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Paper chromatography of phenols on polyamide impregnated paper was devised. Fourteen phenols in seven different solvents were studied. The Rf values were tabulated. The relation between the structure of phenols and Rf values was discussed. This method was applied for the identification of phenolic constituents of Chamaecyparis formosensis Matum, in wich p-cresol, o-cresol and carvacrol were identified.

Modified paper chromatography procedures for the analysis of fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria are described. Both ethylamine and hydroxylamine derivatives of fatty acids were prepared from inoculated anaerobic culture broth. The derivatives were spotted on chromatography paper and developed with appropriate solvents. Paper chromatography is a valuable alternative to gas liquid chromatography as an ancillary procedure in the identification of anaerobic bacteria in the clinical bacteriology laboratory.

1. 1. An established method of chromatography and polychromatic staining of phospholipids on untreated paper has been more fully investigated with respect to sulphatides. 2. 2. A rapid staining method for sulpholipids on paper chromatograms is described. 3. 3. The optical properties of spherical aggregates of the sulphatides under crossed polarizers are noted. 4. 4. Sulphatides have been shown, by chromatography, to occur in many tissues including those of rat, mouse, ox, reptile, certain marine animals, Aplysia, Archidoris, Coryphella, in some microsomal fractions and in lipovitellin. Sulpholipids also occur in fungi.

In order to effectively control slime production in paper plants and other major water consuming industries, the efficacy of selected chemical compounds as inhibitors of growth of Sphaerotilus natans was investigated. It was determined that a few products were effective against Sp. natans in paper mill process water (80°F). These are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: chlorine, Busan 90, chlorine dioxide and Slimacide V-10. In vitro studies can suggest those chemicals which may be useful; however, the choice of inhibitors depends largely on the individual plant, i.e., the mill processes' capacity to tolerate the concentration, contact time or cost of the specific chemical.

A critical review of the paper chromatography of Strychnos alkaloids has led to the following conclusions: 1. Paper chromatography is one of the most important methods of approach in elucidating the chemistry of Strychnos alkaloids. 2. Paper chromatography and electrophoresis, in the case of Strychnos tertiary alkaloids, are of great value for the rapid analytical identification of the various compounds. In the case of quaternary alkaloids these methods can give general information, but no absolute conclusions, about a great number of alkaloids so far known of this group, and facilitate the identification of some of the more common bases. 3. No absolute relation between RM value and structure can so far be derived from the RC values of Strychnos alkaloids. This is due to the extremely complicated structures of these alkaloids, which belong to several chemical groups, and to the difficulty of obtaining standard RC values for many quaternary alkaloids. 4. Paper electrophoresis of Strychnos tertiary alkaloids is of great importance for the identification of the different strychnine derivatives. 5. Paper chromatography and electrophoresis must be considered as the best methods hitherto used for the preparative purification of small quantities of Strychnos quaternary alkaloids.

Mayor Gamble has just spoken to you on water-supply from the standpoint of the health of citizens. May I discuss with you water from the standpoint of a chemist as it is required by industrial concerns as the most necessary feature of manufacturing operations, especially in the manufacture of pulp and paper, which promises to be the next great industrial development in this southeastern territory which is governed by your membership. A recent survey by the Federal Government has shown an enormous wealth of pine and semi-hardwood timber in this practically untouched region. The figures of this survey are now attracting nation-wide attention, especially since the spruce woods of the Great Lakes and Eastern States are practically exhausted and this makes necessary the importation annually of some two hundred million dollars worth of pulp and paper. About fifteen years ago when it was first proposed to manufacture kraft from southern pine it was loudly proclaimed that this was impossible, but during the intervening years there has been so rapid a growth of the kraft pulp and paper industries that the South now dominates the field with the manufacture of more than sixty percent of the national output. Now when it is proposed to use southern pine for white paper the same cry is heard about the unsuitability of southern pine. The work in the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Industrial Committee of Savannah has completely disproved this contention. Erroneous ideas have been held regarding our pines: first, through the use of the name "yellow" pine, which applies only to the heart, while the sapwood gives a pulp actually lighter in color than spruce; and, second, the utilization of longleaf and slash pines for naval stores

