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Summary 1. The literature on the use of paper chromatography in taxonomic work is reviewed briefly. 2. The technique of paper chromatography on disks is described and the method has been applied to a number of species of Lymnaea. 3. The chromatographic patterns of the species studied are described and discussed. 4. The implications of the discovery of species-specific substances in the body surface mucus of snails are discussed, both from the taxonomic and parasitological points of view. 5. The possibilities of applying two-dimensional chromatography to the free amino-acids of snail blood are discussed.

Second Paper. In the first paper, the Ferns, Equisetites, and Calamites were dealt with; in the present communication the Lycopodiaceae, Sphenophylleae, Cordaiteae, Coniferae, and Ginkgoaceae will be shortly considered. Lycopodiaceae. Among the Carboniferous Lycopods a few are found of comparatively small size, perhaps not much larger than some exotic species of Selaginella , whilst others, like Lepidodendron , attained to arborescent dimensions. No group of Carboniferous plants rises to the same importance as that of the Lycopodiaceae. It comprises several genera and some of these contain many species. The Lycopods must also have supplied much of the material from which our coal seams are formed. Their importance in this respect can be judged by the fact that it is of frequent occurrence to find in coal, bands of over half an inch in thickness formed entirely of Lycopod spores. We shall now examine shortly the chief genera belonging to this group which occur in Britain. I.—Lycopoditeae. Lycopodites Brongniart. Members of the genus Lycopodites are very rare in Carboniferous times; only three species have come under my notice as British, and each has only been represented by a single specimen. One of these, Lycopodites ciliatus Kidston, is from Yorkshire and was collected by Mr. Hemingway. The Lycopodites are all small and had whorled or spirally-placed leaves. In Lycopodites gutbieri Gopp. (Plate LXIV., fig. 1), for the size of the stem, the two lateral rows of leaves are large, single-nerved, and sickle-shaped, while the two ventral rows are very small and closely adpressed ...

Paper chromatographic analysis of interspecific hybrids within the Genus Drosophila showed that they present a biochemical pattern different from either parental species. Sometimes new spots appear in the chromatogram of the hybrid, while in all cases spots present in the pattern of the parents appear much more intense. These spots have been identified as a riboflavin mononucleotide and riboflavine.

Paper chromatograms of flower extracts exhibited 44 compounds: 9 were seen by visible light, 19 by UV, and 16 by UV using ammonia fumes. The interspecific hybrids yielded compounds not found in either the parental species or the genus; compounds found in the species did not occur in extracts from the interspecific hybrids. Although chromatographic patterns could be used to characterize each species, the patterns did not provide meaningful clues to their relationship. Chromatograms from interspecific hybrids did not indicate the parentage of the hybrids.

A paper chromatographic analysis of ten species of Tradescantia was made to determine if biochemical methods could be used to detect specific differences among the species and possible pathways of speciation. Two-dimensional chromatograms of extracts from roots, leaves, and flowers were examined, using ninhydrin and ultraviolet light. Ninhydrin-positive spots exhibited mostly quantitative differences. Ultraviolet-fluorescing spots from the three extracts yielded different patterns. The virginiana complex, encompassing seven of the ten species, could not be separated without accepting a one- or two-spot difference as being conclusive. The other three species could be separated with less difficulty. The relationships of the North American species, as determined by other workers, were supported by the results of this study.

1. A paper chromatographic analysis of root extracts from individuals with different genotypes for flower color in Collinsia heterophylla and C. tinctoria, from small populations belonging to an additional thirteen species in the genus, and from small populations of six interspecific hybrids or their progeny yielded a total of thirteen "spots" detected by ultraviolet light. 2. Chromatograms did not provide an acceptable basis for separating taxa or for clarifying the status or relation of taxa.

A novel representative of the yeast genus Cryptococcus has been recovered 11 times during 1971, 1972, and 1973 from soft-rot pockets in three species of cactus. Cereus schottii Engelm., Cereus giganteus Engelm., and Cereus thurberi Engelm. The collections were made in the Sonoran desert of southern Arizona and of northern Mexico. The rot pockets constitute important breeding sites for Drosophila spp., which presumably feed on the yeasts present. The new species was named after the genus of cactus with which it is associated.

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Amongst the specimens brought by Dr. Hooker and Mr. G. Maw, from Morocco, in North Africa, and submitted to me for examination, were some Urchins of the family Scutellidœ , of peculiar form, differing from any I had previously seen or examined, and certainly not referable to any described Tertiary species. Comparison with known forms, recent and fossil, failed to elucidate their true history more than to show that they evidently belonged to the Rotuline group of Scutellidœ amongst the Clypeasteroidea, nevertheless differing considerably from the genus Rotula (Klein) the only form to which they can be referred. Rotula now inhabits the sea and coast of Senegal, West Africa, from which two, if not three, species are known:— R. Rumphii , Klein; R. Augusti , Klein; and R. Gaulteri , Ag. There is, however, a marked difference between the characters of our new genus and that of Rotula , especially in the more elongated and oval form of the test, the extreme rounding or truncation of the fimbriation, or crenulation, upon the posterior margin, more acute anterior and less tumid lateral margins,— so much so, that a line drawn round the circumference of the test of Rotula , including the digitations, would describe a complete circle touching the periphery of the Urchin, whereas the form of Rotuloidea is an oval or ellipse— Rotula being circular, Rotuloidea oval; these, with other differences to be hereafter noticed, justify the establishment of a new genus for the reception of these North-African, fossil forms. The resemblance to and affinities with Rotula suggest

Among the specimens from the Yorkshire Coal Field which have been collected by Mr W. Hemingway, Barnsley, and submitted to me for examination at various times, are the remains of several cones which are referable to the genus Sigillariostrobus, Schimper.Notwithstanding the great frequency of the genus Sigillaria in the Coal Measures, and especially in the Middle Coal Measures, examples of their fructification are very rare. This is the more remarkable, as specimens of Sigillaria, showing cone scars, though not common, are occasionally met with. Possibly, however, the apparent rarity of Sigillarian cones is due, in part, to our inability at present to distinguish them in all cases from cones generally placed under the name of Lepidostrobus, which latter genus there is every reason to believe comprises cones that belong to several genera of Lycopods.

