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2. Autism: Proceedings of Annual Meeting of the National Society for Autistic Children (4th, June 22-24, 1972, Flint Michigan).
- Author
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National Society for Autistic Children, Syracuse, NY. and National Inst. of Mental Health (DHEW), Bethesda, MD.
- Abstract
Presented are proceedings of the 4th annual (1972) meeting of the National Society for Autistic Children including 11 papers given at the meeting. Listed are officers and board members of the society, the convention committee members, and recipients of citations and awards. The president's report notes past goals, accomplishments, and future goals; and the text of a resolution urges federal involvement in the needs of autistic children. The papers address the following topics: a 1972 progress report on child priority (keynote address); a community based therapeutic program; research progress in areas of vitamins, hypoglycemia, and food intolerances; a description of the Flint, Michigan program which coordinates community services with the educational system; problems in the modification of verbal behavior; a hospital based therapeutic nursery program; a prevocational training program; work with autistic children in the United Kingdom; an interview with a rehabilitated autistic adult; perceptual development in autistic children; and a followup study of childhood schizophrenia. (DB)
- Published
- 1973
3. Instructional Improvement: Behavior Modification.
- Author
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Child Study and Treatment Center, Fort Steilacoom, Washington., Haring, Norris G., and Hayden, Alice H.
- Abstract
Sixteen papers are provided. B. F. Skinner discusses the arrangement of contingencies for learning: Lloyd Homme describes behavioral engineering; and Frank Hewett considers behavior modification in special education. Also treated are experimental education by Norris Haring, program evaluation by Arthur Lumsdaine, and administration of special classes by Harold Kunzelmann. John Cawley presents a system of initial reading instruction; Max Jerman surveys computer assisted instruction; and Thomas Robertson examines the impact of educational technology. Further papers are on teaching children with behavior disorders by Richard Whelan, developing cooperative social behavior by Laurence Peter, providing academic and social classroom management by Harold Kunzelmann, and using operant reinforcement with autistic children by Charles Ferster. In addition, Thomas Lovitt sets forth a basis for systematic replication of a contingency management classroom; Richard Kothera discusses educational environments and administration; and Max Mueller reviews trends in research in the education of the handicapped. (JD)
- Published
- 1968
4. Educational Communications 1970.
- Author
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New York State Educational Communication Association.
- Abstract
Selected papers from a conference on educational communications, stressing the use of audiovisual aids in the classroom, are presented. Major topics of the 41 papers include: uses for student film-making, uses of instructional materials centers, a multimedia humanities course, uses of systems development, producing multimedia self-instructional study units, television production, classroom utilization of "Sesame Street," use of educational television, instructional materials coordinators, individualized instruction and the logistics of media materials, dial access, the instructional potential of media for teaching reading, use of the talking typewriter for autistic children and those with learning disabilities, and current developments in the use of instructional television fixed services. (JK)
- Published
- 1970
5. Establishing and Maintaining Cooperative Behavior Among Autistic Children and Among Normal Children - Both Groups Having Been Classified as 'Hopeless.'
- Author
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Shackel, Denis S. J.
- Abstract
Two experiments are reported: one with autistic children in a day-care treatment program. the other with "hopeless" rating behavior in a grade six school setting. Although the samples were small (seven in the autistic group, 43 in the sixth grade group), the results indicated conclusively the increased rate of cooperative responses and decrease of uncooperative responses under reinforcing conditions in the first experiment and the benefits of utilizing behavior modification in the school setting. Eight experimental conditions were arranged in the day-care setting in which two variables were manipulated: apparatus and differential reinforcement. The effects of positive reinforcement upon cooperative behavior appeared to be greater without apparatus than with it. In the second study, over a two month period, a point system was used to rate pupils' cooperativeness: however, this was rejected as unnecessary since the initial extrinsic motivation of a field trip evolved to an intrinsic motivation in cooperating for the sake of cooperating. (SBP)
- Published
- 1970
6. Autism: Exceptional Child Bibliography Series.
- Author
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Council for Exceptional Children, Reston, VA. Information Center on Exceptional Children.