Paper used for Japanese umbrella is vat-paper as well as machine-paper and oiled these Japanese paper, which is chiefly made from paper-mulberry.This report shows the superiority of those oiled-papers of various kind which are practically used after having examined their physical and chemical characteristics, and concluded as follows.(1) Japanese paper, if colored, increases its intensity.(2) Colored paper, when oiled, is not generally intensified, but, in case of white paper, it increases intensity.(3) To speak of oil, perilla oil or the one mixed up with a small quantity of paulownia oil is recommended.(4) When oil is twice coated, intensity is increased, but inferior oil such as substitute oil may not be very much beneficial even if twice coated.(5) As oiling method, hand-appling with waste-silk available at present is not abtained good results, it should be improved.

Larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., were found to feed on filter paper which had previously been heated to approximately 200°C for 15 hr. Feeding on filter paper was largely accelerated when the paper had been impregnated with sucrose. β-Sitosterol and soybean sterol, previously demonstrated to stimulate feeding of the silkworm on agar-diets, showed rather little stimulating action on paper-feeding.

Summary 1. The literature on the use of paper chromatography in taxonomic work is reviewed briefly. 2. The technique of paper chromatography on disks is described and the method has been applied to a number of species of Lymnaea. 3. The chromatographic patterns of the species studied are described and discussed. 4. The implications of the discovery of species-specific substances in the body surface mucus of snails are discussed, both from the taxonomic and parasitological points of view. 5. The possibilities of applying two-dimensional chromatography to the free amino-acids of snail blood are discussed.

This study investigated effects of industrial wastes of a paper mill on fish. Chemical analyses were made of the effluent and of the river water before it entered the mill and at the effluent entry point. Static bioassay techniques were used to determine tolerances to the effluent of ten fish species which were abundant in the paper mill area. Fish were collected from the effluent entry point into the river. An abundant fish fauna was found. Charmin Paper Products Company, Cheboygan, Michigan, treats its waste products thoroughly and is an example of what an industry can do to reduce water pollution. The common shiner, Notropis cornutus , was found to be intolerant to even low concentrations of the effluent. Thus, its presence in an area would indicate a very low level of pollution of this type.

Paper chromatography of freeze-dried larvae of Mayetiola destructor (Say) in a solvent system of 1-butanol:methanol:water, 80:5:15, isolated a peak of plant-growth-promoting substance at Rt 0.15-0.25. This growth promoter was detected also on chromatograms of stomachs and carcasses of fresh larvae but was absent from chromatograms of larvae collected from ‘Knox 62’ wheat, Triticum aestivum L., a cultivar resistant to the Hessian fly, or from chromatograms of larvae that had never fed. Paper chromatograms of ethanol extracts of both infested and uninfested wheat plants revealed that feeding by the larvae did not reduce the amount of the growth promoter, but benzene extracts of infested plants produced chromatograms with more peaks of growth-inhibiting substances than did benzene extracts of uninfested plants. The inhibitors in the benzene extracts of infested plants may be the reaction of the wheat plant to secretions introduced into the plant by the feeding larvae. Therefore, the most likely cause of stunting of winter wheat by the Hessian fly is the result of something discharged into the plant by the Hessian fly larva as it feeds.

The technique of paper chromatography has been adapted to the identification of gluconic, 2-ketogluconic, and α-ketoglutaric acids. Combinations of methyl and ethyl alcohol were found to be the most suitable solvents and ammoniacal silver nitrate was found to give the most satisfactory reaction. When grown under normal physiological conditions where glucose was metabolized to carbon dioxide and water, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027 was shown to have oxidized glucose by way of gluconic and 2-ketogluconic acids. Since a strong system for oxidizing both gluconic and 2-ketogluconic acids was demonstrated, the presence of these acids over at least an eight hour period of growth is taken as evidence of their importance as intermediates in the oxidation of glucose by this organism.

