120 results
Search Results
2. [Letter: Comments on the paper of Dirk Lorenzen 'First results of behavior therapy in the Weinsberg Regional Mental Hospital' (this J. 44, 423-427 (1973))]
- Author
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H, Merguet
- Subjects
Hospitals, Psychiatric ,Behavior Therapy ,Germany, West ,Humans ,History, 20th Century - Published
- 1973
3. Discussion of Dr. Cameron's paper on remedial reading
- Author
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Ferster Cb
- Subjects
Programmed Instructions as Topic ,Verbal Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Child Behavior ,Dyslexia ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Behavior Therapy ,Reading (process) ,Psychoanalytic Theory ,Mathematics education ,Conditioning, Operant ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Remedial Teaching ,Psychology ,Remedial education ,Child ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,media_common - Published
- 1972
4. Position Paper on nutrition education for the public
- Subjects
Societies, Scientific ,Motivation ,Behavior Therapy ,Dietetics ,Allied Health Personnel ,Humans ,Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Community Health Services ,Feeding Behavior ,Health Education ,Nutrition Disorders - Published
- 1973
5. Respiratory Relief: A New and Rapid Method for the Treatment of Phobic States
- Author
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A Orwin
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,business.industry ,Respiration ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Short paper ,Middle Aged ,Breathing Exercises ,030227 psychiatry ,Phobic disorder ,Desensitization (psychology) ,Prolonged exposure ,03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,Phobic Disorders ,Breathing exercises ,Behavior Therapy ,medicine ,Humans ,Female ,Respiratory control ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Abstract
The treatment of phobic states by desensitization is tedious and not always completely successful (Marks, 1969). Recently newer methods claiming improvement in speed and efficacy have been introduced, such as flooding or implosion (for example, Boulougouris et al., 1971) and prolonged exposure (Watson et al., 1971). An approach based on respiratory control which seems to be as effective as other methods and even more rapid in action is described in this short paper.
- Published
- 1971
6. Prolonged Exposure: a Rapid Treatment for Phobias
- Author
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J P Watson, I. M. Marks, and R. Gaind
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Specific phobias ,Efficiency ,Fantasy ,Phobic disorder ,Behavior Therapy ,Heart Rate ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,Continuous exposure ,General Environmental Science ,Phobias ,Adult patients ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Treatment method ,Papers and Originals ,Articles ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Prolonged exposure ,Phobic Disorders ,Practice, Psychological ,Imagination ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,business ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Ten adult patients with long-standing specific phobias were treated by prolonged continuous exposure to their phobic objects in fantasy and reality without avoidance. All patients were greatly helped by four to five hours' treatment in two or three sessions, and all improved more after practice than after imaginal sessions. The treatment method is more economical and efficient than other methods described so far.
- Published
- 1971
7. Implosion (flooding)--a new treatment for phobias
- Author
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I. M. Marks and J. C. Boulougouris
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Outpatient Clinics, Hospital ,Vomiting ,Implosion ,Anxiety ,Phobic disorder ,Behavior Therapy ,Heart Rate ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,General Environmental Science ,Phobias ,business.industry ,Flooding (psychology) ,General Engineering ,Spiders ,General Medicine ,Galvanic Skin Response ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Phobic Disorders ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Skin conductance - Abstract
A new technique is described for the treatment of phobic patients which may be more effective than other available methods to date. Three out of four patients treated by implosion (flooding) became almost symptom-free after a mean of 14 sessions and remained so over six-and-a-half months' follow-up. The mechanism of action of the method is not yet clear.
- Published
- 1969
8. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES AS PSYCHOTHERAPY.
- Author
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Rashkis, Harold A.
- Subjects
PSYCHOLOGICAL tests ,PROJECTIVE techniques ,PERSONALITY tests ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,INTELLECTUAL disabilities ,PSYCHOTHERAPY - Abstract
The article reports that not many years ago, Rorschach's test was conceived largely as a diagnostic instrument, and it was common knowledge that one did not cure patients merely by diagnosing their disorder. The present paper offers the suggestion that certain of the so-called projective tests may be employed in such a manner that their use will have a distinct psychotherapeutic effect. This psychotherapeutic effect is to be considered as the primary purpose for which the particular projective technique is to be used, the relative value of this particular form of therapy is to be used.
- Published
- 1949
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Wadsworth Rejoins.
- Author
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Wadsworth, H. G.
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR modification ,PERSONS ,DISCUSSION ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,EMOTIONS ,VALUES (Ethics) ,SOCIAL services ,LITERATURE - Abstract
One disadvantage of a brief study is that there are always a few readers who assume that the author's interest is limited to the subject matter his paper represents. This is especially true when the topic is behavior modification. Consequently, a few people always assume that anyone who speaks in behalf of behavior modification naturally has excluded all other techniques for improving behavioral functioning. A discussion of behavior therapy seems to have the capacity to arouse deep emotional feelings. Subjective values and objective knowledge are never separated when one investigates a problem. However, in reviewing the points one can determine that subjectivity dominates their replies. The impressions of school social work are based on the literature, discussions with school social workers from all parts of the nation and personal experiences. The author feels that discussions with schools social workers reflect a more accurate picture than does the literature because they represent a broader and unedited appraisal of the situation. His statements based on these sources are appropriate.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Behaviour Therapy with Delinquents.
- Author
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Kolaszynska-Carr, Anne
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR therapy ,NONFICTION - Abstract
The article reviews the book "Behaviour Therapy With Delinquents," by Jerome S. Stumphauzer.
- Published
- 1974
11. Books and Materials Received.
- Subjects
SOCIAL psychology ,BEHAVIOR therapy - Abstract
A bibliography on the subject of personnel psychology is presented which includes the books "Manager Selection, Education and Training," by Williard E. Bennett, "Therapeutic Psychology: Fundamentals of Counseling and Psychotherapy," by Lawrence M. Brammer and "Personnel: The Human Problems of Management," by George Strauss and Leonard R. Sayles.