- Abstract
One in a series of over 50 similar selected listings, the bibliography contains 47 items of research reports, conference papers, journal articles, texts, and program guides selected from "Exceptional Child Education Abstracts". Each entry on autism provides bibliographical data, availability information, indexing and retrieval descriptors, and abstracts of the documents. (RD)
- Published
- 1971
7. Psycholobiological Referents for the Treatment of Autism.
- Author
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Indiana Univ., Indianapolis. Medical Center., Schopler, Eric, and Reichler, Robert J.
- Abstract
In studies of preschool children, four clusters of symptoms seem most useful in characterizing those children who manifest autism: (1) failure to establish human relatedness and meaningful social attachments; (2) impairment of motivation to become competent; (3) disturbances of perceptual integration; and (4) impairment of the development of cognitive functions. One of the most important impairments of autistic children is perceptual inconstancy (irregularity in the processing of sensory data by the various receptor systems). The likelihood of physiological and biochemical changes under autistic conditions of sensory deprivation require that perceptual patterns be promoted in the child as early as possible. A program of treatment for the autistic child should include parent participation and parent education, with the goal of reducing distortions in the parent-child relationship. Otherwise, treatment of the preschool autistic child should be concerned with establishing perceptual organization and cortical control over his sensory experiences. Further research is needed on the relationship between parental attitudes or child rearing practices and the existence of an autistic child. (WD)
- Published
- 1968
8. A CYBERNETIC APPROACH TO MENTAL DEVELOPMENT.
- Author
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American Orthopsychiatric Association, New York, NY., KAHN, ROY M., and ARBIB, MICHAEL A.
- Abstract
BY POINTING UP SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRAINS AND COMPUTERS, WE PRESENT CYBERNETIC CONCEPTS WHICH MAY PROVE RELEVANT TO THE MENTAL HEALTH WORKER IN HIS INVESTIGATION OF MENTAL PROCESSES. WE FOCUS ESPECIALLY ON THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD, AND USE AS TENTATIVE ILLUSTRATIONS THE PROBLEM AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF INFANTILE AUTISM AND THE SO-CALLED "CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIAS." THIS PAPER WAS SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION TO THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY AND WAS PRESENTED AT THE 45TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ORTHOPSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (CHICAGO, MARCH 1968). (AUTHOR)
- Published
- 1968
9. Responsive Assessment of Socio-Cognitive Development. Final Report.
- Author
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California Univ., Berkeley. Dept. of Psychology., Henker, Barbara A., and Whalen, Carol K.
- Abstract
This report summarizes four components of a research program. In the major investigation (Study 1), a method was developed for making bimodal presentations of discrepant auditory and visual stimuli under conditions which approximately early academic tasks. The goals were to determine (1) which stimulus modality exerts the greater influence on a young child's behavior, (2) whether modality choice is related to developmental level, and (3) what factors facilitate modality shifts. Study 2 was designed to answer some of the questions raised by the results of Study 1. Procedures were modified to allow evaluation of the influence of modality set and task difficulty and to control for stimulus novelty. In addition, the method was adapted for use with younger (3-year-old) children. In study 3, the responses of autistic children to the bimodal conflict task were evaluated. The transition from cardboard display boards and paper-and-pencil recording to the automated assessment console was begun in Study 4. (Author/CK)
- Published
- 1971
10. Children's Behavior Disorders; An Enduring Problem in Psychology.
- Author
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Quay, Herbert C.