1) The daily change of the electrophoretic pattern of the silkworm blood from larval to pupal stage was examined. Three components (b3, b2, b1) were present in the blood of the early period of the 5th instar as shown in the previous paper (AIZAWA, 1955), while from 4-5th day of the 5th instar to pupal stage, there appeared two components, which were densely stained (Figs. 1, 3). In the latter case, when the electrophoresis was performed with the diluted blood, three protein components could be clearly detected (Fig. 2). b3 is the fastest moving component and it seems to be albumin. b2 and b1 are probably globulin. b3 component decreased with the pupal age and finally disappeared, at earlier time in male than in female.2) Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns was made by veronal, phosphate, citrate, borate or tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer with the varying ion concentration and pH. The separation of the protein fractions with veronal buffer (pH 8.6, I=0.05) was better than with other buffers.3) Comparison of staining, was examined using bromphenol blue, solar blue black and amido black. All dyes were suitable for the purpose. By sudan black staining, b3 component was slightly stained (Fig. 4).4) Paper strips were cut off from the electrophoresis paper of the jaundice-diseased blood at the regions of b3, b2+b1 and the starting line as shown in Fig. 5. The virus was extracted with the distilled water and the injection experiments were performed. The virus amount was highest in b2+b1 fractions and it decreased in the fraction from near the starting line. The virus activity was scarecely shown in the fraction of b3.5) Any difference, except for quantitative one was not observed in the electrophoretic patterns of the blood between the normal and diseased larvae (both nuclear and cytoplasmic polyhedroses). On the contrary, the pattern of Galleria mellonella is, however, different from that of Galleria-adapted silkworm jaundice virus (Aizawa, unpub.).

This paper presents the results of the application of circular filter paper chromatography to the differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic staphylococci by means of an arginase test, and to the differentiation of haemolytic streptococci and viridans streptococci by an arginine dihydrolase test. Chromatographic assay indicates that in the group of staphylococci only the pathogenic and not the non-pathogenic staphylococci metabolize arginine to ornithine and urea (presence of arginase). Chromatographic assay indicates that in the group of streptococci only the haemolytic streptococci and not the viridans streptococci metabolize arginine to ornithine and citrulline, or to ornithine or citrulline only (presence of arginine dihydroase in the haemolytic group).

Total alkaloidal extracts from four closely related Lobelia species, L. cardinalis L., L. syphilitica L., L. puberula Michaux, and L. elongata Small, and ten crosses and hybrids involving L. cardinalis and L. syphilitica, were examined using two-phase descending paper chromatography with formamide-ammonium formate-formic acid as the stationary phase and chloroform-benzene as the mobile phase. The chromatogram of L. elongata showed the presence of lobinaline, suggesting its closer relationship with L. cardinalis. The chromatograms of L. cardinalis, L. syphilitica, and L. puberula were different from each other, suggesting the elaboration of different alkaloids by each of these related species. Lobinaline was present in the first species and absent in the latter two species. The L. cardinalis × L. syphilitica hybrids gave chromatograms suggesting the elaboration of alkaloids characteristic of both the parent plants.

An application of the biuret reaction to the determination of protein fractions on filter paper electropherograms of serum is described. The relative mobilities of the serum protein fractions of the domestic fowl and of man are compared. Values are reported for serum protein fractions as separated by filter paper electrophoresis in a methanolic veronal buffer. Some observations on the serum proteins of the estrogenized immature pullet are reported; and it is tentatively suggested that another fraction as well as serum phosphoprotein appears in the serum of the pullet as a consequence of treatment with estrogen.