SEVERAL years ago, Gibbs,1 summarizing contributions of biochemistry to plant taxonomy, recognized the importance of the then relatively new techniques of paper chromatography and forecast their wide application, to systematics. Although a number of workers have applied chromatographic techniques to taxonomic problems in both botany and zoology2, the use of these techniques is not nearly commensurate with their potential value, perhaps because the cooperation of taxonomists and persons trained in biochemical analysis has been slow to develop. The present communication constitutes a brief description of work currently under way which is to be reported in greater detail elsewhere;3 the chomatographic analysis of individuals from a natural hybrid swarm of Baptisia laevicaulis × B. viridis (family Leguminosae), and correlation of these data with a similar analysis of the parental species collected in pure populations. Three other species of Baptisia were also examined chromatographically. Since this genus contains about 30 species of wide occurrence in the eastern United States, and hybridization among these species is common, it is highly probable that the scope of the present investigation will be extended. In this study we were particularly concerned with the recombination of biochemical components peculiar to each parental species among the hybrid and back-crossed individuals.

THE early stages in the life-history of recent crinoids have always been regarded with interest, because it was hoped that they would throw light on the evolution of this class, so rich and various in ancient seas, and on its relation to the other very differently fashioned classes of Echinoderma. Unfortunately, the only forms that have up till now furnished material for the em-bryologist are the unstalked comatulids, or feather-stars, and in the past such material has come from but a single genus, and from only three closely allied species of it—Antedon bifida of our own coasts, A. mediterranea, and A. adriatica. The accounts of their development by W. B. Carpenter, Bury, Seeliger, and others have shown slight differences, due, in part, probably to specific distinctness of the material. Even if it were not feasible to obtain the early stages of any stalked crinoid, still a study of other species, representing other genera of comatulids, was much to be desired, since it might then be possible to infer which features were peculiar to Antedon and which were common to comatulids generally, if not to the whole class Crinoidea. Such a study has now been made by Dr. Morten-sen, who has obtained a fairly complete series in four genera, and the pentacrinoid larvae of two others. His results are set forth in clear English with his usual care, and the memoir is illustrated by admirable drawings from his own pencil. His many interesting results are discussed in a “General Part” which demands the attention of professed morphologists. Here we shall select for comment a few observations that bear on the past history of the class. Papers from the Department of Marine Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Vol. xvi. Studies in the Development of Crinoids. By Th. Mortensen. (Publication No. 294.) Pp. v + 94+xxviii plates. (Washington: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920.) 6 dollars, post free.

Five new species of the genus Pompilinus and one each in the genera Anopompilinus and Pycnopompilus and two in the genus Anop!ils have 'been found in several lots of spider-wasps which have been received for study since the three papers (Dreisbach, 1949a, 1949b, 1950) on tlhese genera were written. The descriptions of these species follow. In the paper on the Genus Pomnpilinus (Dreisbach 1949a) the photomicrographs of the male genitalia of P. texanus were omitted and the genitalia listed, as this species was a second photo of P. rectangularis Dreisbach. The photo of the last ventrite as given there is correct. The photo of P. texanus Dreis. is given in the plates as fig. 13. In the paper on Anopompilinus (Dreisbach, 1949b) the photomicrograph of the genitalia cf A. parvulus Banks was very poor and there was no photo of the last ventrite. A better specimen of the genitalia is shown in fig. 11, and a photo of the last ventrite is shown in fig. 12. In the paper on Pycnopompi!us (Dreisbach, 1950) there was no photo of the last ventrite of P. eureka (Banks) and that is shown in fig. 21. Also the fig. 41 in the 1950 paper was the last ventrite of P. scelestus (not that of P. lasiope as named). Fig. 20 shows the last ventrite of P. lasiope. In the 1949b reference the names for the cubital and sub-discoidal veins were interchanged in the figures.

Some observations dealing with cytomorphology of Hypodematium crenatum and phylogenetic relationships of the genus were published a few years ago by Mehra and Loyal (1956) and by Loyal (1960). Japanese material of this species was studied by Hayata (1927) and Iwatsuki (1964). Nayar and Bajpai (1970) have pointed out some "discrepancies" in the observational data published both from this laboratory and also by Iwatsuki. In the following paragraphs comments will be made upon the "discrepancies" noted by Nayar and Bajpai in the papers referred to above.

Twenty nest colonies of paper-nest wasps (Polistes) were transplanted to windows and other locations on the outside of a residence in Kingsville, Texas, in order to, observe their behavior. The seven species of wasps were P. metricus Say, P. annularis (L.), P. major Palisot de Beauvois, P. bellicosus Cresson, P. exclamans Viereck, P. apachus Saussure and P. carolina (F.). All of the nests were eventually parasitized by either Chalcoela iphitalis Walker, Sarcophaga polistensis Hall, or Elasmus polistis Burks. Other nests, transplanted to artificial shelters in the field for experiments in caterpillar control on crops, had only moderate to light infestation of the above parasites, although they had, in addition, the ichneumon parasites, Pachysomoides fulvus (Cresson) and P. stupidus (Cresson). Transplantation and other manipulations created adaptive contingencies for the wasps, such as "orphaning" of nests, attack by ants, increased attack by parasites, physical damage to nest and brood, presence of artificial pedicels and deprivation of nest and brood. As a research methodology for investigating the behavioral capabilities of wasps, interference. in this manner may have advantage in eliciting responses seldom, if ever, seen in nature. In one instance, renesting wasps based their first cell on a spot of marking enamel on the back of their queen, bringing into question the nature and complexity of the "queen concept" of wasps.