- Abstract
Eleven papers, most of them with an experimental or empirical viewpoint, discuss childhood behavior disorders. R. Lapouse and M. Monk present an epidemiologic study of behavior characteristics; J. Roach and others describe sociopsychological characteristics of a child guidance clinic caseload; D. Peterson treats behavior problems of middle childhood; and H. Quay and others consider pupil personality patterns in special classes for the emotionally disturbed. The following topics are also explored: lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency, by W. Miller; recidivism, psychotherapy, and delinquency, by C. Franks; mothers as therapists for their children, by R. Wahler and others; reinforcement and behavioral deficits of autistic children, by C. Ferster; effects of Chlorpromazine on behavior and learning ability of hyperactive children, by J. Werry and others; curriculum and disordered behavior, by W. Rhodes; and a 30-year followup study on the adult psychiatric status of 150 subjects who had been childhood behavior problems, by P. O'Neal and L. Robins. (LE)
- Published
- 1968
11. A Comparison of the Effects of Differential Reinforcement and Apparatus on Cooperative Behavior in Two Autistic Children.
- Author
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Shackel, Denis S. J.
- Abstract
Social inadequacy and lack of social cooperation is one of the defining characteristics of mental deficiency, yet there have been comparatively few investigations into how such children respond to each other. Of even greater significance is the finding that among the reported studies investigating social cooperation between mentally deficient children, there commonly is involved novel apparatus which might in itself have a significant influence upon the cooperative behaviour of the subjects. An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that use of a novel apparatus will significantly enhance the effects of positive reinforcement of cooperative behavior between two autistic children. Reinforcement alone was found to increase cooperative behavior and reduce uncooperative behavior to a significant degree. These effects were maintained (up to an optimal fixed-ratio schedule), but not significantly increased, when reinforcement and apparatus were used simultaneously. The use of apparatus without reinforcement was found to have no significant effect; in fact, there was some indication that the apparatus might have negative effects on cooperative behavior. It was concluded that use of the apparatus was, at best, irrelevant to the establishment of cooperative behavior. (Author)
- Published
- 1970
12. Studies in Pattern Detection in Normal and Autistic Children. II. Reproduction and Production of Color Sequences
- Author
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Frith, Uta
- Abstract
Findings are consistent with the hypothesis of an input processing deficit in autistic children. Autistic children were insensitive to differences in the structures present and tended to impose their own simple stereotyped patterns. Normal children imposed such patterns in the absence of structured input only. Paper reports work which has been submitted to the University of London as part of a Ph.D thesis. (Author/WY)
- Published
- 1970
13. A Behavioral Strategy for Language Training of a Child with Autistic Behaviors
- Author
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Sulzbacher, Stephen I. and Costello, Janis M.
- Abstract
Based on papers presented at Convention of American Association on Mental Deficiency (1967) and Annual Convention of American Speech and Hearing Association (44th, Denver, Nov. 15-18, 1968.) (Author)
- Published
- 1970
14. Early Infantile Autism and Autistic Psychopathy
- Author
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Van Krevelen, D. Arn
- Abstract
The paper tries to assign to autistic psychopathy a definite place in psychiatric nosology and to delineate sharply the differences between the essential characteristics of it and of early infantile autism. (Author)
- Published
- 1971
15. Children
- Author
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Willerman, Lee
- Abstract
Digest of papers of the Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting American Orthopsychiatry Association (San Francisco, California, March 23-26, 1970). (RD)
- Published
- 1970
16. The Birth of Early Infantile Autism
- Author
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Kanner, Leo
- Abstract
The author, who originated the term "early infantile autism" recalls his first involvement with a 5-year-old autistic child and the paper in which he described the syndrome. (DB)
- Published
- 1973
17. OPERANT PROCEDURES IN REMEDIAL SPEECH AND LANGUAGE TRAINING.
- Author
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MACAULAY, BARBARA D. and SLOANE, HOWARD N.