For making Japanese Style Paper, vegetable mucilage such as "Tororo-aoi", " Nori-asa" or "Ninori"is usuallyadded to obtain uniformpaper sheet. Mechanism of the uniformsheet formation property of mucilage is discussed principally on the standpoint of drainage of water.Drainage time has been measured by using upper part of schopper's freeness tester. Three kinds of vegetable mucilage extracted from "Tororo-aoi" (Abelmoschus manihot medic), "Nori-asa" (artificial couple of "Tororo-aoi" and "Okura " Abelmoschus esculentus Moench made by prof.Kagawa) and "Ninori" (Hydragea paniculata sieb) have been studied.Effects of the amounts and the kinds of vegetable mucilage, pulp consistency and temperature of water.Drainage time increases according to the increase of the addition of vegetable mucilage or pulp consistency, and decreases by rising the temperature of water.That is to say the drainage degree is the function of (1) the added amount of vegetable mucilage (2) pulp consistency (3) resistance of fiber layer (4) resistance of filtering material (5) beating degree of pulp, and the reverse function of (6) the temperature of water (7) filtering area (8) head difference in vat and (9) x (etc.) : Drainage =Kφ {(the added amount of vegetable mucilage) (pulp consistency) (resistance of fiber layer) (resistance of filtering material) (beating degree of pulp) (the temp. of water) (filtering area) (head difference in vat) (x)}.By using white water repeatedly, effect of vegetable mucilage and also drainage time decrease gradually. In the case of using white water repeatedely, the recovery percentage of available component of vegetable mucilage measured by the drainage time, is about by 20% "Tororo-aoi", by 40% "Nori-asa", and by 60% "Ninori ". The order of depression of viscocity of vegetable mucilage is as follows, "Tororo-aoi", " Nori-asa " and " Ninori ". Therefore in mill practice the percentage of recovery of available component of " Ninori " has become greater than the above mentioned data. This is the reason why the " Ninori " notwithstanding the mucilagious extract is smaller than "Tororo-aoi", is comparatively favourable in mill practice.

This paper describes a paper chromatographic method of identification of morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) seeds used by individuals seeking hallucinatory experiences. The procedure is applicable to a single seed, seed fragments and products of “tea”. A 50 percent aqueous alcoholic extract is chromatographed in a butanol : acetic acid : water system and the pattern visualized by ultraviolet fluorescence, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and ninhydrin spray reagents. The chromatographic patterns of various morning glory seeds and other seeds of criminalistic interest are shown. Milligram quantities of Ipomoea purpurea (two varieties) are readily differentiated from all other seeds examined.

SUMMARY: A simple method of detecting arabinose by paper chromatography in the cell-walls of aerobic actinomycetes is described. Mycobacteria and Nocardia species are rich in arabinose while saprophytic species of Streptomyces are deficient. Pathogenic Streptomyces species tend to fall between the two extremes but Streptomyces somaliensis is apparently nearly devoid of arabinose.

High rates of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction (nitrogenase activity) were observed in woodroom effluent from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical mill under aerobic (up to 644 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) and under anaerobic (up to 135 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) conditions. Pasteurized effluent developed C 2 H 2 reduction activity when incubated under anaerobic but not under aerobic conditions. Activities were increased by addition of 0.5 to 3.0% glucose or xylose. Enrichment and enumeration studies showed that N 2 -fixing Azotobacter and Klebsiella were abundant, and N 2 -fixing Bacillus was present. Of 129 isolates of Klebsiella from pulp mills, lakes, rivers, and drainage and sewage systems, 32% possessed nitrogen-fixing ability.

A convenient, sensitive, and reliable assay for the conversion of radiolabeled sucrose to alcohol-insoluble dextran by the Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase has been developed.

In order to determine the effective shoot cutting height on the high training in paper mulberry, two experiments were conducted. The results were as follows. Cutting at the height higher than 15 to 30 centimeters from ground surface in the first year, showed the merits as increased yield and yield rates and the distinguished marks of high training. The most effective shoot cutting height on and after the second year was 3 centimeters in 30 centimeter high training.

1. 1. The elctrophoretic mobility in filter paper at pH 8.6 was measured for hemoglobins from seventy-six rodents representing fifteen species or subspecies from the following genera: Phyllotis, Akodon, Chinchillula, Mus, Hesperomys, Oryzomys, Ctenomys and Cavia . 2. 2. These rodents showed a wide range of hemoglobin mobilities from 0·6 to 1·5 times that of man (HbA). 3. 3. Within the genera Phyllotis and Akodon the range in subgroups was 0·63–1·15 and 0·62–1·24 respectively. 4. 4. Secondary components, usually slower, were common. 5. 5. No general correlation of mobility with oxygen affinity (high-altitude habitat) was found, but correlation in several case within species or genera. 6. 6.Alkali-denaturation resistance ranged from 5 to 86 per cent and showed some taxonomic differences between subgenera. 7. 7. Some observations on two Camelidae (alpaca and vicuna) confirmed the low mobilities seen this group.

