Search

Detailed engineering studies on the energy balance profile, which resulted in the establishment of related per area energy costs in the drier section of a hypothetical 300-ton-per-day paper machine, have been converted into an economic model. Based upon these data, a conceptual design on of an equivalent paper machine in which microwave energy is substitued for more con ventional energy in selected areas has been made and an equivalent economic model developed. The comparison of these economic models is then used to demonstrate the relative merits of microwave energy as a useful source of power in paper manufacture. This comparison shows that while capital cost is somewhat increased, the overalI operating cost is decreased. Significant advantages include a more uniform moisture profile, and a substantially shortened paper machine length.

THE WINDER is one of the more important machines in the paper industry. In general, every paper machine has a winder intimately associated with it and there are many others used in the finishing room.

The MANUFACTURE OF PAPER is an art as old as civilisation. Until comparatively lately in the world's history, demand for paper could be satisfied by hand manufacture; however, the invention of printing, allied with a steady growth in literacy have necessitated the development of mechanical means of paper‐making.

To an increasing degree, large machines designed for quantity production are being subdivided into their elements, each section being driven by a separate motor as contrasted with former practise of driving these machines, as a whole, from a single unit. With the paper machine, this is called the sectional-electric drive. In this paper, the author has confined himself largely to the history and development of the several types of the sectional drive and the relative merits of each particular type. An attempt has been made to set forth clearly the advantages of the sectional drive and to show that its field of application should increase with a fuller understanding of its advantages as to increased production, improved product and lower operating cost.

Filter paper electrophoretic analyses of serum were carried out in a series of eighteen proved cases of multiple myeloma, twenty-three normal controls and 130 patients with non-myelomatous diseases, and compared with the results of classical Tiselius electrophoresis and chemical fractionation. Abnormal electrophoretic patterns were found in all of the cases of multiple myeloma studied, and tall narrow spikes representing abnormal proteins with varying mobilities in the globulin range were demonstrated in 78 per cent. The latter were considered diagnostic of myelomatosis since similar patterns have not been described in any other disease and since none were observed in any of the present controls. In six of the eighteen cases the diagnosis was first established on the basis of these electrophoretic patterns and subsequently confirmed by bone marrow biopsy. In eight others they were merely confirmatory in previously diagnosed cases. Of special interest were the diagnostic patterns found in four patients in whom myelomatosis was not suspected. There were significant quantitative differences between the results obtained by filter paper and classical electrophoresis, and the results of both differed from those of chemical fractionation. However, the diagnostic peaks of myelomatosis were equally well demonstrated by both electrophoretic methods. It is concluded (1) that the electrophoretic patterns of serum obtained by both the filter paper and Tiselius methods exhibit highly characteristic peaks in a high proportion of individuals with multiple myeloma, (2) that such patterns are of great diagnostic value and (3) that the filter paper method offers the advantages of simplicity, low cost and speed, without any loss in sensitivity or specificity, which make it especially valuable for screening large numbers of specimens in patients suspected of having myelomatosis.

During the last two decades both the speed and width of paper machines have increased considerably. This has resulted in the adoption of many devices which prior to that time were still looked on with doubt. The increase in width and weight of the rolls of modern newsprint machines has made the removable wet end practically standard. Similarly the increase in speed has only been made possible by the use of the projection slice, suction couch, and press rolls, which are being fitted with success to machines of all types. The shells of suction rolls must be free from blowholes and this has entailed the use of centrifugal castings, and has been the means of developing their technique. A further development is the vacuum-forming paper machine, probably the most revolutionary modification of the Fourdrinier machine yet proposed. The two-wire machine gives a paper free from any wire mark, and recently a wire has been produced which goes some way towards the elimination of the wire mark. Electric drives arc nearly standard on all new machines.