The use of asphalt-coated paper to protect the contents of boxes containing materials which might be injured by moisture or molds is very extensive. There seems to be a wide-spread impression that asphalt is itself a fungicide. In view of the very great variability in the substances marketed as asphalt it is quite possible that some asphalts do incorporate materials which are fungicidal, but the studies here reported demonstrate that this cannot be taken for granted. Several asphalt-treated L-2 Type Case Liners were sent to the Biological Laboratory of the Jeffersonville Quartermaster Depot for study. These were variously spotted (FIGS. 1 and 2) with what were obviously fungous growths. Isolations made from these spots yielded nineteen different fungi. These were identified at least as to genus and were assigned culture numbers as follows

From the cells of 142 strains of the genera Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus, Sporobolomyces, and Rhodosporidium, coenzyme Q (Co-Q) was extracted and partially purified by thin-layer chromatography. The type of Co-Q was mainly determined by paper chromatography. The Co-Q system of these organisms, which were considered to have a phylogenetic relationship to Basidiomycetes, was characterized by the dominant distribution of Q10. An exceptional distribution of Q9 was found in several strains of Rh. glutinis whose perfect stage is Rhodosp. toruloides, Rh. glutinis var. rufusa, Rh. lactosa, Cr. neoformans var. uniguttulatus, Cr. luteolus, and Rhodosp. malvinellum. Rhodotorula infirmo-miniata was the only species with Q8. The genus Rhodosporidium was divided into two groups composed of Q10 and Q9 possessors on the basis of their Co-Q system. These results are discussed in connection with other criteria such as serological characteristics and DNA base composition.

Hydrolytic residues of the cell walls of 48 strains of Actinoplanaceae , previously assigned to 10 species and the four genera, Actinoplanes, Ampullariella, Amorphosporangium , and Pilimelia , were examined by paper chromatography and column chromatography. Comparisons were made for taxonomic purposes between the groupings obtained, by use of chemical characters and the groupings currently recognized morphologically. Most of the species investigated had qualitatively distinct cell wall compositions. Often, however, the cell wall compositions of species in different genera were more similar, in some respects, than were those of species in the same genus. Quantification of the cell wall amino acids and amino sugars substantiated that cross-generic similarities existed. Based on these results and the morphological conclusions reached by other investigators, a single-genus concept is suggested for the Actinoplanaceae examined.

1. 1. Differences in muscle proteins of the species and subspecies of the genus Xiphophorous are discernable by means of paper electrophoresis. 2. 2. The lower limit of differentiation was found at the subspecies level, as the microevolutionary divergences of isolated populations of the species maculatus could not be detected with this method. 3. 3. The electrophoretic data parallel the independently established taxonomic division of the genus Xiphophorus into three species groups. Thus, there are two extreme pattern groupings and one intermediate for both species groups and muscle proteins.

The present short paper forms a continuation of my partial revision of certain species of the genus Bactra (Zool. Verhand., no. 29, 1956). It is chiefly based on a revision of the entire material of Bactra in the collection of the well-known specialist of Microlepidoptera, Dr. H. G. AMSEL, Karlsruhe, Germany; along with the new material of the genus from Irak, and that from Afghanistan, of the German Afghanistan Expedition 1956, collected by Dr. AMSEL himself and entrusted to me for identification. Besides, interesting material was received from Mr. TOSHIIO OKU, Sapporo, Japan, and from some other sources. The author gratefully acknowledges the kind help of the senders, and their permission to retain certain duplicates for the collection of the Leiden Museum. Since the publication of my above mentioned paper a few errors were detected and some alterations became necessary. They will be found below, together with descriptions of five new species and one subspecies, and records or notes on some 15 already known species, with five new synonyms.

My attention was directed to a short paper in the August, 1893, number of the American Geologist , by Mr. J. M. Clarke, an American palaeontologist, on the protoconch, or first chamber, of the shell of Orthoceras , in which the author says “divergent views in regard to the nature of the protoconch in the nautiloid genus Orthoceras have been expressed by Professor Hyatt and Dr. Branco, the principal investigators of the developmental phases of this genus. The facts recorded by both these eminent observers are, in the main, the same.” Mr. Clarke also states that “Branco has considered as the embryonal shell, or protoconch, ‘the anfangskammer’ (a German term for the beginning of the first chamber), it being the conical or cup-shaped termination of the tube as usually found, and which generally bears upon its outer and distal surface a “ Narbe ” or cicatrix.” He still further states that “this ‘anfangskammer’ of Branco is considered by Hyatt as likewise the first chamber, but of a secondary condition of growth, and not as the embryonal shell; while the ‘Narbe’ or cicatrix is regarded as the remnant of the protoconch.” The protoconch is described as a small shrivelled lump or scar on the end of the first chamber, and is assumed to have been composed of conchiolin—a fatty, plasmic sarcode, which formed the beginning or first life of the shell—Hyatt explaining that “this accounts for its almost invariable absence on most specimens, since such an organ must have been easily lost or destroyed. The This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract

Cell-wall preparations of Streptomyces mediterranei ATCC 13685 and some of its phage resistant mutants contain only the meso isomer of the diaminopimelic acid. Arabinose was found to be always present in the hydrolysates. Based on studies of the cell-wall composition it is shown that S. mediterranei does belong to the genus Nocardia and its transfer to this genus is proposed.

This short paper describes and figures a number of species of Foraminifera and Ostracoda from material collected on Moctezuma River, in the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Eocene deposits were discovered here by Earl Oliver in 1922. A shale characterized by a great abundance of a new Foraminifer of the genus Operculina, and having with it a number of species of other Foraminifera and some ostracods, is present.