- Published
- 1960
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Art Therapy for Reform of Delinquents.
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR therapy ,PRISONS ,PRISONERS ,DRAWING ,BOREDOM ,PSYCHOTHERAPY - Abstract
The article presents the experiences of a British experimenter on behavior therapy in prisons. When the author was a military prisoner in North Africa in 1942, he spent a couple of hours each day drawing and afterwards he always felt relief from boredom. Besides, the activity gave him an incentive to study the camp surroundings from a painter's point of view. He spent a lot of time standing and watching the shapes of his fellow prisoners as their outlined figures merged subtly against the walls of the huts. He used to memorize their attitudes, the bend of their necks, the way their arms were stuck into their trouser pockets and their backs huddled in the cold. Later he worked out these impressions on large sheets of paper. This serious creative work gave him a definite aim and its therapeutic effect was, he thinks, very great. On his return from the prison camps he found himself wondering what went on inside the civilian jails and whether the strengthening escape through creative work, which he had found, was also being discovered by the inmates of his Majesty's prisons.
- Published
- 1950
13. Issues and Trends in Behavior Therapy.
- Author
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Eysenck, H. J.
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR therapy ,NONFICTION - Abstract
The article reviews the book "Issues and Trends in Behavior Therapy," by Henry D. Adams and Irving P. Unikel.
- Published
- 1974
14. A clinical example of puer aeternus identification.
- Author
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Kirsch, Thomas B. and Kirsch, T B
- Subjects
PSYCHOLOGY ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,DREAMS ,THERAPEUTICS ,HERMENEUTICS ,INTERPERSONAL confrontation - Abstract
Focuses on the clinical presentation of the young man identified with the puer aeternus archytype. Use of dream as part of the therapeutic process; Discussion of the selected aspect of the dream in terms of the puer aeternus identification; Tentative use of interpretations and confrontation.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Behavior Therapy of an Eleven-Year-Old Girl with Reading Problems.
- Author
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Word, Penny and Rozynko, Vitall
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR therapy ,PSYCHOTHERAPY ,PHOBIAS ,ANXIETY ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress ,FEAR - Abstract
A recent behavioral technique, developed to eliminate unwanted behavior, is desensitization (Wolpe 1958). This procedure initially was utilized to countercondition fears (phobias) of specific objects or situations - such as fear of snakes, spiders, heights, closed spaces, etc. Later extensions of this method included its use to alleviate discomfort in talking and socializing with others (Kraft 1969). In this procedure the subject learns to relax, or to behave in a way that is incompatible with autonomic responses associated with the fear response. By engaging in behaviors incompatible with anxiety, the association or connection between the stimulus and the resulting fear response is broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Announcements.
- Subjects
ANNUAL meetings ,PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,HOTELS - Abstract
This article presents information on an announcement made by the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, published in the September 1, 1972 issue of the journal "Psychophysiology." Its Sixth Annual Meeting will be held between October 6, 1972 and October 8, 1972 at the New York Hilton Hotel, New York city.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
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17. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETIES.
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ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,JUNGIAN psychology ,DISCUSSION ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,PROFESSIONAL ethics ,EMOTIONS - Abstract
The article presents information on proceedings of several society of analytical psychology across the world. It includes proceedings of "Society of Analytical Psychology," at London , England. The major discussions at the society's analytical group include "What's wrong with the analytical group?" by D. Ogden, "What is analysis?" by C. Bosanquet, M. Fordham and R. Strauss, "Ethics of analysis and behaviour therapy," by A. Plaut and V. Meyer, "Envy and the Shadow," by J. Hubback, "Clinical aspects of timing in analysis," by D. Holt.
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WHO MEET THE PROBLEMS OF THE FIRST HALF OF LIFE IN THE SECOND.
- Author
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Dunn, I. Jay
- Subjects
SUBCONSCIOUSNESS ,PSYCHOANALYSIS ,PASSIVITY (Psychology) ,SUBLIMINAL projection ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,CASE studies - Abstract
The article presents a case of a patient who felt untouched, in spite all his careful hard work and devoted work on his unconscious. The patient met the author with two large, well-filled notebooks to prove how faithfully he had worked on his unconscious. During psychoanalysis, the author found that this man's life reflected same passivity and lack of involvement that he showed towards the unconscious. He had a nasty temper and mean due to which he was disliked by others. He felt exaggerated concern over his disagreeable behavior.
- Published
- 1961
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Behaviour therapy of psoriasis--a hypnoanalytic and counter-conditioning technique.
- Author
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Waxman, David and Waxman, D
- Subjects
PSORIASIS treatment ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,MENTAL depression ,HYPNOTISM ,PERSONALITY assessment ,PSORIASIS ,PSYCHOTHERAPY ,SELF-report inventories ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
In the case described, an account is given of psoriasis in a female aged 38 who presented with a history of a rash of increasing severity for 20 years, originating during a period of severe emotional stress in a susceptible personality type. During the whole of this period, there was never a time when she had been clear, and exacerbations had been most severe during her two pregnancies. She was treated under hypnosis by a six-point schedule. This involved analysis and discussion, with interpretive (insight) psychotherapy and desensitization by reciprocal inhibition as described by Wolpe. As well as the disappearance of the rash, overall improvement in personality was a notable impression gained from the self-rating Personality Schedule score at the end of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1973
20. BEHAVIOR THERAPY AND TARGET SYMPTOMS.
- Author
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Kraft, Tom
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR therapy ,THERAPEUTICS ,BEHAVIOR modification ,PSYCHOTHERAPY ,PATIENTS ,SYMPTOMS - Abstract
The article reports on the behavior therapy and target symptoms of the patients. This study describes three cases treated by behavior therapy, where treatment aimed at the target symptom also brought about other changes, which had seemed unrelated to the presenting symptom. The remarkable aspect of the whole treatment procedure is that the patient has lost all interest in homosexual and transvestite activities, although no specific treatment was directed towards his sexual deviations. The patient himself was even more grateful for the disappearance of his sexual perversions than for his recovery from the traffic phobia.