The relationship between physical properties of paper, especially stiffness and/ or rigidity, and printabiltiy was investigated.The samples studied were 32 fine papers which were manufactured on a midget Fourdrinier paper machine according to the experimental design previously planned, including several factors which were considered to affect the physical properties of paper.The printing experiments were carried out on a M-3 type laboratory printing press, using four plates comprising a solid and half-tones.As the first step of this study, a numerical expression of printability was investigated. Result was obtained that reproducibility which was tentatively designated to the value obtaining from the following equation had highly significant correlationship to the printability (order, ranked by a functional examination).Reproducibility=WPG/WOG (1-α/100) WPG : Brightness of printed surfaceWOG : Brightness of original paperBoth measured by the Hunter Multi-PurposeReflectmeter, using green filter.χ : Area of half-tones of used plateAt the second step, inquiries were carried out into the correlationship between printability and physical properties of paper including stiffness and/or rigidity, smoothness, compressibility, oil absorbency etc. In this case, reproducibility was used as a printability value.Further, relations between reproducibility, coefficient of ink transfer and printed opacity and printing conditions were analysed.Furthermore, the correlations in some combinations among five physical properties comprising Youngs' modulus, compressibility and stiffness of three types, such as Clark (softness, rigidity and stiffness), Olsen and Gurley, were made clear.Following conclusions were obtained.1. In the scope of these experiments, there was no correlation between stiffness of paper and printability.2. Other physical properties which correlated to printability were only the properties indicating smoothness of paper.3. Reproducibility related merely to the properties of ink used, i.e., tack and film thickness on the plate.4. Although coefficient of ink transfer have been affected by the type and tack of ink, film thickness and printing speed, printed opacity referred not to printing speed. Further, it was made clear that in these two properties there was a reverse tendency in each other.5. In five physical properties of paper concerning stiffness or the like, it was indicated that highly significant correlations have been found in seven combinations, for example, in the case of Gurley stiffness vs. Clark stiffness plot, 0.9065 was obtained as the correlation coefficient, Olsen stiffness vs. compressibility, -0.7283.

The longer “Mitsumata” is boiled the worse effects the paper manufactured in the boiling of the refined bast of “Mitsumata”.When we do the repeated use of the waste liquor we should avoid to last boiling long.Because of the boiling lasts long lignin decomosition increases and the repeated use of the liquor consume unnecessary amount of caustic soda. According to Shimoda formula, the author recognize that it is calculated the economic repeating number to use the waste liquor.The chemical analysis of refined bast of “Mitsumata” grown in Ehime Prefecture and Mitsumata pulp have been done.

A simple method is described for determining the uric acid: creatinine ratio (UA/C ratio) in urine collected on filter paper. Uric acid and creatinine can be eluted quantitatively from Schleicher and Schuell 903 filter paper in alkaline buffer; the eluate is analyzed for the two compounds simultaneously by an automated method. The mean UA/C ratio was defined in 820 newborn infants in the postnatal period of life. After the third day, the average is 1.49 ± 0.60 (mean ± 1SD), falling from a high value of 2.25 ± 0.85 on the second day. There is no significant sex difference or diurnal variation at this age and neither gestational age nor birth weight apparently affects the ratio. The technique can be used to screen population, particularly the neonate after the 3rd day of life, for disorders of purine metabolism. An abnormal ratio (i.e., above 3.29 or > 3SD above the mean) would indicate such a disorder. Transient high UA/C ratios can be anticipated in at least 0.5% of samples often because of acquired perinatal complications.

A sample of 147 men drawn from the workers in a pulp mill was compared with one of 124 men from a paper mill. The former included those exposed to chlorine and to sulphur dioxide. No significant differences were found in respiratory symptoms or in simple tests of ventilatory function in the two samples, but men working in chlorine had a somewhat poorer respiratory function and more shortness of breath than those working in sulphur dioxide. The working population of both mills together had a lower prevalence of respiratory disease than that of the male population of Berlin, N.H., previously studied, suggesting that working populations may not be representative of the general population. Further, a low prevalence of disease in a working population exposed to pollutants may not indicate their `safety9 in general populations.

Pressure pulses of 8.2 × 107 dyn cm-2, each lasting for about 0.01 sec, were applied to paper, and the scattered light from it was measured simultaneously in order to study the response of pores in paper under dynamic conditions. During the compression phase the deformation in pore surface, i.e. the loss in fibre-air interface, is found to be linearly related to the square root of pressure, and the minimum pressure required to compress a paper to the non-porous state is estimated to be around 5 × 108 dyn cm-2, depending on the type of paper. The decompression curve, however, always follows a different path; thus, a cycle of compression and decompression shows large hysteresis. An approximate calculation is made of the energy loss per cycle, and this shows the associated temperature rise to be less than 1 degc. The delayed recovery from compression is large compared with the elastic recovery, but the permanent set is very small. Both the resistance of pores to compression and the energy loss per unit volume seem to be related to the paper density.

