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A simple linear model is constructed for production, use and recycling of various paper and related products. This model is used to estimate the maximum feasible recycling rate given the current state of pulp and paper technology. Parametric linear programming is used to investigate the effect of the efficiency of collecting, sorting and transporting waste paper on the fraction recycled.

Because of the complexity of operation of a paper machine, a simulation of operation would provide three avenues through which better startup and operation could be obtained: (1) engineering evaluation, (2) operator training, and (3) control-program evaluation. Prior to the startup of a new high-speed paper machine, a simulation of the stock system where the suspended fibers are formed into a sheet of paper was undertaken. Basic information on the steady-state and dynamic be havior of such a system was obtained on a highly instru mented paper machine having components similar to those of the new machine. The system was analyzed one component at a time to fit available theoretical equations with minor modifications. This allowed reasonable extrap olation and reassembly of the system to describe the new machine. An important factor in describing such a system was the transport lag in the pipelines. This facet of the simulation was accomplished with prewired Padé approximations of these lags. A second important characteristic in describing a paper machine in real time is the long time-constants involved in the rates of change. These may run as long as 10 minutes. A replica of the main control panels was constructed for use as a training aid for the operating crews of the new machine. The panels were programmed on the computer to respond to upsets and grade changes as part of an inten sive training program for the operators. Exploitation of the simulation system is still in progress. It is evident, however, that the smooth startup resulted from careful planning and effective operator training.

This paper presents a technique for simulation of the stock preparation and Fourdrinier dynamics which is flexible, convenient, and detailed enough to allow the user to study physical process modifications and transient response dur ing upsets and "furnish" (fibers with different character istics, fillers, dyes, etc.) changes and to evaluate simplified mathematical models and control schemes. The technique uses digital simulation in a block diagram form, each block of which corresponds to one type of physical unit in the process (e.g., cleaner or tanks). Simu lation of a particular process then involves specification of the particular parameters of each physical unit together with the way in which they are interconnected. Individual components of the furnish may be traced through the whole process. A complete wet-end configuration, including the white water recovery system, is simulated using the technique described in the paper, and typical results obtained during grade changes and disturbances are presented.

Detailed engineering studies on the energy balance profile, which resulted in the establishment of related per area energy costs in the drier section of a hypothetical 300-ton-per-day paper machine, have been converted into an economic model. Based upon these data, a conceptual design on of an equivalent paper machine in which microwave energy is substitued for more con ventional energy in selected areas has been made and an equivalent economic model developed. The comparison of these economic models is then used to demonstrate the relative merits of microwave energy as a useful source of power in paper manufacture. This comparison shows that while capital cost is somewhat increased, the overalI operating cost is decreased. Significant advantages include a more uniform moisture profile, and a substantially shortened paper machine length.

During the last two decades both the speed and width of paper machines have increased considerably. This has resulted in the adoption of many devices which prior to that time were still looked on with doubt. The increase in width and weight of the rolls of modern newsprint machines has made the removable wet end practically standard. Similarly the increase in speed has only been made possible by the use of the projection slice, suction couch, and press rolls, which are being fitted with success to machines of all types. The shells of suction rolls must be free from blowholes and this has entailed the use of centrifugal castings, and has been the means of developing their technique. A further development is the vacuum-forming paper machine, probably the most revolutionary modification of the Fourdrinier machine yet proposed. The two-wire machine gives a paper free from any wire mark, and recently a wire has been produced which goes some way towards the elimination of the wire mark. Electric drives arc nearly standard on all new machines.

This paper describes an attempt to apply linear optimal control theory to computer control of an industrial process. The applicability of the theory is discussed. Particular attention is given to the problem of obtaining a mathematical model of process dynamics and disturbances. Results of actual measurements as well as results from on-line control experience are presented.

Using the principles of elementary dynamics limits are put on the speeds with which a paper transport mechanism which is required to stop at a given character can be expected to work. It is shown that these speeds are nearly four times those so far achieved.

A high speed paper tape reader with a maximum speed of 1000 characters per second is described. Relevant principles of construction as well as operating characteristics are given in some detail.