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. ANXIETY, SELF-ACCEPTANCE, AND OPEN-MINDEDNESS.
- Author
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Pilisuk, Marc
- Subjects
PSYCHOLOGICAL research ,ANXIETY ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress ,SELF-acceptance ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,COGNITIVE ability - Abstract
The article presents information on a psychological research related to anxiety and self-acceptance. In many studies anxiety is often associated with inflexible thought. This study tested the suggested relationship between self acceptance and anxiety and compared the relationship of each with several measures of open-mindedness. The study concluded that anxiety, even when formed as a trait may be defined as a threat to the self.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. STUDY OF THERAPIST BEHAVIOR IN DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEWS BY MEANS OF THE INTERACTION CHRONOGRAPH.
- Author
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Saslow, George, Goodrich, D. W., and Stein, Marvin
- Subjects
PSYCHOTHERAPIST-patient relations ,PSYCHOTHERAPY ,BEHAVIOR modification ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,HEALTH facilities ,DISABILITIES - Abstract
The article discusses the study of therapist behavior. An important aspect of the operation of clinics which evaluate the probable response of patients to behavior therapy is the diagnostic interview of the patient by an experienced staff member. An attempt is made in such an interview to decide various questions, such as the nature of the disabilities present, the need for further examinations or referrals, the wisdom of the referral to this particular clinic, the probable response of the patient to behavior therapy, the indicated major areas to work on in behavior therapy, the therapist most likely to be effective, etc.
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Music as a Reinforcer in Patient-Controlled Duration of Time-Out.
- Author
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Hauck, Louise P. and Martin, Patrick L.
- Subjects
MUSIC therapy ,TIMEOUT method ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,BEHAVIORAL assessment ,PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of music - Abstract
The article discusses a study concerning the use of music therapy which allowed a patient to control the duration of time-out of her unwanted behaviors during treatment sessions in the U.S. It states that the patient was closely observed in a behavior modification program. It mentions the effectiveness of the time-out technique to decrease the response duration of the targeted behaviors of the patient studied. It also notes the variations between the target behaviors of the patient.
- Published
- 1970
24. Psychometric Tests and Learning in Severely Disabled Readers.
- Author
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Camp, Bonnie W.
- Subjects
PSYCHOMETRICS ,VISUAL perception ,READING disability ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,DYSLEXIA ,EDUCATIONAL tests & measurements - Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between performance on tests of auditory and visual perception and learning rate in reading lessons. Subjects were 69 children with severe dyslexia (2-5 years below grade level) who participated in a standard tutorial program designed along behavior therapy lines. Prior to placement in the tutorial reading program, children were tested with the Wide Range Achievement Test, the Bender-Gestalt, the Raven, a test of auditory-visual integration, and a test of visual-spatial perception. Learning rates were determined for 42 children. Significant correlations were found among the psychometric tests but not between psycho- metric tests and learning rate. Children achieving above and below expectancy in tutoring differed significantly in learning rate and amount of gain over 6 months but not on any of the psychometric tests. It was concluded that perceptual deficiencies may be more frequent in disabled readers, but learning rate and achievement are not related to the degree of perceptual deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. THE SIZE CONSTANCY PROBLEM IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A COGNITIVE SKILL ANALYSIS.
- Author
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Hamilton, Vernon
- Subjects
PEOPLE with schizophrenia ,PARANOID schizophrenia ,COGNITIVE analysis ,PERFORMANCE ,PARADOXICAL psychotherapy ,BEHAVIOR therapy - Abstract
An attempt was made to reconcile discrepant findings in the size constancy performance of poor premorbid, process, non-paranoid schizophrenic men. It was postulated that an impairment of basic cognitive skills, and particularly of conservation, differentiates schizophrenics and normals, and under-constant and over-constant non-paranoid schizophrenics, and that this and an associated primitive visual centration effect may lead to paradoxical over-constancy for some schizophrenics. The results confirm that schizophrenics may be both under- and over-constant, and that they exhibit significantly low levels in primitive cognitive operations. The latter abnormalities are particularly marked in over-constant schizophrenics, for whom there is strong evidence of centration with a distant standard. Contradictory findings of over- as well as under-constancy in non-paranoid schizophrenics may thus be a function, apart from other determinants, of differences in the availability of conserving operations, and differences in centration strategies, where the latter would be influenced by characteristics of the experimental display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Volume Feedback and Generalization Techniques in Shaping Speech of an Electively Mute Boy: A Case Study
- Author
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Harvey J. Broman and Arthur Norman
- Subjects
Male ,Phrase ,business.product_category ,Mutism ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Teaching method ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Speech Therapy ,050105 experimental psychology ,Feedback ,03 medical and health sciences ,Presentation ,Tape recorder ,0302 clinical medicine ,Behavior Therapy ,Humans ,Relevance (law) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Child ,Set (psychology) ,media_common ,Generalization, Response ,05 social sciences ,030229 sport sciences ,Variety (linguistics) ,Sensory Systems ,Elective mutism ,business ,Psychology ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Summary.-An "electively mute" 12-yr.