Auxins and auxin inhibitors from tissue extracts of normal Nicotiana plants, Nicotiana glavca, N. langsdorffii and their hybrid (which spontaneously produces tumors) were separated by ascending paper chromatography with n-butanol-distilled water. An Avena curvature test was used for demonstrating growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting substances. IAA could be found in extracts of the parents and the hybrid (RF 0.75). Hybrid tissue yielded the highest amount (37.10), N. glauca tissue less (30.80), and N. langsdorffii tissue the least amount (8.50) of IAA. A second growth promoter (RF 0.35) could be separated from the tissue extracts of the parents and the hybrid, but it showed only low activity in the Avena test. Three inhibitors were present in extracts from N. langsdorffii and the hybrid at RF 0.25, 0.45, and 0.85, whereas N. glauca showed only two of them (RF 0.25 and 0.85). The inhibitor with an RF of 0.45 seemed to be identical with the acidic, benzene-insoluble "inhibitor i" of Bennet-Clark and Kefford (1953). The inhibitor (neutral, benzene-soluble) at RF 0.85 could be found in some tissue extracts of the parents and the hybrid, but showed only little activity in the curvature tests. From neutral and from acidic plant extracts within a pH range of 4.4 to 5.8 a third inhibitor with an RF of 0.25 could be separated. It seems that the high concentration of natural IAA in the hybrid is regulated by a variety of inhibitors with different specificities in the growth-regulating process. Nicotiana langsdorffii tissue has much less auxin but the same variety of inhibitors as the hybrid, whereas N. glauca tissue contains less auxin than the hybrid and only two of the three inhibitors found in N. langsdorffli and hybrid

SummaryThe amino acids present in Australian honey from Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, E. camaldulensis and Trifolium repens were examined by column- and paper-chromatographic methods of separation. All three honeys contained the same 16 amino acids; with a few exceptions, these were the same as the amino acids that have been found in honey in other countries. The use of two solvent systems enabled more amino acids to be identified.

One hundred and fifty-eight samples of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) blood were analyzed using paper electrophoresis at pH 8.6. The specimens were of two phases in lamprey life history, the parasitic phase and pre-spawning phase. Variations in serum protein concentration, positions and sizes of the fractions were associated with the state of life history, sex and disease. Most of the variation between phases of life history was in the dominant fraction, an albumin. There was a decrease in total stainable protein while specimens were starved in captivity. Disease caused several changes in the pattern, the most striking of which was an increase in the size of fraction 6, probably α-globulin.

It has been previously reported that the interference of unsaturated fatty acids with the chromatographic identification of saturated fatty acids may be minimized by mercuration. Because simple hydrazones of unsaturated fatty acids and their mercurated derivatives give different color reactions on treatment with diphenylcarbazone, the component saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in pupal lipids of Drosophila melanogaster were identified on the same chromatographic paper. The amounts of individual fatty acids were calculated from the spectrophotometric data by an easier method than that described in the previous reports. The quantities of saturated and unsaturated acids in different strains of D. melanogaster appeared to be related to their genetic nature.

The author describes a method, for the determination of bacterial L-histidine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine, L-serine, L-phenyl-alanine, L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid decarboxylase by means of high voltage paper electrophoresis, using electrolytes of low ionic strength. For the group of test microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae, Achromobacteriaceae andPseudomonas), L-histidine, L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine and L-glutamic acid decarboxylases were found to be of the greatest practical significance. The optimal conditions for maximum formation of these decarboxylases by some of the test strains ofEscherichia coli, Hafnia andProteus are discussed.