THE predominant characteristic of life and of enterprise is change. The principal ingredient of growth itself is change, although change is not necessarily growth. It is axiomatic of course that change can be for the better or for worse. It follows then that of all futures for the paper industry, the single, predominant characteristic will be CHANGE directed change for the better or misdirected change for the worse. To initiate, lead and give direction to change is one of the prime responsibilities of industrial management. So it is with the management of our industry. With full awareness of its responsibilities, I am confident that the changes of the future will be for the better. Certainly our industry has before it, unparalleled opportunity for great gains. Over the past century the paper industry has undergone many changes. Principal among these has been a dramatic and continuing increase in tons of paper and paper board made and sold for an ever increasing demand based in large measure on new applications and new markets as well as explosive growth in traditional uses. In contrast, however, the paper industry during this same century has made very few basic changes in its processes. We have increased the speed of our processes; but there have been few innovations. While the "batch system" continues to be used largely in pulping and in most so-called "dry furnish" paper mills whose paper is made from purchased pulp, our industry is nevertheless in a real sense one of the oldest continuous process industries known. Yet our industry has done less about controlling the random variations in its process than have most of the other continuous process industries. One of the most far-reaching futures for our industry will be the emergence of modern process control systems. These will greatly reduce present day costs of operation. Stimulated by an enlightened self-interest, the pulp and paper industry has set an inspiring example of forest conservation and development. The number of tree farms and the total volume of growing timber crops is vastly greater than half a century ago, or for that matter even 25 years ago. So, while we are harvesting ever increasing volume of timber from which to extract the cellulose fibres out of which paper and paper board are made, there is much greater volume of growing and sustained available supply. The growth rate exceeds the harvesting rate. This has been a great achievement. However, we have not significantly changed or improved methods of harvesting or of bringing pulp wood to the initiation of the pulping process, particularly in the great Southern pine branch of our industry. Thus, we have neither basically changed the system of gathering wood for pulping nor the processes of manufacturing pulp and paper except in terms of speed, diversification of use and volume of products made and sold. The future will belong to us only if we deserve it. Unless we find simpler methods of pulping and paper making, so the required capital equipment can be obtained for lesser cost, and unless we can find the ways and means to produce greater volumes of high quality products at lower cost, we will fail to provide adequate defenses against attack from lower cost substitutes. All that will be required to bring about the encroachment of lower-priced substitutes is sufficient economic inducement. Unless our industry finds lower cost methods we will provide that inducement. We must secure the future by creating the capability of manufacturing our products by different methods and of selling at lower prices, while making an adequate margin on sales and a satisfactory return on capital investment. It is only in this manner that we can assure that the future will be one of dynamic activity for the enterprise in which we are engaged. And it is, of course, only in this way that in the future, as in the past, we will have the confidence of intending investors, shareholders, the financial community, our employees and our customers.

SUMMARY This paper attempts to analyse the relationship between the pulp and paper industry in Australia, and State forestry. Victorian conditions are taken as an example. The industry has an interest, at least equal to the State forestry authorities, in sustained yield forestry, and at the same time it can play an important role in assisting the State to work towards management for sustained yield. In many of the forests which have been cut for mill logs during the past decade, the volume of cull wood, both standing and on the ground, has often presented a serious obstacle to the establishment and development of satisfactory regeneration. The ability of the pulp and paper industry to utilize much of this material is of great potential value to State forestry. The amount and type of this logging residue that can be used is limited by the economic conditions and disadvantages which handicap the Australian industry. Recent work shows that wood quality in relation to the quality of the finished product also ...

This study investigated effects of industrial wastes of a paper mill on fish. Chemical analyses were made of the effluent and of the river water before it entered the mill and at the effluent entry point. Static bioassay techniques were used to determine tolerances to the effluent of ten fish species which were abundant in the paper mill area. Fish were collected from the effluent entry point into the river. An abundant fish fauna was found. Charmin Paper Products Company, Cheboygan, Michigan, treats its waste products thoroughly and is an example of what an industry can do to reduce water pollution. The common shiner, Notropis cornutus , was found to be intolerant to even low concentrations of the effluent. Thus, its presence in an area would indicate a very low level of pollution of this type.

In dc cables the resistivity of the insulation is a very important parameter, as it determines the stress distribution and the power losses in the insulation. This paper gives the results of several tests on plane capacitors, from which the steady-state resistivity of four different kinds of paper and impregnants appear to be almost identical from this point of view. The transient behavior of one of the dielectrics is also shown, giving the current density as a function of time after the application of a direct voltage, for different temperatures and stresses.

WATER is an integral part of the manufacture of pulp, paper, and paperboard. It plays a critical role in virtually every step of paper making, from the processing of pulp to the carrying of fibers to the paper-making machines. Water also is used to generate steam for power generation and for process use. Most of the water requirements are met by surface supplies (rivers and lakes) with the remainder from wells. Some mills also use city water. Since water-quality requirements for steam generation are well documented, this article will focus directly on process-water requirements and problems.