- Abstract
INTENDED FOR SPEECH THERAPISTS, THEACHERS OF THE MENTALLY RETARDED, AND OTHERS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION, THE COLLECTION CONTAINS REPORTS BY VARIOUS AUTHORS ON SPEECH AND LANGUAGE MODIFICATION ATTEMPTS THAT HAVE UTILIZED OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES, AS WELL AS SEVERAL PAPERS ON BACKGROUND TOPICS. BACKGROUND PAPERS ON TEACHING TREAT ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF VERBAL BEHAVIOR, TOKEN REINFORCEMENT FOR RETARDED PUPILS, THE OBSERVATION AND RECORDING OF VERBAL BEHAVIOR IN REMEDIAL SPEECH WORK, AND THE BASIC BEHAVIORAL MECHANISM OF IMITATION. REPORTS ON INSTITUTING SPEECH IN SEVERELY IMPAIRED CHILDREN EXPLAIN REMEDIAL TEACHING PROCEDURES, A PROGRAM (INCLUDING READING) FOR NONVERBAL RETARDATES, AND A PROGRAM FOR PSYCHOTIC CHILDREN. ALSO INCLUDED ARE PAPERS ON ECHOLALIC CHILDREN AND AUTOMATISM, APHASIC CHILDREN GIVEN PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION, MUTE PSYCHOTICS TREATED BY REINFORCEMENT AND IMITATION, AND THE APPLICATION OF OPERANT CONDITIONING. REPORTS ON RESEARCH IN ARTICULATION DIFFICULTIES AND STUTTERING CONSIDER THE APPLICATION OF TEACHING MACHINE CONCEPTS, PROGRAMED LEARNING INSTRUCTION IN PHONICS, OPERANT PROCEDURES, AND MANIPULATION OF STUTTERING. ALSO DISCUSSED ARE ISSUES IN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION AND RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS. THE RESEARCH REPORTS PROVIDE CHARTS, GRAPHS, OR ILLUSTRATIONS, AS WELL AS REFERENCE LISTS. THE BOOK IS INDEXED BY SUBJECT AND AUTHOR. THIS DOCUMENT WAS PUBLISHED BY THE HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. (JD)
- Published
- 1968
18. Evolution of the Ventilatory Capacity in Chronic Bronchitis
- Author
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Peter Howard
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Chronic bronchitis ,business.industry ,Occupational level ,General Engineering ,Alternative medicine ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Bioinformatics ,Birth order ,Schizophrenia ,medicine ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Autism ,Early childhood ,Psychiatry ,business ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
A survey of children aged 8, 9, and 10 resident in the former County of Middlesex on 1 January 1964 showed that 4.5 per 10,000 had "autistic conditions of early childhood." This means that there are about twice as many autistic children in the country as there are blind children. There was a raised male-female ratio but no special birth order. Autistic children were more likely to have suffered from complications during oregnancy and delivery than their siblings, and one-half had marked delay in motor milestones. It was confirmed that the parents of autistic children (particularly those in the " nuclear group ") were likely to be above average in educational attain ment, occupational level, and intelligence. There was no evidence for a genetic or clinical relationship between early childhood autism and schizophrenia. Clinical and educational services still leave much to be desired. References
- Published
- 1967
19. BOOKS AND JOURNALS.
- Author
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Rhees, Jean
- Subjects
- *
PSYCHOLOGY , *AUTISM in children , *PSYCHOTHERAPY , *AUTISM , *PSYCHIATRY , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
This article presents information of various books and journals related to psychology. The paper "Notes on the psychotherapy of infantile autism" by Micheal Fordham is an account of his work and research with autism in children. "Psicologia della lettura" by Mario Trevi is a thought-provoking paper, which presents some intriguing comparisons between reading and play. The paper "Working with a family in a Child Guidance setting" by P. Parsloe and D. Howell presents therapeutic work of psychiatrist and psychiatric social worker on psychotherapy of closely interdependent immature people.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. SYMPTOMATIC AUTISM IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE.
- Author
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Easson, William M.
- Subjects
- *
AUTISM in children , *AUTISM , *CHILD psychiatry , *INTELLECTUAL disabilities - Abstract
While crippling autism may be present in a range of illnesses with psychological and organic etiology, this symptom occurs most frequently when a child has been forced, from infancy or an early age, to live and to grow in his own private world due to a severe perceptual or intellectual handicap. If this symptomatic autism is anticipated, diagnosed, and treated early, the child may develop in a relatively healthy and productive way. Without appropriate treatment the symptomatic autistic child is liable to be increasingly handicapped; eventually such a child is almost indistinguishable from children who are autistic due to other causes. This paper highlights some of the most common causes leading to symptomatic autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. 'Contribution à une théorie de l'autisme infantile' (Book).