Solutions containing penta-, tetra- or trivalent vanadium were prepared and their vanadium strength estimated The reducing power of all the vanadium valencies upon Cu+2 and Hg+2 salts, acidified molybdate, and nitrate was investigated Separations between the valency states, which included a quantitative investigation of a VV-VI Zn by paper chromatography are described. The interaction of vanadium valencies with some Mo valency-states are summarized. A Chromatographic separation of CoII and CoIII as acetates, including a brief quantitative investigation, is also described.

Predators that have fed on Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson can be distinguished by the orange and reddish carotenoid biochromes derived from the prey. Predation on the two species of mites cannot be clearly separated. The predators are squashed on filter paper and the pigments separated by circular chromatography in a mixture of one part of zylene to four parts of white kerosene. The mite pigments are considerably altered during digestion in the predators. The method does not reveal the number of mites consumed by a predator, owing to differences in the pigment content of the various stages of the prey and in the time the pigments are retained in the predators.

1. The nodules and root tissues of four species of Indian legumes, Cicer arietinum (gram), Pisum sativum (pea), Lens esculenta (lentil), and Lathyrus sativus, grown on molecular and/or combined nitrogen, were analyzed for ninhydrinreacting substances by paper chromatography. 2. Seventeen known amino acids and five unknown substances were detected in the tissues, only one of which was unique for the nodules. This was an unidentified substance with a high mobility with phenol-water but very low mobility with benzyl alcohol-acetic acid-water. 3. The bearing of the amino acids on the fixation process has been discussed. The products of fixation and assimilation of inorganic nitrogen have been found to be essentially similar except for the occurrence of certain unidentified substances in the roots and nodules of plants utilizing both forms of nitrogen.

Summary A comparatively simple and rapid method for the identification, estimation and preparation of fatty acids has been developed, using reversed phase circular paper chromatography. The method is also suitable for the analysis of “Critical Pairs” of fatty acids and for the preparation of fatty acids. Further, when used at a higher temperature, the method is more sensitive in revealing the presence of even traces of higher fatty acids in the seeds of Adenanthera pavonina.

The flower- promoting activity of each fraction of rye diffusate was assayed to concentrate the study of flowering substances, adopting (tiny) seeds of annual Meadow grass, Poa annua as subjects. As far as the flowering of Poa annua was concerned, the mixture of the fractions expedited flowering best. It is interesting to notice in Fig. 1 that the flowering curve of Poa annua treated with the mixture seems to be a combination of two curves of those treated with native auxin and a nucleotide-like substance. To chase this unknown nucleotide-like substance, paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis were carried out in this experiment. According to the Rf values and electric migrations of rye diffusate, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, uridylic acid and fructose-6-phosphate, it is considered that the effective substance may be the one which has energy-rich phosphates like uridine diphosphate or uridine triphosphate. If one of those substances truly controls the flowering of winter crops, such as wheat or rye, devernalization caused by warm temperature may be related with the heat-labile property of the substance. It would be too early to say that the flowering hormone is a complex of a native auxin and UDP (or UTP)-like nucleotide. However, if the flowering hormone were not simple in composition, these effective substances investigated in this experiment may be the core of "Florigen".

Complex formation in acetone-water systems has been investigated by studying solvent migration rate and chromatographic behaviour of hexacyanoferrate (II) and (III). The formation of mono-, tetra-, and decahydrates of acetone has been observed, of which the tetrahydrate, also observable by other physical properties of the solvent mixture, is the most stable.

The following fungi have been isolated from samples of slime from mills in New Brunswick and Newfoundland: Phialophora fastigiata, P. richardsiae, P. lignicola, P. alba, Truncatella ramulosa, Trichoderma lignorum, Pseudeurotium zonatum, Geotrichum candidum, Rhinocladiella atrovirens, Pachybasium candidum var. trichodermatoides, Pachybasium niveum.

In a basal medium which supported good growth of two species of fungi, incorporation of "white water" was found to increase their rate of growth. Preliminary efforts to separate the active agent have been carried out, and the presence of at least two substances has been demonstrated. One of them stimulated the growth of an isolate of Phialophora fastigiata, whilst the other stimulated the growth of an isolate of Phoma sp. The implications of the presence of these two substances in "white water" are considered.