-old boy was successfully treated using positive reinforcement procedures. Visual feedback from the volume-level meter of a tape recorder was used to help in inducing sounds and to aid in raising speech volume. Various ocher techniques were employed to increase the rate of speech and to generalize it to a variety of environmental situations. The phrase "elective mutism" was first used to describe "children who are silent amongall but a small circle of intimates" (Tramer, 1934). The condition is generally thought to be intractable to treatment and often persists for many years (Reed, 1963). There are numerous papers dealing with the teaching of speech to autistic and schizophrenic children or to children who have never spoken or who have been slow to develop speech (e.g., Black & Moss, 1967; Hewett, 1965; Lovaas, Berberich, Perloff, & Schaeffer, 1966). In contrast, the electively mute child has often developed extensive speech. However, he will only emit words under a highly specific and restricted set of discriminative stimuli. Even when he does speak, his verbal rate is often very low. Behavioral research with elective mutism has not been reported widely. Reid, Hawkins, Keutzer, McNeal, Phelps, Reid, and Mees ( 1967) treated a 6-yr.old in a "marathon behavior modification" session. Straughan ( 1965 ) used an operant approach with a 13-yr.-old; however, it appears that this S was not electively mute. Under the reported baseline conditions he emitted almost 14 words an hour. The presentation in the present paper describes several techniques applied in a severe case of elective rnutism. The techniques appear to have relevance for treatment programs where the goals include increasing the rate of speech, generalizing it to a wide variety of environmental situations, and increasing speech volume. METHOD
- Published
- 1970
27. Some Neglected Issues in the Literature on Behavior Therapy
- Author
-
Robert Goodkin
- Subjects
Single model ,Psychotherapist ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Classical conditioning ,050109 social psychology ,Limiting ,Behavioral activation ,Behavior modification ,Behavior Therapy ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Behavior management ,Stimulus control ,Psychology ,0503 education ,Covert conditioning ,General Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Sltmn2ary.-This paper cities several areas which have received little attention in the literature on behavior therapy. It is suggested that these areas are important from the standpoint of practicing and evaluating a behavior rherapeutic approach to maladaptive behavior. The issues include diagnosing, dealing with more realistic response classes, getting objective measures of additiona1 relevant variables, selecting appropriate behavioral modification techniques for rhe particular case, exploring stimulus conditions leading to the maladaptive behavior, and reporting the carry-over of behavioral changes produced in the experimental environment to the natural environment. In spite of the growing literature on methods and applications of behavior therapy, few papers evaluate this work in light of actual therapeutic demands. Despite the many studies demonstrating the utility of the approach and its potential benefit, there are a number of important issues that have as yet received too little discussion in the literature. These iss~les are discussed in this paper. Although many well-traincd therapists are aware of these issues and each point has received some mention in the literature, in general they have been neglected. Further, while chis paper is written in the context of behavior therapy, it is believed that each point has bearing on other therapies as well. A variety of behavior modification techniques derived from the operant and classical conditioning literature have been described (Bachrach, 1962; Eysenck, 1964; Grossberg, 1964; Kalish, 1966; Rachman, 1963; Truax, 1966; U11man & Krasner, 1965; Wolpe, 1958; Wolpe & Lazarus, 1966). If behavioral change is the goal of therapy, these procedures are important. Techniques include shaping, reinforcing. extinction, desensitization, negative practice, escape and avoidance training, stimulus control, role-taking, and others. Their advantage lies in their being based on principles supported by considerable evidence from st~tdy of both animals and humans. This past research and specific techniques give the behavior therapist a valuable framework and practical armamentarium for approaching a situation in which his aim is to alter behavior (Bandura, 1961). An advantage of this work is that it is relatively precise and objective. Its operational natiue permits the reader to know precisely what behavior is under smdy and what the therapist does in his efforts to modify the behavior. While having a framework of functioning is desirable, this frame of reference should not be too limiting. Rather than viewing therapy as plugging maladaptive behavior into a single model, the therapist should be attuned, as the ex
- Published
- 1967
28. Culture and achievement motivation
- Author
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Martin L. Maehr
- Subjects
Cross-Cultural Comparison ,Adolescent ,Personality Inventory ,Psychometrics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Culture ,Aspirations, Psychological ,Social Environment ,Nature versus nurture ,Feedback ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Behavior Therapy ,Cultural diversity ,Pedagogy ,Cross-cultural ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Sociology ,Child ,Students ,Social constructivism ,General Psychology ,Internal-External Control ,media_common ,Motivation ,Need for achievement ,Social environment ,Environmental ethics ,General Medicine ,Achievement ,Psychotherapy ,Scholarship ,Leadership ,Multiculturalism ,Cultural studies ,Psychology ,Personality - Abstract
This symposium and the papers that compose it reflect the fact that the study of culture and achievement motivation has truly ‘‘come of age.’’ Gone are the days when a few hearty souls from Europe, Great Britain, the United States, and Australia, as well as a few others imbedded in the research traditions largely associated with ‘‘Western oriented centres of knowledge’’ stood as the primary source for prompting and guiding research on the nature and nurture of motivation. Equally, if not more, important is that studies of culture and motivation are increasingly conducted under the purview of a multicultural community of scholars. Certainly, this represents an exciting development, and the papers that compose this symposium are interesting as they provide fresh perspectives on motivation as it emerges in contexts and cultures not often portrayed in the motivation literature in the so-called ‘‘Western world.’’ While the scholars who have contributed to this symposium reflect an awareness of the research traditions of the past, they also exhibit special insights into the uniqueness of the varied cultures they have studied, the meanings of motivation that are associated with these cultures and the varied impact of these meanings on ways of acting and thinking. Certainly, this all speaks well for the level of scholarship evident in these papers. It also holds out the promise that the study of culture and motivation is neither dormant nor outmoded. Permit me, however, to raise an issue that I am regularly inclined to raise with the motivation research community in the United States. From the outset, the study of achievement motivation
- Published
- 1974
29. COVERT POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT AS A TREATMENT PROCEDURE FOR OBESITY.
- Author
-
Brunn, Aliceanne C. and Hedberg, Allan G.