A new technique for measuring peak pressures of repeated high amplitude sound pulses in liquids is described. The method involves the transfer of carbon from carbon paper to white `printing-out paper' as a result of the pressure exerted by a pulse. The darkening produced on the white paper was estimated photometrically and used as a measure of the peak pressure in the pulse. Using this procedure, measurements were made in a water column of pulse peak pressures up to 700 atm.

THE HISTORY of the paper industry and the history of paper machine drives is a story of continued progress; progress in improved performance, increased reliability, and operator convenience.

This paper discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of on-line color control that is used successfully on a paper machine at Consolidated Papers, Inc. The control design schemes for digital controllers are given. Simulation and actual process results are also reported.

This paper describes the computer control system used in the paper mill of Oy Nokia Ab in Nokia, Finland. The computer controlled Yankee Paper Machine produces paper with basis weight from 17 to 72 grams/m 2 . The operational principles of this paper machine and its control system are described. The control system software includes data collecting and reporting programs as well as supervisory programs. The most important variables and conditions of the paper machine are measured and reported. Among the control application programs the basis weight and moisture control can be considered as the most important. The target values of both moisture and basis weight are maintained by the computer. Thus the operation of the paper machine enables us to obtain maximum permissible moisture values of the produced paper. The computer also controls the non-continuous or continuous proportioning by the amounts of pulp components. Thus, an economic and exact proportioning is reached. The computer also controls the changes of grade, which are thus made accurately and fast. The computer measures continuously the lengths of the machine reel and the customer rolls on the winding machine, and tells the proper times for changes, and so the lengths are optimized. The conclusion includes the experiences we have gathered when using this computer control system.

Among the factors affecting the stiffness of paper, the effects of density, loading and basis weight were studied on the hand-made sheets. A formula and a diagram, by which the effect of basis weight on the stiffness can be calculated independently of pulp variety, beating equipment and pulp freeness, were derived and the concept of stiffness factor was defined as follows.log S =log a+1.832 log WStiffness factor=S(100/W)1.832where S=stiffnessW=basis weight in g/m2 α=α constantAlthough “Koshi”, one of the Japanese traditional methods evaluating paper quality is not a mere stiffness but it depends on the sense of human being, a formula evaluating “Koshi” was derived and it was named “Composed Stiffness”.Composed Stiffness= [S- (1.0-D)× 86.7]× D×T.S.where S= StiffnessD=Density in g/cm3 T.S = Tensile strength in kg

The paper industry is the third largest discharger of industrial waste in the U.S. A great deal of experience has been gained in the design and operation of such treatment facilities. This information is contained in the records of the National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. The experience contained in these records is translated into design parameters. The application of these design parameters is illustrated with the case histories of two highly successful treatment plants. The first case history deals with an aerated stabilization basin system. The design of this plant shows excellent foresight in providing for the flexibility necessary in treating paper mill wastes and also reserve capacity necessary to protect the receiving stream under any conditions. The second case history is of an activated sludge system. This system illustrates an application where a high degree of treatment is needed at all times.

This paper is a sequel to the author's report of the Gakunan Pulp and Paper Industry District published in the Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 35 (1962), No. 9. In this paper an attempt is made to illustrate how a small local industrial area has lost or left its local characteristics. The recent tremendous growth of industry in Japan is still taking place largely in the already highly industrialized areas and in their vicinities. After the Korean War, under the nation's new economic policy, which intended to foster concentration of manufacturing production, still it is gradually having an impact on many other parts of the country. In this trend, Shizuoka Prefecture came to rank seventh in the manufacturing production of Japan. In this prefecture the Gakunan District has played an important role in its industrial growth, especially in such industrial groups as machineries and chemicals. There were three stages in industrialization of this district as the author pointed out before. Concentration of manufacturing production has long been lasting since the economic depression after World War I, or the second stage in industrialization. In this process most paper factories, which were initially established by local landowners, came into the hands of some paper commission merchants, because of fall of landowners. Through this stage, most landowners fell and few could be industrial capitalists. Daishowa-Seishi was established in 1938 by those merchants, being heir to old enterprisers' properties. In the period of World War II, some monopolistic enterprises such as Toshiba and Nissan, which are now ones of the leading producers of electrical machineries and automobiles respectively, opened their factories in the Gakunan District. The factories were moved and located here from the Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial Belt in response to expanding military demands. Besides, consideration of danger from air attack was an innegligible factor in such industrial localization. A quite similar tendency is becoming visible in other newly opened establishments by monopolistic enterprisers. This phenomenon is today's typical pattern of industrial localization in formerly locally developed industrial areas. It shows that a small local industrial area is losing its old-type local characteristic which industries were based on local labor, and means that the next stage in industrialization is taking place. Under the circumstances mentioned above, the primary industry is declining. Small-scale fishing activity in coastal water is completely gone, and agricultural industry is declining. Along part of the Tokaido Railroad or surrounding sites of the Tagonoura Port, a very spacious cultivated land, mostly for paddy fields, is changing into industrial purposes including residential sections belonging to some large-scale factories. Figure 2 shows industrial impact on agricultural land. Black sign indicates intustrial land use, faint colored sign is for settlements. Old small factories by local capital are located in and near old settlements, and in contrast, new large factories by monopolistic capital are located along the Tokaido Line encroaching on paddy fields. Thus, many farmers lost a large portion of their farming land, in some cases even their own homes. They must have jobs other than agriculture. In this industrialized district, farmers have many oppotunities to obtain jobs, so most of them stay in their towns or villages and get livelihood there. Though many families in rural settlements change their occupations to those of secondary or tertiary industries, they do not become pure wage workers rapidly as so expected, by completely leaving agriculture and because of their low wages. Part-time farming families are increasing year by year. Side work ratio to the total farming families is now over 85%.