Of the several uses that were described forC. juncea, its production as a bast fiber source and a green manure crop are the most important. Although limited usage in special rotational situations is possible, most of the envisioned acreage in the United States will be for new pulping raw-material. It appears promising for this purpose because (a) little or no nitrogen fertilization is required, (b) it grows on poor soils and is fairly drought-resistant (c) stalks dry out faster than other experimental species after a killing frost, (d) resistant strains can be grown in soils that are infested with root knot nematodes, and (e) a high macerate (pulp) yield is obtainable. However, stand inconsistency which contributes to weed competition and low yields, a tendency for lodging, and a sensitivity to cool temperatures may be listed as debits. Additional experimentation to determine more precisely the environmental and cultural requirements, proper harvesting and handling methods, production economics, and end-use applications is needed.

The types of effluent discharged by wood-processing industries and their effects on the benthic environment are described. A brief summary of the results of the Lochs Linnhe-Eil survey 1964-70 is given. Populations of the molluscs Corbula , Thyasira and Myrtea have increased in most areas, and appear to be favoured by a moderate increase in the organic input to the system. Corbula dominates in the shallower polyhaline areas, and Myrtea in the deeper mixoeuhaline areas. On sediments with a high natural leaf litter content a low diversity fauna occurs, dominated by the annelids Cirriformia , Peloscolex , Capitella and Staurocephalus , and the crustacean Idotea . The predominance of this kind of fauna has increased in its area of occurrence in recent years. Comparisons of these faunal distributions and changes with those found in surveys in other marine areas affected by wood-processing wastes and other types of organic effluents show considerable similarities in the faunal changes occurring under increased organic loading. The utility of ‘indicator’ species in the assessment of organic pollution is briefly discussed. The need for detailed information on the ecological and physiological reasons underlying the varied faunal successions which occur under conditions of pollutional stress is emphasized.

The principal aim of the present report is to present a series of data which demonstrate the applicability of simple chromatographic methods to the problems of investigating biochemical changes which occur during development of Drosophila melanogaster and studying biochemical differences between mutants of this organism. Extensive analyses of the data and their significance in relation to the work of other investigators will be reserved, for the most part, for subsequent and more detailed presentations.

It has been established that many substances can bring about a change in position of pigments in crustacean chromatophores (Florey, 1951). The extracts of certain animal tissues (pituitary, crustacean sinus-gland and post-commissure organs, insect brain and corpora cardiaca) are especially active (Brown, 1940; Knowles, 1953; Dupont-Raabe, 1952; Thomsen, 1943); there is evidence that these tissues intervene in the normal colour change of the animals which possess them and that their products may properly be considered as hormones. On the other hand, many species which do not themselves possess chromatophores (oligochaetes, molluscs, and many insects) have nevertheless been shown to contain substances in their tissues which will, after injection into crustaceans, initiate pigment movements (Scharrer, 1954). It has not yet been ascertained whether these pigment-activating substances chemically resemble normal colour-change hormones or whether the pigment movements they produce are pharmacodynamic effects irrelevant in the study of colour physiology.

312 male chronic alcoholists without clinical symptons of cirrhosis hepatis are inoculated with heat-killed typhus-paratyphus bacilli. The result of the inoculations is compared with the serum proteins of the patients. A connection between the O-antigens and the γ-globulins is established, and also between specific and unspecific H-antigens and the (α-) β-globulins.

The nutrition of microorganisms isolated from an accumulation of slime has been examined. A number of the fungi and bacteria had an absolute requirement for one or more vitamins. The growth rates of others were markedly stimulated by low concentrations of biotin. In general, both mono- and disaccharides were readily utilized by the isolates. Geotrichum candidum, Candida reukaufii, and Sporotrichum sp. were unable to utilize nitrate nitrogen and several bacteria required amino acids.

The acids obtained by hydrolysis of pyrethrum extracts, which are titrated in the pyrethrin II determination but which are not derived from pyrethrin II, have been investigated. Quantitative experiments have shown no correlation between false pyrethrin acid content and either the ratio of pyrethrin I to pyrethrin II or the total pyrethrin content.