- Author
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Rhees, Jean
- Subjects
AUTISM ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Reviews the article 'Towards a Theory of Infantile Autism,' by Michael Fordham, published in the journal 'La Psychiatrie de l'Enfant.'
- Published
- 1967
22. Some Approaches to Teaching Autistic Children : A Collection of Papers
- Author
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P. T. B. Weston and P. T. B. Weston
- Subjects
- Autism, Children with mental disabilities--Education
- Abstract
Some Approaches to Teaching Autistic Children: A Collection of Papers has been compiled by the National Society for Autistic Children to satisfy a demand by teachers, parents, and other interested people for information giving guidance on the education and handling of the autistic child. This book presents the experience of pioneer teachers in this field, the ways they have devised to enable the children to compensate for their handicaps and develop their potential, and the results they are achieving. The book begins by describing the day treatment center pioneered by Dr. Carl Fenichel. Fenichel opened the League School for Seriously Disturbed Children, in Brooklyn. His hope was that children living at home could progress socially as well as academically in a day school with a program carefully tailored to the individual child's needs. Separate chapters present accounts of autistic children in a day nursery in Canada and the educational treatment of psychotic children at Smith Hospital, Henley-On-Thames. Also discussed are the diagnosis of non-learning children and medical aspects of the education of psychotic (autistic) children
- Published
- 1966
23. MUSIC AND CREATIVE ARTS THERAPY FOR AN AUTISTIC CHILD.
- Author
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Goldstein, Carol
- Subjects
AUTISM ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities ,PHYSICIANS - Abstract
The article presents a case study of an eight-year-old American autistic girl who diagnosed with Schizophrenic Reaction Childhood Type in England. The Music and Creative Arts Department at Essex County Overbrook Hospital has given strong attention to a child to treat hallucinations, violent tantrums and self-directed aggression and hostility. It found that physicians were established a working therapeutic relationship with her based on acceptance and sensitivity to her actions.
- Published
- 1964
24. Comparative Study of Conditioning of Averaged Evoked Responses by Coupling Sound and Light in Normal and Autistic Children.
- Author
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Lelord, G., Laffont, F., Jusseaume, P., and Stephant, J. L.
- Subjects
EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology) ,ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY ,CHILDREN with mental illness ,AUTISM ,ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY ,AUTISTIC children - Abstract
This study compared the conditioning of averaged evoked potentials in 1! psychotic and 11 normal children (57 experiments). Evoked potentials, like the blocking of alpha rhythm, can be conditioned by coupling a short sound of low intensity with an intense light flash. In normal children, the amplitude of the potential evoked by sound at the occipital region is small and quite variable. Its amplitude increases and its variability diminishes after coupling of sound and light. Also its form may resemble the potential evoked by light, especially in its rhythmic after-effects. In psychotic children auditory evoked responses are variable and small and remain so during the coupling of sound and light. Instead, these patients respond to the sound with a late slow wave, which is strong and generalized. It is particularly prominent during conditioning and resembles the slow waves which follow the visual evoked potentials in these autistic children. This slow wave can be experimentally reproduced in normal Ss by Psilocybine. It also resembles in certain ways the slow waves provoked by movement or its anticipation in normal Ss but it appears here during sensorial conditioning which requires no movement. We suspect that this slow wave may reflect a diffuse motor component in the perceptual and associative processes of these autistic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. AUTISTIC THINKING AS A 'TRANSITORY PHENOMENON OF CHILDHOOD'
- Author
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McHugh, Gelolo
- Subjects
AUTISM ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities research - Abstract
Focuses on the works performed by researcher T.V. Moore and other researchers in the field of autism and mental development in childhood. Definition given by Moore of autistic thinking; Experiments and tests standardized by Moore; Tests conducted based on Moore's tests.