The basic criteria for development of a suitable per cent moisture gauge for paper are discussed and the paper industry requirements analysed. The theory of operation for the infra-red gauge is explained and the various components of the system described at length. Installation methods for fixed point and traversing mechanisms are set forth. The significance of the calibration technique being used is discussed. A wide range of current installations is described and the extension of applications on the paper machine suggested.

The pulp and paper industry has fallen on evil days since 1929. It is still our largest manufacturing industry both in value of output and amount of payroll, and still ranks second only to wheat among the export staples on which our economic life is built: in the calendar year 1934, wheat provided just over 20 per cent, of the value of our exports; pulp and paper, 17¼ per cent, a gain of 4¼ per cent, since 1930. Unhappily it is also second only to wheat in the calamities which have overtaken it. In 1933, its salary payments were barely 68 per cent, of the pre-depression figure, its wage bill not quite 50 per cent., its bond and debenture interest payments less than 15 per cent., its dividends about 9 per cent. Mr. C. P. Fell, in his valuable chapter in The Canadian Economy and its Problems, says that “mills having 58 per cent, of the total Canadian [newsprint] capacity are in bankruptcy or receivership, or are passing, or have recently passed through, some form of reorganization; … they include five out of eight of the larger newsprint manufacturers in North America.”The general decline in prices and consumption will explain only a small part of the disaster. It is tempting to dismiss the rest as no more than an instance of the common plight of all export industries; especially as the only section of the pulp and paper industry in a reasonably satisfactory financial position is the small group of firms producing fine paper and specialty goods for the protected home market. But this explanation also is hardly adequate. The Canadian wheat grower has had to contend against the vagaries of nature, against foreign tariffs, quotas, and other such restrictions, against a considerable expansion of home production in his chief markets, and against the formidable competition of exporters from countries with depreciated exchanges. The Canadian newsprint manufacturer, on the other hand, faces no such obstacles. On the contrary, he has free entry into the United States market, and, until the worst of the depression was past, enjoyed the advantages of a depreciated exchange, netting him at times as much as $8.00 a ton, and an average of $3.00 in 1933. It is necessary, therefore, to look deeper to discover why the industry has suffered such exceptionally severe losses.

In few conditions is the electrophorogram of serum proteins capable alone of deciphering the diagnosis. In conjunction with the assembled clinical data and relevant applied pathological tests the definition of the disease is often clarified. The patterns as observed by the applied pathologist are serially discussed and the importance of the variations in different fractions presented. In several instances, exemplified by liver disease, the assistance rendered toward prognosis has been considerable. Perhaps the most clearcut diagnosis is possible in the agammaglobulinaemia syndrome which is immediately evident by the technique of paper electrophoresis. Current advances are mainly in the direction of estimating the protein-bound carbohydrate and lipid constituents which are believed to reflect the abnormalities in several infections and metabolic diseases. Utilisation of non-ionic detergents has also allowed separation of subfractions of the globulins into numerous new components, including lipo-proteins, some of which had been previously observed during the application of improved buffer systems designed to restrict interference of heavy metals and to facilitate accentuation of fractions having intermediate mobility.