Many years ago in England, I captured a rather uncommon hemipterous insect, and sent a record of it to a well-known entomological journal. The editor, being a lepidopterist, had never heard of the bug, but did know of a very rare moth having the specific name ( bicolor ) employed. He accordingly changed the generic name to that of the moth, and I found myself the astonished recorder of an insect I had never seen alive, nor hoped to see. More recently I communicated to a publication in this country a short paper on a supposed new plant of tbe genus Ribes . The editor, not liking the title, substituted “A New Currant from Arizona,” whereas the plant was a gooseberry, and was from New Mexico. These rather amusing instances are cited merely to illustrate the indisputable fact that it is risky for an editor to interfere with the contributions he publishes. On the other hand, I have been shown manuscripts sent in for publication which, if printed exactly as received, would be simply unintelligible. The editor is in a difficult position, and as a rule, I think the contributors have little reason to feel otherwise than grateful for the treatment they receive; it is at least not rarely better than they deserve.

HAEMOLYMPH from several Australian termites of the genus Nasutitermes (family Termitidae) contains, in appreciable quantities, three closely allied, highly fluorescent substances of unknown metabolic function. These substances, for which the names nasutin-A, -B and -C are proposed, are readily detectable by means of paper chromatography. With water-saturated butanolic ammonia as mobile phase, the nasutins give yellow spots (with characteristic RF values), fading to colourless on exposure to air, but thereupon brilliantly blue-fluorescent under ultra-violet light.

This paper is the first of a series on the craniology of four species of Bos . Here (and in the next paper) Bos taurus in Britain is used to establish a basic craniology for the genus. In the initial sections notes are made on the nomenclature, material available, history, and age assessment of B. taurus . The subsequent section deals with the effects of sex, age and breed on absolute size. The results show that Bos taurus is very variable, particularly in the length of the horncore. Sex influences certain dimensions very greatly, particularly those of breadth. Although the horns of cows are often longer than those of bulls of the same breed the horn cores may be shorter in cows. In studying the effects of age it can be seen that growth rates are initially very high, slowing down at about three years of age. Tooth row length decreases with age and hence it is a particularly unreliable indicator of size. Obviously breed affects size and it has been possible to divide the skulls studied into size groups which correspond well with known body weights.

Paulson, D. R. (Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195) 1974. Reproductive Isolation in Damselflies. Syst. Zool. 23:40-49.-Experiments were performed in the field on males of five species and females of ten species of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) to determine the relative importance of visual and mechanical reproductive isolating mechanisms. Males of all five species did not distinguish visually their own female from heterospecific females of the same genus, but they were slightly less responsive to females of other genera, probably because of size differences. When the males attempted to mate with females of other species, they were usually prevented from doing so because their abdominal appendages were unable to secure a firm grip on the appropriate thoracic structures in the females. In only one species pair was the male able to achieve the tandem position successfully most of the time, and the reciprocal was unable to do so. Mechanical isolation is clearly very important in this group of odonates, and it is hypothesized that it will be found to be important in all odonates in which male appendages differ substantially between species while female coloration does not. [Reproductive isolation; damselflies.] Recent discussions of reproductive isolation in animals (Littlejohn, 1969; Mayr, 1970; Dobzhansky, 1970; Stebbins, 1971) emphasize that there is very little evidence for the operation in nature of the phenomenon of mechanical isolation, in which the genitalia of a male of one species fail to fit with the genitalia of a female of another species, thus preventing mating. Mayr (1963, 1970) cited a study by Webb (1947) of polygyrid snails as perhaps the only good example of interspecific mating being prevented by the structure of the genitalia. That paper is not convincing, the most positive evidence of mechanical isolation being "observations wherein the mating has been noted to be obstructed by out-of-timing malfunctioning. In one case, persistently-faster-eversion prevented a common entwistment of the penis with that of the prospective mate" (Webb, 1947:137). This apparently was an attempted mating between individuals of the same species, and Webb went on to say that he had never observed attempts at "interspecific sementransfer by any of the polygyrin species studied." In the related subfamily Triodopsinae cross-copulation between different species was observed, and in some of these species it was successful. Webb did not write that he observed individuals of different species attempting copulation but being prevented from copulating by the structure of their genitalia, and his paper is not evidence of mechanical isolation in animals. Mayr (1963) further cited two lines of evidence from a number of taxa against the existence of mechanical isolation: (1) species with different genitalia can interbreed; and (2) altering the male genitalia fails to prevent successful copulation and fertilization. Thus he concluded that "mechanical isolation plays a very minor role as an isolating mechanism in most groups of animals" (1963: 104). In fact, Mayr (1970) attempted to explain the differences among the genitalia of related species as incidental changes, the pleiotropic by-products of many changes in the genetic constitution of the species. He hypothesized that as long as any sort of apparatus could function during clasping and copulation, then variations would not be subject to selection. Dobzhansky went further in stating that the "usefulness of genitalia for distinguishing species does not necessarily mean that they are important in mechanical isolation. The reason for their usefulness is that the complexity of genitalic structures is often so great that species differences are more likely to be manifested in these structures than in

[Based on specimens collected in the western Mediterranean, a redescription is provided of Brementia balneolensis Chatton & Brement, notodelphyid copepod parasitic in the ascidian Polysyncraton canetensis Brement. In the same host lives another species of Notodelphyidae new to science, whose general morphology is similar to that of B. balneolensis, from which it differs definitely by numerous characteristics. Our present knowledge of the phylogeny of ophioseidimorph Notodelphyidae refrained the authors to establish a new genus for this new species, described under the name of Brementia illgi. A discussion on phylogenetic trends in the genus Brementia and its relationships with other Notodelphyidae, together with some remarks on the host specificity of both species of Brementia conclude the paper., Based on specimens collected in the western Mediterranean, a redescription is provided of Brementia balneolensis Chatton & Brement, notodelphyid copepod parasitic in the ascidian Polysyncraton canetensis Brement. In the same host lives another species of Notodelphyidae new to science, whose general morphology is similar to that of B. balneolensis, from which it differs definitely by numerous characteristics. Our present knowledge of the phylogeny of ophioseidimorph Notodelphyidae refrained the authors to establish a new genus for this new species, described under the name of Brementia illgi. A discussion on phylogenetic trends in the genus Brementia and its relationships with other Notodelphyidae, together with some remarks on the host specificity of both species of Brementia conclude the paper.]