- Published
- 1944
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. THE BIRTH OF THE BLACK AND WHITE TWINS.
- Author
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Aldridge, M.
- Subjects
AUTISM ,EGO (Psychology) ,IDENTITY (Psychology) ,PSYCHOTHERAPY ,IMAGINATION ,TRANSFERENCE (Psychology) - Abstract
Relates the birth of an embryo ego in an autistic girl. Identity; Psychotherapy; Process of imaginative activity; Dynamics of the transference.
- Published
- 1959
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Abnormal facies, myopia, and short stature.
- Author
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KEITH, C. G., DOBBS, R. H., SHAW, D. G., and COTTRALL, K.
- Subjects
SKULL abnormalities ,DWARFISM ,AUTISM ,CLEFT palate ,FACIAL expression ,MYOPIA ,NOSE diseases ,RADIOGRAPHY ,SKULL ,SYNDROMES ,ETHMOID bone ,DISEASE complications - Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. A RELIABILITY STUDY OF INTERPARENTAL AGREEMENT ON THE RIMLAND DIAGNOSTIC CHECK LIST.
- Author
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Albert, Robert S. and Davis, Albert J.
- Subjects
SCHIZOPHRENIA ,AUTISM ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities ,PRESCHOOL children ,CLINICAL psychology ,PATHOLOGICAL psychology - Abstract
The article presents a study, which aims to investigate interparental agreement on Rimland's Diagnostic Check List, Form E-1, for a relatively pathology-free, homogeneous sample of preschoolers. Secondly, data from such a sample could provide useful normative information if the published Check List is used for clinical or research purposes. The Rimland Diagnostic Check List (Form E-I) was administered to 31 parental couples of normal children, ages 35 years. Each parent answered the Check List independently. Interparental agreement for autism scores and for schizophrenia scores correlated .72 and .69 respectively.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Techniques Used in a School Program for Children Emerging from Early Infantile Autism.
- Author
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Richards, Joan Elicker
- Subjects
AUTISM in children ,AUTISM ,EDUCATIONAL programs ,PLAY therapy ,RECREATIONAL therapy ,THERAPEUTICS ,CHILD psychotherapy ,AUTISTIC children ,SPECIAL education - Abstract
The article discusses the techniques used in a school program for children coming from early infantile autism. When play therapy and occupational therapy seems less effective in treating autistic children, improvement of the program has been initiated through study and experimentation. The program includes a long duration of admission for autistic children in the hospital with cooperation from the staffs in psychotherapy and ward activities. Tutoring and group teaching techniques were used stimulate progress in many areas of development. The willingness of the autistic kid to learn serve as a guide for actual implementation of pressure to learn academic material.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Rapid Oxygen Change as Possible Etiology of RLF and Autism
- Author
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John P. Glavin
- Subjects
Infant, Newborn ,Brain damage ,medicine.disease ,Infant, Newborn, Diseases ,Developmental psychology ,Oxygen ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,medicine ,Etiology ,Humans ,Early infantile autism ,Autism ,Brain Damage, Chronic ,Retinopathy of Prematurity ,Autistic Disorder ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology - Abstract
THE PURPOSE of this paper is to suggest the possibility that retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and early infantile autism might both be caused by a rapid change in oxygen. Rimland1reviews many studies pertaining to the similarity in behavior between RLF and autistic children. The present paper will be restricted to presenting new evidence concerning the cause of RLF and the possibility of a rapid change in oxygen concentration being also a cause of autism. This writer believes that thesymptomsmanifested by autistic children may differ somewhat because of environmental variables interacting with the underlying brain damage. This hypothesis, however, will not be explored here. One of Rimland's major theories is that damage to the reticular formation might cause autism. However, he points out that hyperoxia, suggested as a possible cause of RLF, does not support his hypothesis of damage to
- Published
- 1966
31. Die Symptome des kindlichen Autismus aus ethologischer Sicht
- Author
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Kehrer, Hans E.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Beurteilung des Einsamkeitserlebens im Verlauf endogener Psychosen
- Author
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Czernik, Adelheid and Steinmeyer, Eckhard
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. New Journals Announced.