ロ紙を水平空間に保持するopen-strip typeと,著者が自製したガラス板で口紙をはさみ密閉,冷却できるようにしたsandwich typeの2種類のロ紙固定方式にて,ロ紙上物質の移動と泳動電流によるロ紙の発熱,それに伴って生じる電解液の蒸発,ロ紙の毛細管浸透現象による電解液のロ紙中央部に向う流れとの関連について調べた.open-strip typeはロ紙の発熱が著しく,このため泳動方向,泳動像,泳動速度などに安定した結果を得ることが困難であり,また泳動電圧を高くすることは不可能に近い.これに対してsandwich typeではこれらの影響を受けにくく,再現性もえやすいうえに高電圧を加えることが可能であった.それでこのsandwich typeを用いて100V/cm程度の電位こう配にて泳動を実施できるロ紙固定台を試作し,泳動結果の再現性を簡単なグラフにて表現することを試みた.

The mere fact that a thing or person has possibilities of good in large amount is no assurance that good will result from the use of that thing or from the individual possessed of that possibility. A superficial study of existing conditions is all that is necessary to ascertain the truth of this statement. The term paper is a valuable instrument in secondary and higher education but is abused and falls far short of its possibilities, because of the clumsy use of a good technique by both teachers and pupils alike. If one was to ask a number of teachers, using this device, what purpose the term paper best served they would probably most frequently receive some form of the following statements: (1) It may be used as a supplement to the regular class work to bring in material that ordinary members will be unable to obtain due to lack of time in class or ability in the pupils; (2) It serves the purpose of offering to better pupils a chance to enrich their school work and in some cases to secure a better grade; (Grades are not what we ought to be after, but it is one thing that many teachers emphasize to the point of causing many of our students to strive for them); (3) It gives a chance for valuable training in organizing valuable data and materials into more accessible and usable form; (4) and, it serves the purpose of giving an opportunity for doing rudimentary research and thus developing skill in solving problems along the line covered by the particular course. The term paper seems to aid in developing several worth-while abilities. Students are required to state a problem in workable form and collect bibliographies covering the topic. They must evaluate, eliminate, and organize the data after they have been found and collected. Many times this takes them into libraries but frequently an experiment must be devised or some accepted form of collecting data that is not available in libraries. Conclusions must be drawn and evaluated upon the basis of adequacy of sampling and reliability of sources. Many times the conclusion is unjustified by the data but the development of the technique is more valuable than the academic and etherial facts collected.

The effective use of modern control theory requires suitable mathematical models of the objects to be controlled and of the disturbances. Paper machines have been controlled digitally for a long time. Digital control of basis weight and moisture content is in fact one of the few examples where a digital computer and sensors form a standard package. In spite of this there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of paper machine dynamics. This paper attempts to fill a few of these. The paper is based on measurements on full scale paper machines and on a pilot plant at the Swedish Forest Products Research Laboratory (STFI). The experiments on the industrial plants were performed using control computers with appropriate instrumentation both on craft paper and newsprint machines. The experiments on the pilot plant were carried out with different fibre, clay and water mixtures. These experiments gave insight into the effect of the pulp characteristics on paper machine dynamics. Optical gauges capable of measuring low fibre concentrations were used in the experiments. This made detailed analysis of the mixing dynamics possible. The possibility of obtaining better control through the incorporation of such gauges could also be evaluated.

IN spite of the claims of other systems, paper chromatography remains a major analytical tool of forensic toxicology. One of its minor disadvantages is that, in order to get sufficient material on to the paper to give an identifiable spot, a dilute solution must be applied by the tedious process of ‘spotting’ small aliquots and allowing them to dry between each application. We wish to report a very simple and reliable method in which the solution is allowed to flow continuously on to the paper, producing a spot about 0.5 cm in diameter.

The conversion of behavioral data recorded on film to paper tape is facilitated and enabled by a device described. The conversion consists of only one step. The time data is automatically read off the film by forward or backward replay at various speeds. Compared to previous devices, the number of different behavioral events which can be fed in is substantially expanded. Time overlapping or multiple occurring parallel behavioral events can be recorded as many as desired.