Yang, S. Y., M. Soule (Biol. Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, California, 92037), and G. C. Gorman (Biol. Dept., UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90024) 1974. Anolis lizards of the eastern Caribbean: a case study in evolution. I. Genetic relationships, phylogeny, and colonization sequence of the roquet group. Syst. Zool. 23:387-399.-A phylogeny based upon genetic similarity coupled with information from cytogenetics, behavior, ecological distribution, and geography is developed for the roquet species group of Anolis lizards in the southeastern Caribbean region. We postulate that the primary events were stepwise colonization of the three island banks closest to the South American mainland (Grenada, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia). The secondary events were colonization from St. Lucia to the more westerly islands of Blanquilla, and from there to Bonaire; the acquisition of a second species on St. Vincent by in situ speciation or by secondary colonization; the colonization of Martinique, Barbados, and the Grenada Bank (the latter for the second time). [Anolis; genetic relationships; phylogeny; colonization.] This paper is an attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny and colonization sequence of a species group of insular lizards. The data are genetic similarity estimates for more than 20 loci detected by electrophoresis of water soluble proteins. The results are integrated with information obtained by a variety of approaches during the past decade. Later papers in this series will use the phylogeny herein propounded to help test and develop a general theory of island evolution. Our study is of the Anolis roquet species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). The genus is very large (over 200 species); the group under study is well defined osteologically, cytologically, behaviorally, and ecologically. Furthermore, it occupies a discrete set of islands in the southeastern Caribbean region (Fig. 1), a region where no other species group of Anolis is represented. The arc of islands that sweeps north and westerly from the continental shelf of South America to the large Antillean island of Puerto Rico is known as the Lesser Antilles. 'Present address: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California. Our area of concern is the southern Lesser Antilles and the islands of Bonaire and Blanquilla, far to the west of the main chain. There are nine species1 in the roquet group distributed on the seven island banks shown in Fig. 1. Each of these banks has endemic forms exclusively. The evolutionary history that we are analyzing is clearly one of sequential colonization between these islands, with presumably little or no input from the mainland following the original colonization, and little or no speciation within an island bank (Gorman and Atkins, 1969). Thorough understanding of the physical geography and geological history of the study area would certainly aid in understanding the evolution of the organisms. We would like to know the maximum ages 1 To avoid semantic problems we are arbitrarily permitting the island bank to define the taxa at the level of species. This seems preferable to the alternative of agonizing over such non-operational criteria as potential fertility of animals on different islands. Admittedly, some of the "species" are so closely related that they would be referred to as races or subspecies if connecting populations existed.

HANLIN, RICHARD T. (Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment.) Studies in the genus Necwria. II. Morphology of N. gliocladioides. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(10): 900-908. Illus. 1961.-Swollen tips of vegetative hyphae develop into multicellular archicarps from which multinucleate ascogonia forrn. From basal cells of each archicarp arise hyphae which grow up into a prosenchymatous, true perithecial wall; around this wall is formed a thin pseudoparenchymatous stroma of compacted hyphae. The ascogonia give rise to ascogenous cells from which croziers and asci form directly. At the same time, an apical meristem forms cells that grow downward into the centrum. These are pseudoparaphyses. Asci grow up among the pseudoparaphyses, which deliquesce as the ascocarp matures. The ascus tip contains a thick ring with a pore and lateral thickening of the ascus wall. Ascospores are forcibly ejected. The chromosome number is 4. This species conforms to the Nectria Developmental Type of Luttrell. THE TAXONOMIC position of those Pyrenomycetes having brightly colored, fleshy ascocarps has been variouslv interpreted by different workers. Some (Lindau, 1897; Gaumann, 1926; Bessey, 1950; Miller, 1949; Luttrell, 1951) have placed them in a separate order, the Hypocreales, while others (Miller, 1928; Clements and Shear, 1931; Gaumann, 1952; Von Arx and Muller, 1954; Munk, 1957), not considering color and texture sufficient basis for separation, included them in the Sphaeriales in one or more families. In recent years, developmental data have become increasingly important in taxonomic arrangements. In 1951, Luttrell proposed a system based on types of development of the ascocarp. He recognized 8 different developmental patterns, 1 of which, the Nectria Developmental Type, served as the basis for the order Hypocreales. The extent of this developmental type among hypocreaceous fungi can be determined only by detailed studies of the different species. The few studies which have been carried out are mostly incomplete and, therefore, of little value in determining the position of these fungi in a taxonomic system based on developmental morphology. The genus Nectria is a good example of this. Of the 4 species studied previously (N. ribis Tode ex Rab. [Vincens, 1917]; N. galligena Bres. 1 Received for publication May 10, 1961. Paper No. 1121, Department of Botany, University of Michigan; and Paper No. 397, Journal Series, Georgia Experiment Station. This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant G-10727. Portion of a dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I am grateful to Dr. L. E. Wehmeyer for his guidance during this study and for reviewing the manuscript. [Cayley, 1921]; N. ipomoeae Halst. [Cook, 1923]; N. flava Bon. [Gilles, 1947]), only the work on N. flava approaches the detail necessary for modern taxonomic work. The present study was conducted to determine the position of N. gliocladioides Smalley & Hansen on the basis of its development. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Nectria gliocladioides was originally isolated from decaying bulbs of Lilium auratum Lindl. (Smalley and Hansen, 1957). The material used in this study was derived from a culture obtained from Dr. E. B. Smalley. Cultures were grown on complete mineral-medium agar plates containing 2% glucose under continuous fluorescent ("Daylight") light at 25 C. Suitable material was cut up into blocks approximately 5 mm2, then killed and fixed in Allen-Bouin Solution, Type II (Sass, 1951). Dehydration was carried out bv means of the tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) method (Sass, 1951). Embedding was done in Fisher Tissuemat (mp 54-56 C). Sections were cut at a thickness of from 8 to 10 u, the ribbons were floated on a 3% solution of formaldehyde in distilled water, and affixed to the slides with Haupt's Adhesive (Johansen, 1940). A number of stains were tried but the majority gave poor results. The method finally selected was a modification of that used by Robinow (1957). Sections were stained with the Feulgen technique (Johansen, 1940), then counterstained in 0.5% acetocarmine (45% acetic acid). Optimum time for both hydrolysis and counterstaining was 3 min. A longer time intensified the stain too much, obscuring detail. Studies of asci were made with fresh material. Squash mounts were made in 1 % acetoorcein (60% acetic acid) or 1% acetocarmine Fig. 1-13. All magnifications X 1700 unless otherwise stated.-Fig. 1. Typical Gliocladium conidiophore.-Fig. 2. Typical Verticillium conidiophore. X 850.-Fig. 3-4. Conidiophores intermediate in structure. X 850.-Fig. 5, left to right. Stages in conidial development, from branch to mature conidium. X 3000.-Fig. 6. Two mature conidia.-Fig. 7. Two conidia germinating after 6 hr in distilled water.-Fig. 8. Three mature ascospores, 2 with germ tubes after 6 hr.Fig. 9. Germinating conidium after 10 hr.-Fig. 10-12. Germinating ascospores after 14 hr.-Fig. 13. Tip of mature ascus showing wall thickening and apical ring with pore. X 3000.

