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Use of the fluorescent antibody test for the laboratory diagnosis of human schistosomiasis on minute amounts of dried blood specimens is described. Sensitivity and specificity of the test appear to be comparable to the best described serological tests. Mailing of specimens under adverse conditions did not seem to influence the results. Determinations of antibody titers were possible. These findings and the ease with which specimens can be obtained, delivered to the laboratory and tested suggest that the procedure may be useful in epidemiologic surveys offering some advantages over the known methods of stool examinations, serology, and intradermal testing.

Physiological studies of six isolates of Phialophora fastigiata and two isolates of P. richardsiae from pulp mills have been made to determine conditions for growth. Isolates of P. fastigiata grew from at about 3 °C to 30–35 °C, with optimum conditions at 20 to 25 °C and pH 4 to 9. The temperatures for P. richardsiae were somewhat higher. No vitamins were required by P. fastigiata in a basal glucose mineral medium with ammonium tartrate. Ability to metabolize 11 carbohydrates as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, but not D-arabinose, has been demonstrated. Likewise 16 sources of nitrogen as ammonia, nitrate, and various amino acids, but not cysteine, were utilized unequally. The differences between isolates of P. fastigiata from the same slime were as great as between isolates from different mills.

Conclusions1. Phagocytosis of formalin-killed E. coli was promoted by previous contact with filter paper or with para-hydroxybenzoic acid. The latter, an active principle in filter paper, was effective in concentrations of 1 to 0.001 mg per ml. Fixed tissue inhibited phagocytosis. 2. The activity of the several surfaces reported by Wood et al. to promote phagocytosis may be ascribed to the wet filter paper in their experiments. These observations open to question the phenomenon of “surface” phagocytosis.

SummaryIf proteins are added to homogenates of organs before paper electrophoresis, better separation and increased activity of the LDH isozymes is obtained. This increase was confirmed by the spectrophotometric determination of the formazan produced. A mixture of human albumin and gamma globulin in the normal serum ratio (4:1) gives a good electrophoretic resolution of the five isozymes.

One of the outstanding techniques now being used to move back the frontiers of science is that known as "paper chromatography." It is only one in a raft of new techniques perfected in the last 10 to 20 years that is being used to separate out various organic and inorganic substances for analysis. What is fortunate about some forms of paper chromatography is that certain basic steps in the technique can be used and taught in the high school science classroom. The elementary teacher may even use the technique to show youngsters how to separate ordinary ink into its various components, by using water as the solvent.

SummaryA procedure has been developed whereby paper chromatograms of antiviral agents can be developed by applying them to virus infected, agar overlay, chick embryo cell tissue cultures. Plaque-free zones are produced, thus indicating the area on paper chromatogram where the active material can be located. Using antiviral substances antibiotic W-112 and isatin-monothiosemicarbazone, W. Nile and vaccinia viruses, and 4 chromato-graphic solvent systems, it was possible to localize the biological activity of these antiviral agents. As little as 1 μg of antibiotic W-112 produced large plaque-free zones when paper chromatogram was applied to the overlay culture 1 hr after virus infection. When 100 μg of same material was used, large plaque-free areas resulted even when the paper was applied 46 hr after virus infection. Isatin-monothiosemicarbazone at 50 μg level not only produced a plaque-free zone but also produced a yellow spot on paper chromatogram that coincided exactly with the zone of antiviral activity.

Whole-cell hydrolysates were prepared from 58 strains of nocardiae and streptomycetes. Strains morphologically intermediate between the two genera and morphological variants of the same strains were included. Paper chromatograms made from the whole-cell hydrolysates clearly demonstrated meso -diaminopimelic acid as a major constituent of cultures of Nocardia spp., and LL-diaminopimelic acid as a major constituent of cultures of Streptomyces spp. In cultures of ten strains of N. madurae and of three of N. pelletieri, meso -diaminopimelic acid predominated, thereby supporting the assignment of these species to the genus Nocardia .