Computer-aided design techniques are now used extensively for the production of masks in the microelectronic industries. In these methods the microcircuit patterns are broken down into simpler component parts, such as rectangles, whose co-ordinates are punched onto paper tape. A logic system has been developed to control an electron probe from coordinates read in on paper tape. Successive rectangles specified on the tape are scanned by the probe on the specimen, exposing an electron-sensitive material. A microcircuit pattern is thus built up from these basic rectangular elements. The use of an electron probe allows the generation of patterns with submicron dimensions within a reasonable time. The system outlined above has been used to produce microcircuit patterns using two techniques. In one, electron-sensitive resist is used to define a pattern etched in underlying material; in the other, metallic patterns are deposited directly by the decomposition of a metallic compound.

The present status of waste paper utilization was discussed, since the ecological problems have attracted considerable attention in recent days. Moreover, the trends of future utilization of waste paper were also discussed by taking its current status in America into account. The following problems were discussed in this article. 1. collection and classification of waste paper. 2. storage of waste paper. 3. treatment of waste paper with an increasing output of converted papers. 4. diversification of waste paper utilization. Furthermore, some technological aspects of waste paper treatment and the utilization of fibers in municipal refuse were reviewed.

STUDIES of the causes and mechanism of the failure of impregnated-paper insulation are commonly obscured by the burning due to the final complete breakdown. In a number of years of study of the more accessible properties of impregnated paper and their relation to stability and breakdown, constant attention has been given to the restriction of this burning and a nearer view of the beginnings of failure. Simple fuses and even rapid circuit breakers in the primary circuit of the testing transformer are of no avail. Some improvement is obtained by the use of a thyratron in the grounded lead of the sample with suitable connection to a rapid circuit breaker in the primary. But by far the best results, and indeed very complete success, have been reached by a method for detecting the first occurrence of gaseous ionization within the test specimen. This method is a development of the pioneer work of Paine1 and the subsequent applications of Arman and Starr and of Whitehead and Shaw,2 using resonance methods for following the oscillations which arise in the ionization of gas spaces in the insulation wall. New features which have been added are increased sensitivity, improved balancing of the Schering bridge for the frequency of maximum oscillations, the use of greater amplification, and a sensitive recording instrument for registering the first occurrence of internal ionization. The complete setup, as described in this paper, is called the “ionization recorder.” With this instrument it is possible to detect the beginnings of failure in a completely impregnated specimen initially free of gas spaces or voids, often to within one layer of the impregnated structure, and also to follow its growth, with interruption at any desired stage on the way to complete breakdown. So far, the instrument has been applied only to the study of the influence of paper density on dielectric strength and stability, and the comparative behavior of two types of paper and two types of oil. From the results it will be seen that a very intimate picture of breakdown and its causes is presented.

An indirect immunofluorescence test using small discs (0.4 cm in diameter) cut from blood smears on filter paper is described. Discs plus three drops of phosphate-buffered saline are laid on antigenic areas on slides, which are then incubated. During incubation, eluted antibodies react with antigen. The method was tested with 10 eluates from healthy persons and with 30 eluates from three groups of 10 patients with Chagas’ disease, schistosomiasis Mansoni and South American blastomycosis, respectively. Sera from the same blood samples were tested also by conventional indirect immunofluorescence tests. Both tests gave similar results. The method proposed is useful as a rapid qualitative screening test when dealing with a large number of samples.

Summary Digital simulation and plant tests have demonstrated the feasibility and the economic advantages of coordinated control of paper machines. The design of coordinated control is discussed, with examples and plant test results of paper machine coordination. On-line simulation models are proposed as an aid to coordination during certain state change, and for use in on-line estimation. The digital computer implementation of the new control schemes is described.

By the method of paper electrophoresis a comparative quantitative study was made of the sundanophilic serum lipids of two groups of persons; one group consisted of twenty-one patients who had had previous myocardial infarction, the other of eighteen women with no clinically important arteriosclerosis. The electrolipograms in all cases revealed two zones, the larger probably corresponding to β-lipoproteins, the smaller to α-lipoproteins. In the atherosclerotic group the major lipid band constituted a larger fraction of the total lipid than in the control group. The major lipid band of one-third of the atherosclerotic persons extended farther with respect to the β-globulin.