A computer program has been written which calculates DPM for single and dual labeled samples after correction for quenching. The program in ALGOL is executed from a remote terminal and uses punched paper tape input logged directly from the liquid scintillation counter in the proper format. Multiple quench indexes are used to calculate the best estimate of efficiencies for each isotope; channel ratios, AES ratios and AES counts are all used for single isotope samples and the two AES indexes only for dual labeled samples are used in the estimate computed in either case from a single sample counting. A separate counting produces data for the channels ratio computation for dual label samples using either the screening method or the general method where appropriate. Divergence of efficiencies computed from the different indexes indicates non-identity with the standards. The algorithm has been tested with serum, urine and aqueous biological samples.

SLOD5 is a 160A program which loads the contents of a specially formated 5-level paper tape to the memory of the 160A.

Design of a system to punch binary data from a pulse height analyzer on paper tape concurrent with the printing of decimal information is presented. (J.R.D.)

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Consideration is directed toward electromagnetic compatibility as viewed from the control aspect. Emphasis is placed upon an inter-system approach to the improvement of the over-all electromagnetic environment.

Experience in this laboratory of high-speed paper tape punches (Tally Model P-120), connected as the output of a computer (Ferranti Argus 500), has shown that punching errors arising from a mechanical origin are frequent. If the tape supply is arranged to be `drag free', these errors are almost eliminated, thus avoiding costly waste of operator and computer time. This note describes a prototype of a high speed tape supply device which was designed for use with an 8 hole 120 character per second paper tape punch. The device is simple and inexpensive to construct, and has proved reliable in use.

Summary-A novel service is proposed to help authors of scientific papers to select journals to which to submit their manuscripts. The aim of the service is to optimize the common interests of authors, readers/users, and science, by providing the authors with a tool for reaching those readers who can most benefit from the news of their accomplishments. The five basic factors which intervene in the choice of a journal are analyzed: relevance, acceptance rate, circulation, prestige and publication lag. With the help of a mathematical model, we show how these five variables can be used in a plausible decision procedure leading to the selection of journals suitable for the publication of given papers. WHEN a scientist submits an article for publication, the choice of a suitable journal is often guided by self-interest. It helps the scientist's career if the results of his work are published in a journal representative of his discipline. It helps most if the journal is the most prestigious in the subject area, with the largest circulation, and with the shortest publication lag. If an author chooses wisely where to publish, this may also serve the interests of the potential readers of his papers. Their concern is to gain valuable information with the minimum possible delay. There is, therefore, a convergence of interests on the part of authors and readers that the proper audience for the reporting of scientific investigations be reached. The healthy growth of the scientific enterpriseand also of enterprises based on the utilization of knowledge-is dependent on the matching of these complementary interests. Some scientists find it difficult to select wisely the journals to which to submit their papers. Scientists who are just starting their careers, who do not have experienced colleagues to advise them, and who do not yet belong to any "invisible college", may experience difficulties. So may scientists who have just switched from one specialty to another, or people who work in interdisciplinary fields or in fields without a welldeveloped "paradigm". Almost any scientist, even the most experienced, has probably felt, at one time or another, that he had submitted some of his papers to the wrong journal or addressed it to the wrong audience. A good service to advise an author on how to reach the readers who can benefit most from news of his accomplishments would be helpful to him, to his potential readers, and to science. To justify such service, one should be able to show that it would fill a real, important and sizeable need, and that it would do as well or better than the advice offered by experienced professional colleagues. Some scientific foundation is required to design such a service with assurance that it will be helpful. Prior work on the sociology of publishing/I-3], on the psychology of authorship/4-5], and on the patterns of communication in a scientific community [6-12] provides the starting point of this study. The "Bradford law" [13-14] states

THE analysis of the protein composition of blood serum or plasma by means of zone electrophoresis on filter paper has stimulated interest in clinical laboratories throughout the world. In addition to numerous publications dealing with the applications of the technique in various pathological conditions, critical assessments of its validity and accuracy have appeared1–4, in which attention is properly directed to the limitations of the method from the point of view of the numerical evaluation of the separated protein fractions. It has seemed desirable to undertake a study of the accuracy and reproducibility of this method of protein analysis, using two of the most commonly employed protein-dyeing techniques.