- Subjects
PERIODICALS ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,SOCIAL psychology ,AUTISM ,MANUSCRIPTS ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIOLOGY ,CHILD psychology ,SCHIZOPHRENIA in children - Abstract
The article features two new quarterly journals, "Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia" and "Journal of Applied Social Psychology." These journals will be released and published in early 1971. "Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia" will focus attention on understanding disorders which produce childhood psychopathology. "Journal of Applied Social Psychology" will also concentrate on behavioral science research and its applicability to current problems of society. The subscriptions for each journal can be obtained through Scripta Publishing Corp.
- Published
- 1970
34. FOXP 2: A gene for language and speech
- Author
-
Hakim Arif
- Subjects
Language development ,Grammar ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine ,Autism ,medicine.disease ,KE family ,Psychology ,Gene ,Linguistics ,media_common - Abstract
Establishing the nature of relationship between Linguistics and bio-sciences, especially Genetic Studies is nether an imagination today, nor an ambitious project at all, as psychologists, linguists and genetic scientists started to put there keen interest in this endeavour at the beginning of the twentieth-first century. The study of FOXP2-a potential human gene responsible for the degeneration of half of the members of famous KE family's speech and language performances, starts an epoch-making initiative in this regard. This paper provides a brief description of the research projects dedicated to explore POXP2 gene, including identifying speech and language behaviour of human beings with particular reference to this gene. Key Words: Grammar gene, language development, autism, SLI, Dyspraxia.DOI: 10.3329/dujl.v2i3.4151 The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol.2 No.3 February, 2009 Page: 173-184
- Published
- 1970
35. A STUDY OF TACTICS FOR RESOLVING THE AUTISTIC BARRIER IN THE PSYCHOTHERAPY OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIC PERSONALITY
- Author
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Barbara J. Betz
- Subjects
Psychotherapist ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine.disease ,Personality Disorders ,Personality disorders ,Autistic child ,Psychotherapy ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Schizophrenia ,medicine ,Humans ,Pure culture ,Autism ,Personality ,Autistic Disorder ,Psychology ,General validity ,Clinical psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This paper is concerned with the psychotherapeutic problem of resolving the autistic barrier maintained by the patient who negotiates his relationships to others primarily by means of the schizophrenic pattern of self-inhibition and withdrawal, a pattern which also precludes any ready establishment of effective emotional contact with the therapist. The case of an autistic child who maintained such a barrier in almost pure culture is presented. The tactical approaches used in the therapy of this child and his responses are described, and certain procedures which it is felt may have general validity in the psychotherapy of the schizophrenic personality are discussed. From the experience with this case and others it seems possible to draw the following conclusions: 1. The presence of the schizophrenic pattern is associated with an incapacity for spontaneous participation in relationship with another person, including the therapist. However, some capacity for receptive response to certain kinds of approach by...