In 1925, in a paper on Oecanthus (1), I reported the occurrence in Iowa of three ecological races of Nemobius fasciatus (De Geer), namely, a race widely distributed in grass land, a lowland grass race and a woodland race. Each race had a distinct song. No diagnostic characters were noted except that the woodland race was lighter and more reddish in color. After moving to North Carolina, I found the three types of songs duplicated there in races segregated by habitat. The most common race which had long been considered a southern geographical race, N. fasciatus socius Scudder, sang like the lowland grass race of the north. The southern race was defined as having the ovipositor no longer than the hind femora, a character which did not hold for the other two ecological races in North Carolina. Further study revealed differences in the proportions of the male tegmina and in the shape of the tip of the ovipositor, which were correlated with the type of song wherever found. The new characters were no more clearly limited than the old but defined what seemed to be the true subdivisions of the species. These findings were reported in a general paper on the genus (2), in which I proposed that the lowland grass race of the north should be recognized as socius , and described the woodland race as a new subspecies, N. fasciatus tinnulus .

The present paper belongs to a series dealing with Gnathostomulids from the West Atlantic coasts (RIEDL 1970a, b; 1971a, b; STERRER 1970, 1971, 1972). Others will include additional species descriptions, distribution patterns and improved sampling techniques. Organization will generally follow the format of previous Gnathostomulida papers. The following description based on studies of living individuals is the fourth species in the genus Austrognatharia STERRER, 1971 and the second to be described from North America. Primary emphasis is placed on characters of systematic importance; supplementary data including a distribution pattern are mentioned briefly under “Notes and Obersvations.” I am deeply indebted to Dr. WOLFGANG STERRER (Bermuda Biological Station for valuable material and generous assistance. I would also like to thank Dr. REINHARD RIEGER (Chapel Hill) for his helpful suggestions, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for facilities, and Dr. STEVEN WAINWRIGHT (Duke University) for his financial subsidy. Further support: NSF grant No. XA 120 (R. J. RIEDL, principal investigator) and North Carolina Board of Science and Technology grants No. RA 012 and RA 023, University Research Council VF 255.

In an earlier paper (Berg, 1949) 32 species of insects intimately associated with plants of the genus Potamogeton in Michigan were listed. Species of plants and areas in which they were collected were recorded. The insects, including Diptera of 17 species, were dismissed with a few general remarks concerning aquatic adaptations, modes of hibernation, and injuries inflicted upon host plants. Biology and morphology of immature stages of nine species of Chironomidae reared from Potamogeton are discussed in another paper (Berg, 1950). Similar data regarding eight acalyptrate species will be presented here. Parasitic Hymenoptera reared from puparia of Hydrellia in this investigation represent nine species, seven of which appear to be new. Publication of data on the biology of these interesting insects will be deferred until they are described and specific names become available.

