in deciding the location of mills in an early stage of industrial development. More mechanized industrialization began with the establishment of the Fuji Paper Mill in 1890. The first pulp and paper integrated factory of the Mill was built on a river near Omiya. The factory emp-loyed 400 persons, mostly men. While the laborers were supplied from the surrounding rural communities, the shareholders were found in Tokyo. This paper factory was quite different from the traditional system of Japanese paper production. Many other paper mills were established by the natives, especially land owners, after 1910 when paper production was booming. It is characteristic that the mills established by the enterprisers of Tokyo were specialized in pulp and printing paper but the mills built by the local people produced many kinds of Japanese paper. There have been no mills that gained all their raw materials from the forests in and around the district. Much raw materials have been sent from Hokkaido and other parts of Japan. Most mills in the area have been oriented toward the foot of Mt. Fuji where water supply was suffi-cient. Establishment of those mills were based on the agricultural structure which provided cheap labor and, on the other hand, local land owners became enterprisers by opening several banks, which helped to promote the industrialization of the Gakunan District. The distribution pattern of above-mentioned two industries has changed through time sequence. The emerging electric power made possible the change of the location of pulp and paper industry that had been oriented to water power. Since silk manufacture was too small to utilize electric power, its distrimbution pattern did not change as pulp and paper industry did. Silk production was then restricted only to Omiya, one of the silk trading centers in Shizuoka Prefecture. As the silk industry in other parts of this district died out, its place was taken by the mechanized Japanese paper industry. The rise of pulp and paper spelled relative decline of silk. Hence, the manufacturing center moved southward from Gmiya. Fig. 2 shows this change (circles in black represent pulp and paper and double circles are for silk mills). But all the paper mills were not flourishing, finding themselves in severe financial straits during the depression following World War I. Concentration of production thus took place.

Mayor Gamble has just spoken to you on water-supply from the standpoint of the health of citizens. May I discuss with you water from the standpoint of a chemist as it is required by industrial concerns as the most necessary feature of manufacturing operations, especially in the manufacture of pulp and paper, which promises to be the next great industrial development in this southeastern territory which is governed by your membership. A recent survey by the Federal Government has shown an enormous wealth of pine and semi-hardwood timber in this practically untouched region. The figures of this survey are now attracting nation-wide attention, especially since the spruce woods of the Great Lakes and Eastern States are practically exhausted and this makes necessary the importation annually of some two hundred million dollars worth of pulp and paper. About fifteen years ago when it was first proposed to manufacture kraft from southern pine it was loudly proclaimed that this was impossible, but during the intervening years there has been so rapid a growth of the kraft pulp and paper industries that the South now dominates the field with the manufacture of more than sixty percent of the national output. Now when it is proposed to use southern pine for white paper the same cry is heard about the unsuitability of southern pine. The work in the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Industrial Committee of Savannah has completely disproved this contention. Erroneous ideas have been held regarding our pines: first, through the use of the name "yellow" pine, which applies only to the heart, while the sapwood gives a pulp actually lighter in color than spruce; and, second, the utilization of longleaf and slash pines for naval stores