- Subjects
MEDICAL research ,OBESITY treatment ,COVERT conditioning ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,NUTRITION disorders ,WEIGHT loss ,SOCIAL psychology ,MENTAL health ,BODY weight - Abstract
The article presents a study which determines the efficacy of covert positive reinforcement for treating obesity and its differential effects of treatment upon application. During the investigation process, 60 female students having ten or more pounds overweight have been randomly selected from several respondents who volunteered to undergo weight reduction program. The subjects were asked to fill out four questionnaires and attended an introductory session to describe the study regarding the comparison of two treatment procedures for weight reduction. The results indicated that the subjects treated with covert positive reinforcement have lost more weight than those assigned to the minimal treatment control condition.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Training parents as behavior therapists: a review
- Author
-
Anthony M. Graziano and Barbara P. Berkowitz
- Subjects
Male ,Parents ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Relaxation ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Somnambulism ,Conditioning, Classical ,Poison control ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Child Behavior Disorders ,Crying ,Hyperkinesis ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Developmental psychology ,Punishment ,Behavior Therapy ,Intervention (counseling) ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,Humans ,Autistic Disorder ,Parent-Child Relations ,Child ,Sophistication ,media_common ,business.industry ,Toilet Training ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Infant ,Enuresis ,Mental health ,Education of Intellectually Disabled ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Phobic Disorders ,Psychotic Disorders ,Child, Preschool ,Physical therapy ,Self Mutilation ,Conditioning, Operant ,Female ,business - Abstract
The following paper presents theoretical, empirical, and ethical rationales for the training of parents as behavior therapists for their own children. Thirty-four studies, ranging from single case studies to reports on large-scale, multi-family training programs, are critically reviewed, with primary emphasis on the nature and extent of parental involvement and responsibility, and on the level of methodological sophistication. Related papers are cited when appropriate. Further research and areas needing theoretical clarification are suggested, in relation to the future and expansion of this type of therapeutic intervention. In addition the implications of such an approach for both a “systems” model of child therapy and a prevention-oriented model of mental health services are discussed.
- Published
- 1972
31. Some limiting factors in reciprocal inhibition therapy
- Author
-
Burton S. Glick
- Subjects
Adult ,Hypnosis ,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ,Relaxation ,Psychotherapist ,Hysteria ,Neurosis ,Anxiety ,Personality Disorders ,Phobic disorder ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Behavior Therapy ,medicine ,Methods ,Humans ,Phobias ,Relaxation (psychology) ,medicine.disease ,Personality disorders ,Anxiety Disorders ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Psychophysiology ,Phobic Disorders ,Imagination ,Conditioning, Operant ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Stress, Psychological ,Clinical psychology ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
This paper makes no claim to be an exhaustive discussion of influential variables in the reciprocal inhibition treatment of phobias. Had it been, it would have also mentioned, at length and in detail, such considerations as lack of faith in the method, insufficient motivation to get well, obsessive-compulsive neurosis, the number of conditioning sessions, and the duration and intensity of phobias, all of which apparently play a role in the final outcome4. The paper concentrates on other of the more important or intriguing limiting factors, as follows: the non-utilization of hypnosis, deficiencies in visualization and relaxation, the presence of free-floating anxiety, severe environmental stress, and the amount of secondary gain. The improvement rate in 26 phobic patients immediately after desensitization therapy was 42%. Follow-up, 16 months to three years later, showed a decline in the improvement rate to 31%. Considering the well-recognized and enormous difficulty in successfully treating phobic patients, one should not be too hasty in condemning these results. The rather meager therapeutic achievement merely points up the complexity of factors intervening between stimulus and response, mainly in the person of the patient, that “black box” of almost infinite variegation. In this respect, conditioning therapy faces the same difficulties as any other and in the field of symptom removal probably does better than most. Reciprocal inhibition treatment is a worthwhile addition to the psychiatrist's armamentarium and should be used wherever indications and expectations warrant it.
- Published
- 1970
32. The development of language as a function of programmed conditioning
- Author
-
L. Fygetakis and B.B. Gray
- Subjects
Male ,Computer science ,Generalization ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Response Generalization ,Language Development ,Speech Disorders ,Language behavior ,Development (topology) ,Behavior Therapy ,Humans ,Function (engineering) ,Child ,media_common ,Cognitive science ,Programmed Instructions as Topic ,Communication ,Psycholinguistics ,Syntax (programming languages) ,Generalization, Response ,business.industry ,Extension (predicate logic) ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Child, Preschool ,Conditioning ,Conditioning, Operant ,Female ,business - Abstract
This paper is an extension of an earlier article by the authors concerning procedures for conditioning language behavior in linquistically divergent children. Specifically, this paper deals with the role and importance of response generalization in the development of syntax. The results suggest that the conditioning method used was effective in obtaining the necessary generalization.
- Published
- 1968
33. Induction of illusory and hallucinatory voices with considerations of behaviour therapy
- Author
-
Ian Oswald
- Subjects
Paranoid schizophrenia ,Psychotherapist ,Hallucinations ,medicine.medical_treatment ,05 social sciences ,Personal relationship ,Behaviour therapy ,General Medicine ,050108 psychoanalysis ,medicine.disease ,Hallucinosis ,050105 experimental psychology ,Delusions ,Psychosurgery ,Behavior Therapy ,Phenomenon ,medicine ,Voice ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Relation (history of concept) ,Psychology - Abstract
In recent years interest has attached to the fact that experiences allied to those described by patients during acute schizophrenic illnesses can be induced in normal people by the use of certain drugs, sometimes called “hallucinogens”. In so far as these drugs have caused hallucinations, however, they have induced predominantly visual hallucinations, whereas in schizophrenia the outstanding hallucinations are auditory ones, of voices—often making remarks in the third person singular, sometimes making apparently senseless or absurd remarks. In this paper, attention is drawn to means whereby non-schizophrenic persons can be caused to experience hallucinatory and illusory voices by primarily psychological and not pharmacological techniques. These techniques are also applicable to normal volunteers, but this paper will deal with first experiences of them during the treatment of some sexual deviants and alcohol addicts.