T X SHE British government in April, I94I, issued a "White Paper" entitled An Analysis of the Sources of War Finance and an Estimate of the National Income and Expenditure in I938 and I940 (Cmd. 626i). "This paper contains two series of statistical estimates, the first prepared in the Treasury and designed to analyse the sources of war finance; and the second an estimate of the national income and expenditure in the calendar years I938 and I940, prepared in the Central Statistical Office and designed to measure in money terms the main elements in the nation's income, expenditure and savings and the net amount of funds available for government purposes from private sources." This document presents Treasury receipts from taxation, borrowing, and extraordinary sources for the first year and the first half of the second year of the war; an examination of categories of public borrowing, including an estimate of purchases of Treasury issues out of proceeds of assets sold abroad by the British and out of the net inflow of balances from abroad; and an estimate of the important sources of funds channeled into the market for Treasury issues. These are funds from overseas, tax accruals (not yet due), savings of local authorities and undistributed profits of companies, net current personal savings, and reinvestments of sums realized from certain domestic capital assets. The second part of this valuable document contains the best work yet made available on British national income, personal expenditures, expenditures of the government, net investment (and disinvestment), personal income, and the disposal of personal income-all restricted, however, to the calendar years I938 and I940. Economists should be grateful for this document, which

This paper tells about a computer application in the control and supervision of paper manufacture. The operating system and the control program modules as well as the opportunities of the process operator to interact with the execution of the programs are described in addition to the computer equipment. Control objects are the basis weight, humidity, machine speed and headbox level and pressure. Their essential features are described together with a description of the supervision, which consists of quality and production reports.

By the mid-197o's, an estimated 63 million Americans will be enrolled in the nation's schools and colleges. Total attendance in higher education alone will exceed i61,2 million. With almost one million earned baccalaureates, over a quarter of a million master's degrees, and nearly 50,000 doctorates awarded each year, servicing the academic world will be lucrative for many educational vendors, including equipment manufacturers, textbook publishers, as well as a new breed of supplier-commercial firms which provide ghost-written term papers for students.' For years, educators have known about fraternity files and the exchange of papers among students. The assistance rendered by relatives and friends in the preparing of assignments has sometimes been met with academic oversight and even acquiescence. Only the most flagrant cases of plagiarism from known and traceable published sources have resulted in disciplinary action (warning, reprimand, grade reduction, failure, revocation of privileges, probation or, in rare cases, suspension or

— The use of paper electrophoresis for the routine examination of urinary proteins in the dog has been studied. In the majority of dogs with nephritis the A/G ratios of the urinary proteins were found to be greater than those of corresponding sera and the electropherograms were fairly well defined. In a few cases the ratios were much smaller, and they were usually associated with high relative percentages of the β- and γ-fractions. Post-renal protein due to cystitis alone produced poorly defined electropherograms. These also resulted when both conditions were present. Urinary proteins with high relative percentages of β- and γ-globulins were also investigated and their electropherograms compared with those of γ-globulin preparations and with seminal plasma from male dog ejaculate. Urinary proteins from dogs suffering from a combination of diseases, e.g. nephritis and liver disorders, gave electropherograms that were not characteristic, although low A/G ratios appeared to be associated with prostatitis, with a case of splenic haematoma, and with some cases showing severe liver damage. It is concluded that paper electrophoresis of urinary proteins, particularly when performed on small “grab” samples has only limited use in routine clinical diagnosis. Resume— L'tlectrophorere au papier a ete employee pour I'etude des proteines dam l'urine du chien. Chez la majorite des chiens le rapport A/G dans l'albumine de l'urine a ete trouve augmente. Dans peu de cas, le rapport etait plus petit, quand le pourcentage Beta et Gamma etait plus eleve. L'albuminaire due a des cystites ne donnait que des electrophograms mediocres. Il en etait de meme quand une nephrite venait compliquer une cystite. Les proteines urinaires ayant une forte teneur de beta et de gamma globulines furent egalement etudiees, et leur electropherogramme compares au liquide seminal de chiens males. Les proteines urinaires de chiens souffrant simultanement de plusieurs maladies telles que nephrite et desordres hepatiques, donnerent des cliches peu caracteristiques, bien qu'un rapport A/G diminue semble etre associe a une prostatite, a un hematome splenique, et dam quelques cas de graves leions hepatiques. La conclusion est que l'electrophorese au papier, des proteines de l'urine, est d'un interet clinique limite, particulierement quand la quantite d'urine fournie est petite. Zusammenfassung— Die Anwendbarkeit der Papierelektrophorese zur Untersuchung der Harn-proteine des Hundes wurde studiert. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass in der Mehrzahl der Hunde, die an Nephritis litten, die A/G Quotienten der Harnproteine hoher waren als der entsprechenden Sera und die erhalten Elektro-pherogramme waren ziemlich scharf definiert. In einigen wenigen Fallen waren die Quotienten betrachtlich kleiner und dann fand sich gewohnlich auch ein relativ hoher zugehoriger Anteil der Beta und Gamma Fraktion. Postrenales Protein, das lediglich durch Zystitis hervorgerufen war, zeigte verwaschene Elektrophorogramme. Solche Resultate wurden auch dann gesehen, wenn beide Erkrankungen zusammen vorlagen. Harnproteine mit einem relativ grossen Anteil von Beta und Gammaglobulin wurden ebenfalls untersucht und die erhaltenen Elektrophorogramme wurden mit solchen verglichen, die man rnit Gammaglobulin oder mit der Samenflussigkeit mannlicher Hunde erhielt. Hamproteine von Hunden, die an einer Kombination von verschiedenen Erkrankungen litten, 2.B. von Nephritis und Leberkrankheit, ergaben uncharakteristische Elektrophorogramme, es erschien jedoch, dass niedrige A/G Quotienten bei Prostatitis, bei einem Fall von Milzhaematom und bei einigen Fallen rnit schwerer Leberschadigung gefunden wurden. Es kann abschliessend gesagt werden, dass die Papierelektrophorese der Hamproteine, desonders wenn sie nur an gelegentlichen kleinen Proben ausgefuhrt wird, nur einen beschrankt klinisch diagnostischen Wert besitzt.