This paper is based on a study of the variation and covariation of 18 morphological characters of the aphid, Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley, from 23 localities in eastern North America. The variation and covariation of these characters are separately studied within galls, among galls within localities, and among localities. By means of factor analysis, covariation is restated in terms of fewer dimensions (factors). The factors are compared at the different levels of variation. This paper continues an earlier study (Sokal, 1952) in which the author examined 21 characters of a single population of this gall-forming aphid from Ripley, Ohio. Of this local population, 28 galls containing four alate aphids each were studied. Since the alates within any one gall are isogenic and the different galls presumably represent different genotypes, the variance of the characters could be partitioned into a non-hereditary, intragall portion and an intergall portion which is assumed to be partly genetic and partly environmental in origin. Several characters, representing independent dimensions of intergall variation, were chosen by analysis of covariance. The purpose behind this procedure was the recognition of fewer than the original number of characters for a further study of intraspecific variation. Three problems emerged concerning the use of the characters chosen by the previous analysis. The first is the possibility, suggested by Clark's (1941) findings on Peromyscus, that the intergall correlations on which the former study is based might vary geographically, thus presenting a different pattern of significant characters in other areas. Average intergall correlations for many localities are therefore computed below. The second problem is whether some characters lacking intergall variance in the Ripley population might yet possess significant interlocality variance. As will be seen below, this proved to be the case for several meristic characters. Thirdly, and most important, are the characters representing genetic and environmental differences among galls necessarily the same as those describing genetic and environmental differences among localities? This study will show that there are real differences between interlocality and intergall factor patterns. As the study progressed a number of other objectives came into view, and assumed progressively increasing importance. The unusual hierarchic structure of the data at hand (isogenic alate aphids descended from a single stem mother, morphologically distinct but genetically identical, all contained within an individual gall; galls putatively representing different genotypes found within one locality; and finally localities presumed to differ genetically from each other) permitted a detailed and quantitative separation of sources of variation in this study. Since correlations can be computed at each of these levels of covariation, the differences between these correlation matrices and between the factors into which they were resolved eventually, provide a novel Part 2 of a study of variation in the aphid genus Pemphigus. Part 1 is Sokal (1952), part 3 is Sokal and Rinkel (1962). 2 Contribution No. 1125 from the Department of Entomology of The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Until recently the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of some of the Carboniferous plants in the two genera, Dactylotheca and Senftenbergia, could not be defined with any clear degree of certainty. The main reason for this was that workers who had investigated these types had failed to reveal some of their most important structural features. In the past, therefore, it has been impossible with the information available to make adequate comparisons of the types included in these genera. In a previous paper the writer (1938) showed that one at least of the three species of Dactylotheca really belonged to the genus Senftenbergia, and demonstrated that it possessed several Schizæaceous characteristics indicating its alliance with the living ferns of that family. In the present work, an analysis of the structural features of the two remaining species of Dactylotheca, and of one species of Senftenbergia has been made. These three plants are Dactylotheca Sturi Sterzel pro. var., Dactylotheca parallela Kidston, and Senftenbergia pennœformis Brongniart. The experiments on the compressions of D. parallela, however, indicate quite clearly that the plant does not belong to either the genus Dactylotheca or Senftenbergia. Its fructifications were found to be of the nature of synangia and were exannulate. Of these two features, the former removes it from Dactylotheca, and the latter prevents it from being classed within Senftenbergia. For this reason D. parallela cannot be included in the Schizæaceæ, and, therefore, the analysis of its structural features is not recorded in this paper.

In the summer of 1910 Dr. S. W. Williston asked the writer to study the Pariotichus skulls in Walker Geological Museum of the University of Chicago to see if they would throw any light on, some of the undecided points concerning the osteology of that genus. The material was fragmentary with the exception of one remarkable specimen of Pariotichus laticeps Williston, a skull of Pariotichus aguti Cope ?, and the base of a skull of an unidentified species. Some of the undecided questions were: Are squamosal and prosquamosal both present? Is there a distinct quadratojugal? What are the homologies of the tabulare, if such a bone is present ? What are the homologies of the so-called epiotics, quadratojugals of Case ? Is a presphenoid present ? and What is the arrangement of the bones in the base of the skull ? The writer's thanks are due Dr. Williston for the use of the specimens and for discussions during the investigation. In a paper published in 1878' Cope gave the name Pariotichus brachyops to an imperfect skull from the Permian of Texas, and later in the same paper described a more perfect skull as Ectocynodon ordinatus. As he supposed that the former had the roof of the skull unsculptured he referred the specimens to different genera. In 1882 he described Ectocynodon aguti2 and in 1888 Ectocynodon incisivus.3 In 1896 he referred all of the Ectocynodonts to Pariotichus and named two more species, P. aduncus4 and P. isolomus.5 In the paper where he named the latter he described

This is the second of a series of papers describing new Dufourea . Subsequent papers will comprise a revision of the North American species which will include illustrations of the bees described in the present series.

DELEVORYAS, THEODORE. (Yale U., New Haven, Conn.) Investigations of North American cycadeoids: Monanthesia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(9) :657-666. Illus. 1959.-A study of the cycadeoid trunks from the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde formation of northwestern New Mexico, which arr in the collections of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, has been completed. These plants had columnar trunks with persistent leaf bases and a cone in the axil of every leaf. The vascular supply of the cone is derived from the fusion of two cortical bundles which arise from two leaf traces, neither of which supplies the subtending leaf. Enough difference appears to exist between these forms and Cycadeoidea to warrant a separate generic designation. Monanthesia is the generic name used, and the single species, M. magnifica, is considered to include all the stems from the New Mexico localities. The pattern of vascularization of cones seems to suggest that they are foliar structures and that Monanthesia is probably a more advanced form than Cycadeoidea. IN THE Carnegie Institution Year Book No. 27 for 1927-28, the late Professor G. R. Wieland reported on cycadeoid collections made in the San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico from Upper Cretaceous (Mesaverde) deposits. Most of the trunks originated in the Navajo Indian Reservation in the vicinity of the Chuska Mountains. The trunks collected by Wieland during 1928-29 are part of the extensive cycadeoid collection at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. In general, these fossil specimens are not ovoid or spherical, but columnar, and are of interest because of the presence of a fructification, or cone, in the axil of just about every leaf (fig. 1, 2). In the same report, Wieland listed 6 previously described species of Cycadeoidea which he thought had a similar habit. These are: C. dartoni, C. fisherae, C. stantoni, C. masseiana, C. nigra, and C. niobrarensis. It was in this paper that Wieland suggested that these 6 species of cycadeoids, and the newly found New Mexico specimens, might be given a new generic name. At that time he proposed the name Navajoia. However, because the name Navajoia does not meet the requirements for valid publication in Article 36 of the 1956 edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, it is a nomen nudun. Furthermore, no formal transfer of the 6 Cycadeoidea species was made. No mention of the name Navajoia was made in subsequent papers by Wieland; in fact, he continued to refer the 6 previously named species to Received for publication March 31, 1959. This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The author wishes to extend grateful appreciation to Professor Carl 0. Dunbar, Emeritus Director of Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, for his cooperation and for permission to work on the cycadeoid collection in that institution. The author also acknowledges, with thanks, the advice of Professor John R. Reeder, Department of Botany, Yale University, on certain taxonomic problems. Cycadeoidea, in spite of his having proposed the name Navajoia for them earlier. In 1934, Wieland introduced the name Monanthesia for the New Mexico specimens. In that paper there is a photograph of a tangential section of the armor of a specimen (text fig. 20) with a brief description of it under the combination M. magnifica. If Monanthesia had been instituted by Wieland as a monotypic genus, this combined generic and specific description would validate the genus according to provisions of Articles 36 and 41 of the Code. However, it is obvious that he had intended to include more than 1 species in Monanthesia because in the same paper (Wieland, 1934; p. 94, 110) Wieland referred to a second species, M. blanca, and included descriptive remarks concerning that species. Thus, the descriptio ganerico-specifica of M. magnifica does not validate the genus Monanthesia. The name Monanthesia was used by Wieland in several subsequent papers (1935, 1936a, 1936b, 1937, 1941), but in none of these is there an unquestionable validation of the genus. Because the New Mexico group of cycadeoids was the least investigated in the Peabody Museum collection, the author initiated a thorough study of the group. An attempt was made to determine whether the New Mexico complex was truly distinct, or whether they were close enough to Cycadeoidea to be included in that genus. In addition, a study of the vascularization of this interesting group was made with the purpose of learning more of the anatomy and evolution of the cycadeoids. GENERAL STRUCTURE.-The columnar trunks of the Mesaverde cycadeoids may reach 70 cm. or more in height, with a diameter of 50 cm. (fig. 1). Seldom are the complete trunks found intact. Many of them are flattened, and the matrix of most of them is coarse, yielding poor structural details. Another difficulty encountered is the fact that the cone peduncles are long and slender, and quite