- Published
- 1962
34. EXTINCTION OF AN INCAPACITATING FEAR OF EARTHWORMS.
- Author
-
Murphy, Ian C.
- Subjects
WOMEN ,EARTHWORMS ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,CLINICAL sociology ,PSYCHOTHERAPIST-patient relations - Abstract
The article presents a case study of a woman who complained of a fear of earthworms. The disorder seemed to be monosymptomatic and she was referred to the psychologist for behavior therapy. Discussion with the patient which might be construed as psychotherapy was avoided. Overtly the patient-therapist relationship involved an initial interview to determine a stimulus gradient, instructions for the deconditioning procedures, the therapist's presence during most of these procedures, receiving the patient's introspections about her anxiety, checking on her anxiety by measuring skin resistance in the laboratory, and encouragement in muscular relaxation in the final stages involving the close presence of large worms.
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. A Learning Theory Approach to Family Therapy
- Author
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Huff, Frederick W.
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The Behavior Modification Process for Parent-Child Therapy
- Author
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LeBow, Michael D.
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Announcement.
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR therapy ,PSYCHOTHERAPY -- Congresses ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
Announces the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy's 8th annual meeting to be held in Chicago, Illinois, from November 1 to 3, 1974. Venue of the convention; Contact information.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING THE ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY.
- Subjects
PSYCHOTHERAPY ,ANNUAL meetings ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,BEHAVIOR therapy - Abstract
This article presents information on the 8th annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy between November 1-3, 1974, in Chicago, Illinois.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Reappraisal of nurse's role in the treatment of schizophrenia
- Author
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M.J Kelleher
- Subjects
Clinical team ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming) ,education ,Role ,Psychological intervention ,Administration, Oral ,Injections, Intramuscular ,Interpersonal relationship ,Neurotic Disorders ,Reward ,Nursing ,Behavior Therapy ,Phenothiazines ,Argument ,Delayed-Action Preparations ,Schizophrenia ,medicine ,Humans ,Central function ,Nurse education ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,General Nursing - Abstract
IT HAS been pointed out that much of psychiatric nursing education is concerned with familiarizing the student with the work done by other members of the therapeutic team.(l) Yet, of all the groups concerned with the care of the sick the psychiatric nurse spends the longest periods of professional time in the patient’s presence. t2) Undoubtedly the neglected essence of effective psychiatric nursing is based on developed expertize in therapeutic interpersonal relationships. w However there is a danger that this ill defined central function of the clinical nurse will become subservient to the professional interventions of the other caring agencies. Because of this it is important that the nursing profession develops specific clinical roles related to but independent of the professional roles of other members of the clinical team. Although the present argument centres on schizophrenia there is ample evidence of the nurse’s effective roles in the treatment of other psychiatric disorders e.g. neurotic disorders c3) and alcoholism. t4) This paper concerns itself with two specific therapeutic interventions a nurse may make in the treatment of schizophrenia, both in the hospital and community.
- Published
- 1974
40. The new biotechnology and the role of legal intervention
- Author
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Steven J. Burton
- Subjects
Behavior Control ,Social Values ,Convulsive Therapy ,Emerging technologies ,Psychological intervention ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,Disclosure ,Law Enforcement ,Drug Therapy ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Behavior Therapy ,Mentally Ill Persons ,Political science ,Conditioning, Psychological ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Ethics, Medical ,Ethical Review ,Socioeconomics ,Psychiatry ,Jurisprudence ,Informed Consent ,Mental Disorders ,Prisoners ,Forensic Psychiatry ,Electric Stimulation ,United States ,Legal intervention ,Psychosurgery ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Conceptual framework ,Engineering ethics ,Psychology (miscellaneous) - Abstract
The new behavior technologies raise obvious ethical and legal questions, particularly when employed in institutional contexts. This paper offers a conceptual framework for the discussion of legal interventions designed to prevent Orwellian abuses of the new technologies, without preventing legitimate therapeutic applications.
- Published
- 1974
41. Behavioral Assessment: A Review of Clinical Methods
- Author
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William T. Wolff and Matthew R. Merrens
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Personality Inventory ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Applied psychology ,Anxiety ,Motor Activity ,Personality Assessment ,Cognition ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Behavior Therapy ,Interview, Psychological ,medicine ,Humans ,Systematic desensitization ,Child ,Mental Disorders ,Body Weight ,Behavioral assessment ,Fear ,Self Concept ,Clinical method ,Clinical Practice ,Clinical Psychology ,Phobic Disorders ,Conditioning, Operant ,Treatment strategy ,Female ,Arousal ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Summary Associated with the rapid growth of behavior modification as a major treatment strategy has been the use of behavioral assessment procedures. These procedures differ in method, theory, and goals from those used in traditional clinical practice. This paper surveys and critically examines the major methods of behavioral assessment, and offers recommendations to enhance their validity. The behavioral assessment methods reviewed include: observation, self-report, survey schedules, assessment for systematic desensitization, physiological measures, and assessment by operant conditioning.