Causal modelling procedures developed in economics and biology provide social scientists with powerful methodological tools that permit them to bridge the gap between theory and research. In this paper one type of causal modelling technique involving a structural set of equations that are recursive in form has been used to reanalyze the data from two empirical studies that have appeared in the literature. The paper demonstrates how models of this form broaden the scope of the usual regression analysis. (Author)

Interaction between low concentrations of cortisol-4-C14 or progesterone-4-C14 and serum proteins was investigated by paper-electrophoretic methods in human serum albumin solution as well as in human and rat serum. Between 2 and 10% of cortisol and between 70 and 90% of progesterone were found to be bound and thus transported by human albumin. Similar transport values were observed in paper-chromatographic studies in which the steroids migrated in aqueous solution, in the presence and absence of serum proteins. A critical evaluation was made on the use of paper-electrophoretic procedures in protein-binding studies. The demonstration of a firm albumin binding of progesterone, and a comparatively loose attachment of cortisol, is in general agreement with results obtained by ultracentrifugation and ‘free’ electrophoresis. Some physiological implications are mentioned.

Ethanolic extracts of spore masses from colonies of two isolants of Race 1, three isolants of Race 2, and one isolant from each of Races 3 and 4 grown on either a corn-meal or a bean agar were analyzed by two dimensional paper chromatography. Thirty-five ninhydrin-positive compounds were detected; fourteen were identified as known amino acids or related compounds. Attempts to distinguish isolants with respect to race on the basis of unique compounds or an array of compounds were unsuccessful.

The authors performed histological studies on the bast tissue, especially primary and secondary fibre layers of paper mulberry (Broussonetia Kazinoki and B. Papyrifera). Results are Summarized as follows: 1) Primary fibre layer has reticulate structure, which is made from many fibre bandles, consist of 5 to 30 primary fibre cells. 2) Primary fibre layer and secondary fibre layer are separated clearly with middle layer. 3) Thickness of the bast tissues at various positions on the same shoot are measured and tendencies to increase and decrease of these became clear. 4) Characters of varieties and histological differerences between Kozo (B. kazinoki) and Kazinoki (B. papyrifera) are recognized as table 3.

As is shown in Fig. 2., colored spots of lipase and esterase activities were noticed in the experiments of the enzymes from pancreas, liver, stomach, kidney and duodenum. The Rf value of the esterase seemed to be greater in esterase than that of lipase. No remarkable differences were found between the expe. rimnet of Tween 40, 60 and 80. In the two dimension experiments, two or three spots of the lipase activities were separated on the papers in experiments of various organ extracts. Those enzymes seemed to be hardly separable in one dimension experiment. The spot of esterase activity in two dimension experiment seemed to coincide with the one spot of lipase activities (Fig. 3, 4).The slight differences of the spots in experiments of various organs were noted but it does not seem be an essential difference of the enzyme. Further studies on this point and the characters of the enzymes separated in each spots and other inhibitor studies are going on.

SummaryRats which have developed parabiosis intoxication show, in addition to the other hematologic aberrations which characterize the condition, changes in the blood proteins. Anemic partners have a low plasma protein level and polycythemic animals an elevated plasma protein titre. The partitions which albumin and the respective globulins contribute toward the total serum proteins average the same in both anemic and polycythemic twins, although as compared to control levels there is a diminished serum albumin and an elevated α2-globulin component in each.

We have seprarated the free amino acids and the sugars at various stages of growing tobacco plant by means of one dimensional paper chromatography. At the seedling stage (11-12 leaves), a large amount of them were obtained, and immediately after the flower bud formation their increase was especially recognized at the tip of stem.

Malathion deposits on wheat and Kraft paper were irradiated with several dosage levels of gamma radiation. After various periods of aging, samples were bioassay with adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Chemical analyses were done concurrently with the bioassays. Neither the toxicity nor the chemical degradation of the malathion deposits was significantly affected by irradiation with gamma dosages ranging from intermediate (25 krad) to massive (4.3 mrad).

The development of rapid and dependable methods of paper electrophoresis for fractionation of serum proteins has brought a valuable contribution (1) to diagnostic laboratory procedures. Electrophoretic analysis in the pemphigus group of diseases has been made in the search of yet They generally agreed that in the acute form and in the extensive and severe cases of the disease the total protein and the albumin were decreased and the gamma globulin was increased. The results for the other fractions showed some discrepancies. The chronic or mild cases were TABLE I Number Age (years) Duration of Disease Last Shower of Bullae Sedimentation Rate (Wester- gren-mm/ hour) General Condition Albumin (%) Globulins Total Protein Albu-of Patients Alpha-l (%) Alpha-2 (%) Beta (%) Gamma (%) G?ob ulin 1 23 4 ys.