The porous-block system of stabilization processing Autopositive paper was introduced some eight years ago, and was superseded by small motor-driven machines using a two-bath immersion system. With the aim of increasing the processing rate and simplifying the processing machines so that very lightweight papers could be handled, experimental monobaths were evolved. These gave promising results, but the monobath was eventually abandoned in favour of a two-solution system with surface-application processing. With such a system a processing rate of lO ft/min has been achieved, using a high pH developer, and a stabilizer based on thiocyanate. The tendency for thiocyanate to attack the silver image on keeping the processed print has been overcome by the use of chemical inhibitors in conjunction with a surface-application processing technique. The design of the processing machine makes use of the natural curl of the wetted paper to prevent wrap around the rollers, very light-weight papers being handled w...

The development of implement control systems has been greatly influenced by the pattern set by the Te20 Ferguson tractor, and most three-point linkage draught control systems operate on the same principle. Such designs, whilst adequate for most purposes on level going, display poor depth control behaviour when traversing undulating ground. A full understanding of these systems has been limited by the absence of a mathematical theory capable of predicting their behaviour. This paper sets out to examine the problem in control theory terms. An experimental hydraulic control system has been built using pure draught force sensing, and its behaviour has been studied both mathematically and experimentally in the laboratory and in the field. To enable theoretical predictions of system behaviour to be made a second rig was constructed to study the transfer functions of implements. This rig can also serve as a simulator of field surface disturbances. The performance of the experimental system was compared with a popular commercial system using the second rig as a simulator and the results indicate that pure draught control sensing as used in the experimental system is feasible in practice. The paper concludes with a short discussion of alternative control strategies.

It has been observed, and proved experimentally, that the nature of the paper surface has a considerable effect on the tone reproduction characteristics of halftone processes. It is concluded that any tone reproduction curve related to a halftone process is meaningless unless the type of paper to which it applies is specified in general terms.

Modern diesel engines are used in a wider variety of applications, installations, and environments than probably any other power unit. It is quite common for one engine type to be used for tractors, automotive, industrial, and marine purposes, with very little change to the basic engine. Considerable changes are necessary in the fuel-injection system, however, to meet the varying torque curve, speed range, and governing requirements. Operation over a wider range of temperatures and viscosities is often needed, and noise and smoke legislation have added further requirements. The paper outlines these problems and the compromises that must sometimes be made. Direct-injection and indirect-injection engine cases have been considered. The paper concludes with some comments on pre-setting fuel pumps for high-volume production.

This paper describes a novel function generator and multiplier using digital-to-analog conversion techniques. The device has been designed and built to supplement the existing analog computer facilities at the University of British Columbia. The function generator and multiplier, basically a digital-to-analog converter, is controlled by one ore two punched paper tapes. The device is capable of generating two independent functions specified by the input tapes, their product, and the product of an external variable and one of the tape inputs. All outputs are in analog form with a maximum range of +/- 100 volts and 0.5 % accuracy. Principle of operation, error analysis, circuit diagrams, photographs and test results are included in the paper to illustrate the operation and application of the device.

A few of the areas of paper making where automation has had a significant impact are reviewed, viz. in stock proportioning, consistency control, control of the drying of paper, continuous colouring of paper, basis-weight control, and the problem of trim. On-line computer control of the paper-making machine is briefly discussed.

By considering the above-mentioned various statistics, hand-made Japanese-paper brings forth a big problem how to develop itself in future.Going on with the present condition, there can be nothing for it but to diminish.Therefore, we should use such valuable fibres as Kozo, Mitsumata, Gampi etc. not for the goods of mass-consumption, but for the valuable goods ; for instance, fine art paper, drawing paper (Gasenshi), hand-writing paper and so on.Comparing with foreign paper, machine-made Japanese paper etc., hand-made Japanese paper is remarkably longer in its durability. So that, it should he used for the directions in need of eternal. preservation.Especially, utilizing gampi-paper for eternal keeping printed matters is also reckoned worthy of consideration.

By the use of Micro-Interferometer Niodel MI, the features of smoothness for various coated papers are observed. These features seem to closely relate with the visual degrees of smoothness of papers.Samples used are varnished art papers, brushed art papers and east coated papers.

Paper discusses the philosophy of computer-furthered instruction (CFI) and the design of a particular CFI system used in the required undergraduate course in probability theory and statistics taught in the school of Business at the University of Kansas. (Author)

One of the well-known techniques for constructing an accurate ellipse consists of drawing two concentric circles from the center of the ellipse, having one radius equal to the semiminor axis and the second radius equal to the semimajor axis.1