- Published
- 1974
42. The right to treatment including aversive stimuli
- Author
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Martin Vrablic and Emanuel Rechter
- Subjects
Adult ,Electroshock ,Psychotherapist ,Adolescent ,Human Rights ,Aversive Therapy ,humanities ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Behavior Therapy ,Recurrence ,Intellectual Disability ,Self Mutilation ,Humans ,Female ,Aversive Stimulus ,Psychology ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
The use of aversive stimuli with the retardate is controversial. This paper describes the successful application of electrical stimulation to eliminate self-abusive behavior. It is presented as an advocacy for a form of treatment which has its rightful place in our armamentarium and can be of benefit to many severely-profoundly retardates. To deny them this benefit is considered unethical, inhumane, unfair and absolutely wrong.
- Published
- 1974
43. Intensive Group Therapy: An Effective Behavioral-Psychoanalytic Method
- Author
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Lee Birk
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Time Factors ,Psychotherapist ,Punishment (psychology) ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Middle Aged ,Self Concept ,Group Processes ,Psychoanalytic Therapy ,Group psychotherapy ,Clinical trial ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Behavior Therapy ,Psychotherapy, Group ,medicine ,Humans ,Transference, Psychology ,Female ,Interpersonal Relations ,Empathy ,Psychoanalytic theory ,business - Abstract
This paper describes the results of a clinical trial of a new method, intensive group therapy, devised explicitly to incorporate the principal advantages of three traditionally separate techniques: the intensive five-day-a-week format of psychoanalysis; the real-life quality of group therapy, which promotes social-interaction analysis and modification; and the punishment/reinforcement techniques of behavior therapy. The eight patients treated in the group all had had extensive but largely unsuccessful therapy; during the first 18 months of intensive group therapy seven of the eight made appreciable therapeutic gains.
- Published
- 1974
44. TREATMENT OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA USING OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
- Author
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Paul E. Garfinkel, Harvey C. Stancer, and Stephen A. Kline
- Subjects
Adult ,Anorexia Nervosa ,Adolescent ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Reward ,Behavior Therapy ,Weight loss ,mental disorders ,Methods ,medicine ,Humans ,Operant conditioning ,Reinforcement ,business.industry ,Follow up studies ,Hospitalization ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) ,Conditioning, Operant ,Conditioning ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Weight gain ,Follow-Up Studies ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
This paper describes a successful operant conditioning program using a variety of reinforcers which were individualized for 5 hospitalized female anorexia nervosa patients, resulting in rapid weight gain to premorbid levels. The patients studied met the following criteria: a) weight loss greater tha
- Published
- 1973
45. Desensitization of children to television violence
- Author
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Victor B. Cline, Roger G. Croft, and Steven Courrier
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Motion Pictures ,Poison control ,Violence ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Arousal ,Behavior Therapy ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,Habituation ,Child ,Pulse ,Socioeconomic status ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Galvanic Skin Response ,Plethysmography ,Child, Preschool ,Visual Perception ,Television ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
Exposed a total of 121 5-14 yr old boys with histories of high and low exposure to TV (and the violence therein) to a moderately violent film. Measures of autonomic response (skin conductance and blood volume pulse amplitude) were taken before and during their exposure to the violent film. Over both measures and in another replicated study, the high TV exposure Ss were significantly less aroused autonomically. This suggests a limited but still definite and measurable desensitization to filmed violence. Since the Ss had had either no exposure or no recent exposure to the particular film, results suggest the possibility of a generalizing effect for the desensitization that occurred. VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study by Cline et al. was to examine, via measurement of physiological responses, whether children can become desensitized to violence. METHODOLOGY: For their first study, the authors employed a quasi-experimental cross-sectional design with a sample of 80 male children between the ages of 5 and 12. Subjects were divided into two groups, based upon the amount of television they had watched in the previous two years. The high-television-exposure group had watched 25 hours or more television per week in that period, while the low-television-exposure subjects had watched fewer than 4 hours of television per week. Forty children for each group were recruited via newspaper advertisements, and subjects were compared for social class levels and father's education. Autonomic arousal was measured with a physiography whilst subjects were shown a 14 minute film containing three segments. The first consisted of a nonviolent ski film, the second was a chase scene and the third showed a brutal boxing match. This third segment had an equal amount of nonviolent material in between the violent scenes, so that each subject could act as his own control. Arousal was measured from before the films began until the end of the experiment, with measurement involving blood volume pulse amplitude to access heart response rates and changes. The second part of the research involved the use of 41 boys between the ages of 7 and 14 years, with one group of 20 high-television-exposure subjects and one group of 21 low-television-exposure individuals. The procedure of the study was identical to that in the first phase, except that subjects viewed the films in high-low pairs instead of alone. Skin conductance was also measured in this study, with levels of skin charge being measured if above 500 ohms. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: The authors initially investigated whether there existed any demographic differences between the high-exposure and the low- exposure groups. Significant differences were found between the two groups of subjects for both measures, with low-exposure subjects coming from families in which the father had higher occupational status and more education. When comparing base levels of autonomic responses prior to viewing the films, however, no significant differences were found between the two groups. The authors suggested that although there existed some difference in socio- economic status between the subjects, this difference should not have systematically affected their autonomic responses to the violent films. When comparing the two groups on automonic responses before the film and after the nonviolent film, no significant differences were found. However, this was not the case for responses to the violent films. Subjects in the low-television-exposure group exhibited significantly higher levels of autonomic arousal, and therefore emotional arousal, than did boys in the high-television-exposure group. Even during the nonviolent parts of the boxing match, low-exposure boys were more aroused, although not significantly so, than their high-exposure counterparts. The authors concluded that a desensitization effect or an habituation effect to violence in general might develop in those subjects who watch greater amounts of television than their low-exposure peers. AUTHORS' RECOMMENDATIONS: The authors suggested that, based upon the findings of their studies, further research be conducted using a greater variety of stimulus films. EVALUATION: The authors present an interesting glimpse into the effects of desensitization upon the young television viewer. However, the small sample size, coupled with the use of only one violent film and only two measures of physiological response, suggest that the results be viewed with some caution. No mention was made in the paper as to the difference, if any, between the groups viewing the films alone and those experiencing the study in pairs. Other demographic variables, such as ethnicity, could have been included, and the effects of desensitization upon females were not considered. No discussion was presented about the implications of the findings, which could have been very interesting. Overall, the study provides an interesting although brief and non-detailed examination of the effects of high and low exposure to television in children. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - Desensitization KW - Exposure to Violence KW - Child Male KW - Juvenile Male KW - Middle Childhood KW - Late Childhood KW - Early Adolescence KW - Media Violence Effects KW - Television Viewing KW - Television Violence (25 refs.) Language: en
- Published
- 1973
46. Camp freedom: Behavior modification for retarded children in a therapeutic camp setting
- Author
-
Bruce L. Baker
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Child Behavior Disorders ,Developmental psychology ,Child Development ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Behavior Therapy ,Intellectual Disability ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Summer camp ,Humans ,Psychological testing ,Child ,Reinforcement ,Beneficial effects ,Psychological Tests ,Behavior change ,Child development ,Education of Intellectually Disabled ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Child, Preschool ,Camping ,Matched group ,Female ,Seasons ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Psychology ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
This paper compares the progress of 25 retarded children who attended an experimental summer camp based on principles of behavior modification, with a matched group of 15 retarded children who did not attend camp. The campers showed significantly greater progress than did controls in predetermined target areas, suggesting that a camping experience may have beneficial effects, and that a program of behavior modification may provide even further benefits.