The collection of lichens forming the basis of the present paper was made by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Mr. Percy Wilson in February and March, I916. A few specimens were collected by Dr. 0. E. Jennings in I9ro. The collection is of unusual interest on account of the large representation, 67 numbers in all, of rock-inhabiting lichens. Very little is known about the rock lichens of the West Indies. The only important collection of them, hitherto, was made by W. R. Elliott in the islands of Dominica and St. Vincent in I891 and 1892; an account of Elliott's collections being given by Wainio in the London Journal of Botany for I896. Charles Wright's rich collection of the lichens of Cuba included very few specimens on rocks. This probably accounts, in part at least, for the relatively large number of new species described in this paper. The lichen flora of the Isle of Pines, so far as known at present, includes 49 genera with 127 species, of which I genus, 14 species, and I variety are new. Of the new species, i grow on rocks. Three of the new species are already known from other tropical localities, and until the rock lichens of Cuba are known it is obviously impossible to say how many species are endemic in the Isle of Pines. For the same reason, comparison of the lichen flora of the Isle of Pines with that of other islands in the West Indies would, at present, be valueless. It can be stated, however, that the number of distinctively tropical species is very large. In the following list, localities outside of the Isle of Pines are cited only in cases where the distribution is restricted or little known.

The object of the present paper is to accentuate the value of studies of the larval characters in attempting a natural classification of the Coleoptera, and to present a new arrangement of the Elateridae based upon such studies. The paper is preliminary and based largely upon the external characters of the larvae. Seventy-nine names have been recognized at one time or another for genera occurring in our fauna, but, after considering synonomy and misidentification, this number can be reduced to between forty and fifty. Practically all of the common holoartic genera are represented. Specimens of the larvae of thirtyeight genera have been studied. The fourteen or more genera whose larvae are still unknown are as follows: The genus Melanactes , containing seven species, two of which are quite common; the genus Esthesopus , containing six species; Paranomus , four; Leptoschema , three; Oxygonus, Eniconyx and Meristhus , two each; and Nothodes, Bladus, Elatrinus, Blauta, Oedostethus, Aptopus and Coptostethus , one each. In the absence of reared material, the characters of the genera Ischnodes, Ectinus, Adrastus, Hypnoidus and Lepturoides were drawn from literature. With these exceptions, the larvae of species representing all the genera herein treated were examined by the writer and the generic characters drawn from the last larval exuvium of individuals of which the imago was reared and carefully determined. In many of the genera several species were examined.

SINCE IT IS not always possible to correlate compressions and impressions with petrifactions, the names assigned to specimens showing external features only are often different from those given to petrified specimens of the same taxon. Sigillaria is one of the few genera in which the specific epithet given to a fragment with internal preservation has always been one which had previously been assigned to a compressed fossil with leaf bases similar to those in the petrifaction. Much can be said for and against such a practice. It is obviously a much more natural system of naming fossil plants and it avoids a multiplication of species names. In addition, since several of the species of Sigillaria are so similar as far as internal features are concerned, differentiating species on the basis of histological details alone would be impossible. A drawback of this system, however, would be encountered if stem fragments lacking leaf bases were found. Such a situation confronted the author in the present study of Sigillaria since none of the several woody axes available had cortex and leaf bases attached. Petrified Sigillaria stems are not especially common, and they are even rarer in North America than in Europe. In 1935, Graham described a crushed specimen of Sigillaria app,roximata Fontaine and White (1880), a clathrarian species of the genus, from a coal ball found in a coal mine near the town of Calhoun, in Richland County, Illinois. Darrah (1941) listed the same species from Iowa coal balls, but there is no description, nor does he cite a paper referring to its discovery in Iowa. Fisher and Noe (1939) indicated that S. elegans also occurs in Richland County, Illinois, but again there are no further details. MATERIALS.-Coal balls have recently become available in a creek bed about two and three-quarters miles east of Calhoun, Illinois, on the prpoerty of Mr. Lowell Steuber (NE 1/4 sec. 32, T3N, R 14 W, Sumner Quadrangle, Richland County). Coal was mined from the creek bed in the past, but operations have since been discontinued. The coal appears to be a continuation of the seam exposed in other nearby places (Graham, 1935; Schopf, 1941). Several coal balls from the recently discovered locality have yielded sigillarian remains in an excellent state of preservation. For reasons mentioned later in the paper, the species of Sigillaria present has been identified as S. approximata, and because of the quality of preservation of the material, a detailed study of the anatomy of that species could be made.