The pulp and paper industry is a major one in the United States and utilizes many complex processes. The first control computer was installed in 1961, and the number of installations has increased steadily to about 47 in March, 1969. The applications at many of these installations have been published in some technical detail. This paper briefly describes the processes, many of the control problems and the solutions that have been used. Although the paper deals primarily with the U. S. industry, significant developments abroad are mentioned. Economic and technical results published by companies which have installed 21 of the total computers are summarized.

Deposits of coal dust collected on filter paper from airborne clouds have been studied in connexion with their light screening power. This depends on the nature of the paper as well as the size and concentration of the particles. Nine kinds of paper were investigated, two of them in detail. Some idea has been obtained of the qualities necessary in a filter paper in order that the dust deposits will have maximum optical density. Theoretical expressions are derived for light screening according to how the particles are dispersed in the paper. Maximum screening would result if each particle shadowed individually, but this is only possible in very sparse deposits; otherwise, overlapping of the particles has to be allowed for. Diffraction of light by the particles and the effects of diffusion of light in the paper are discussed.

THERE are two distinct types of paper machines to be found in the industry; the Fourdrinier machine, named after its sponsor, and the cylinder machine. These machines with modifications are used in the manufacture of all grades of paper and paperboard.

This paper discusses about the strength of two kinds of paper bags. One is a commercial packing bags made of bleached wrapping papers and the other, kraft paper bags. With the former, the results of falling test were compared with the Japanese standard strength test and special strength test.It was found that the _??_ type paper strengh, _??_ type paper strength and folding endurance have a good correlation factor to the results of falling test. (see fig 7-13, table 3) With the kraft paper bags, the rotation drum test and falling test by hand and by the instrument were experimented.It was found that the fluctuation of the rotation drum test is less than the fluctuation of the falling test by hand and by the instrument. (see table 5, 8, 9, 10).

This paper takes the reader through the steps of a control system design using both optimal control theory and sensitivity analysis. The problem is to control color on a paper machine. The physical aspects of color are briefly described and a model for the paper machine is given. The model responses are compared with responses obtained experimentally on a small-scale machine. The retention turns out to be an unknown and variable parameter. A sampled-data design is carried out for the nominal case where the retention is 100 percent using the linear-regulator theory. A parameter \rho weighing the control effort in the quadratic cost function is then used as a design parameter.

Several analysis of wet sheet drying mechanism in the multi-cylinder dryer part have been informed and we have introduced our own idea and developed the new formulae.That is, we have succeeded in computing the changing processes of moisture content and tempenature of wet sheet by using these formulae.Many different elements-basic weight, dryer surface temperature, property and tension of dryer clothing-which have effects on the wet sheet drying are used as the functions of drying speed.As a result, the construction of dryer part are able to be determined by these formulae where certain basic design data are provided.The test results and the formulae are presented in this paper.

High rates of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction (nitrogenase activity) were observed in woodroom effluent from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical mill under aerobic (up to 644 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) and under anaerobic (up to 135 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) conditions. Pasteurized effluent developed C 2 H 2 reduction activity when incubated under anaerobic but not under aerobic conditions. Activities were increased by addition of 0.5 to 3.0% glucose or xylose. Enrichment and enumeration studies showed that N 2 -fixing Azotobacter and Klebsiella were abundant, and N 2 -fixing Bacillus was present. Of 129 isolates of Klebsiella from pulp mills, lakes, rivers, and drainage and sewage systems, 32% possessed nitrogen-fixing ability.

Static switching control, with its greatly improved reliability, is another step toward automated industrial sytems. A general view of this field including a specific application to a paper mill digester is presented.