- Published
- 1973
47. Modification and Maintenance of Behavior through Systematic Application of Consequences
- Author
-
Norris G. Haring and Richard J. Whelan
- Subjects
Psychology, Educational ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Child Behavior Disorders ,Education ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Behavior Therapy ,Conditioning, Psychological ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology ,Psychology ,0503 education ,Social psychology ,Selection (genetic algorithm) - Abstract
This paper discusses behavior principles and techniques of behavior modification which may have implications for utilization in classrooms for exceptional children. Procedures for selection and application of consequences which accelerate or increase the frequency of appropriate behavior, and those which decelerate or decrease the frequency of inappropriate behavior are described. Disadvantages and dangers inherent in random, haphazard application of these principles are cited.
- Published
- 1966
48. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD 25) and behaviour therapy
- Author
-
C.G. Costello
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychotherapist ,Neurotic Disorders ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Behaviour therapy ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Neurosis ,medicine.disease ,Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Behavior Therapy ,Feature (computer vision) ,medicine ,Humans ,Learning ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Lysergic acid diethylamide ,medicine.drug - Abstract
This paper deals with the problems involved in the treatment of complex neurotic conditions. A seventh feature is added to Wolpe's list of the six features that make a neurosis complex. The use of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD 25) in the treatment of such difficult cases is discussed and three cases are presented.
- Published
- 1964
49. Learning theory and the treatment of depression
- Author
-
Arnold A. Lazarus
- Subjects
Psychotherapist ,Depression ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Context (language use) ,Objective assessment ,Adjustment Disorders ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Behavior Therapy ,Learning theory ,Humans ,Learning ,Reinforcement ,Psychology ,Projection (set theory) ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Depression (differential diagnoses) - Abstract
Difficulties in defining and measuring “depression” operationally have led behavior therapists largely to ignore the subject. This paper describes several operational factors which lend themselves to more objective assessment and therapeutic maneuvers. Within this context, S-R analyses can presumably lead to effective and specific treatment procedures. Three treatment techniques are described, and one method (time projection with positive reinforcement) is described in considerable detail.
- Published
- 1968
50. Use of home observations as an integral part of the treatment of depression: Preliminary report and case studies
- Author
-
Peter M. Lewinsohn and Martin Shaffer
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Dysphoria ,Developmental psychology ,Interpersonal relationship ,Behavior Therapy ,medicine ,Humans ,Family ,Interpersonal Relations ,Marriage ,Social Behavior ,Reinforcement ,media_common ,Depression ,Behavior change ,Social environment ,Homosexuality ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Spouse ,Sympathy ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
This paper describes the use of observation of the patient's interaction with his spouse and children in his own home as a part of the assessment and treatment of depression. Home observations are conducted during the beginning, middle, and ending phases of treatment. Interactions are coded in terms of the behaviors emitted by the patient and the social consequences of his behavior. The home observations are used to define treatment goals and to measure behavior change. In addition, home observations have beneficial consequences in that they (a) immediately focus the therapist-patient interaction on behavioral and interpersonal problems, and (6) provide a way of involving a significant part of the patient's environment in the treatment process. Some preliminary data are presented which are consistent with the hypothesis that a low rate of positive reinforcement is a critical antecedent condition for the occurrence of depressed behaviors. This is one of a series of reports describing the treatment of depression2 from a behavioral point of view (Lewinsohn & Atwood, 1969; Lewinsohn & Shaw, 1969; Lewinsohn, Weinstein, & Alper, 1970). The major assumptions underlying the approach are (a) a low rate of positive reinforcement acts as an eliciting stimulus for some depressive behaviors such as verbal statements of dysphoria, fatigue, and other somatic symptoms; (b) a low rate of positive reinforcement constitutes a sufficient explanation for other parts of the depressive syndrome such as the low rate of activity and verbal behavior. For the latter, the depressed person is considered to be on a prolonged extinction schedule; (c) the social environment provides reinforcement in the form of sympathy, interest, and concern which strengthens and maintains depressive behaviors; (d) a number of different environmental events (e.g.
- Published
- 1971
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