- Published
- 1947
36. A behavioural and electroencephalographic study of autistic children
- Author
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D. Lee, Christopher Ounsted, S. J. Hutt, and Corinne Hutt
- Subjects
Male ,Inclusion (disability rights) ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,media_common.quotation_subject ,MEDLINE ,Electroencephalography ,Psychology, Child ,Cognition ,medicine.disease ,Developmental psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Child, Preschool ,medicine ,Humans ,Autism ,Early infantile autism ,Female ,Girl ,Autistic Disorder ,Cerebral damage ,Child ,Psychology ,Biological Psychiatry ,media_common - Abstract
IN 1943 KANNER,~ describing the clinical features of 11 cases, delineated a syndrome of childhood which he called ‘early infantile autism’. More recently EISENBERG and KANNER~ have summarized the early findings, enumerating 5 characteristic features of the syndrome : (a) the inability to relate to people ‘from the beginning of life’; (b) failure to use language in order to communicate; (c) an obsession for maintaining sameness; (d) preoccupation with objects; (e) evidence of ‘good cognitive potentialities’. In the same paper these authors go on to say: “in the light of experience with a ten-fold increase in clinical material, we would now isolate these two pathognomic features, both of which must be present: extreme self-isolation and the obsessive insistence on the preservation of sameness, features that may be regarded as primary. . . . ” The aims of the present study are (i) to describe and quantify the ‘free-field’ behaviour of such a group of children; (ii) to present an analysis of their electroencephalograms including some preliminary telemetry data; and (iii) to suggest a possible neurophysiological hypothesis to account for the two sets of findings. The patients studied were ten children, nine boys and one girl whose average age was 3 years 10 months. The criteria for their inclusion in the study were (i) that in each case the diagnosis of autism should have been made independently by at least two clinicians; and (ii) that none of the patients should have evidence of anatomical cerebral damage. The possibility of misclassification is an ever present hazard in all research employing nosological entities. Having decided, however, to accept the diagnosis of autism made by the two clinicians, it was strictly adhered to, despite any possible reservations on the part of the writers. In retrospect, it appears that all children manifested the first four of the diagnostic signs listed by EISENBERG and KANNER (idem) including the two ‘primary’ features. It is debatable whether all children showed evidence of ‘good cognitive potentialities’. This however is the most difficult feature to assess, since these children are largely
- Published
- 1965
37. On Structuring a Lesson
- Author
-
Amy L. Lettick
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Minimal Brain Dysfunction ,Teaching method ,medicine.disease ,Structuring ,Education ,Haven ,Developmental psychology ,General Health Professions ,Learning disability ,medicine ,Task analysis ,Autism ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology - Abstract
The needs of seriously handicapped brain-damaged and autistic children require that a teacher provide a highly structured lesson and environment, Many basic factors which contribute to a well structured lesson are frequently overlooked. Prepared for teachers at Benhaven, a day school in New Haven, Connecticut, this paper points out the elements which contribute to a well-organized lesson and the factors which might militate against a good lesson. Less handicapped children could benefit from a modification o f the same structuring procedures, adapted to their levels of disability and strengths.
- Published
- 1973
38. Childhood Autism: A Review of The Literature With Particular Reference to the Speech and Language Structure of the Autistic Child
- Author
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Valerie A. Savage
- Subjects
Male ,Linguistics and Language ,Language structure ,Deafness ,Speech Therapy ,Blindness ,Speech Disorders ,Language and Linguistics ,Childhood autism ,Terminology ,Developmental psychology ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Speech and Hearing ,Intellectual Disability ,Aphasia ,medicine ,Humans ,Childhood psychosis ,Autistic Disorder ,Child ,Confusion ,Language Disorders ,medicine.disease ,Autistic child ,Child, Preschool ,Autism ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Schizophrenia, Childhood - Abstract
At the turn of the century, both British and American writers were beginning to make a differential diagnosis between childhood psychosis and subnormality. Various conditions were denned, and numerous hypotheses put forward producing a confusion of terminology and aetiology. It was not until 1943 that Kanner's paper (1943) suggested the term ‘autism’ to be applied to a group of children whom he described as having the following three characteristics
- Published
- 1968
39. SYMPTOMATIC AUTISM IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
- Author
-
William M. Easson
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychophysiology ,business.industry ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Etiology ,medicine ,Autism ,Emotional development ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry ,business ,Autistic child - Abstract
While crippling autism may be present in a range of illnesses with psychological and organic etiology, this symptom occurs most frequently when a child has been forced, from infancy or an early age, to live and to grow in his own private world due to a severe perceptual or intellectual handicap. If this symptomatic autism is anticipated, diagnosed, and treated early, the child may develop in a relatively healthy and productive way. Without appropriate treatment the symptomatic autistic child is liable to be increasingly handicapped; eventually such a child is almost indistinguishable from children who are autistic due to other causes. This paper highlights some of the most common causes leading to symptomatic autism.
- Published
- 1971
40. Autism and Schizophrenia in a Child Guidance Clinic
- Author
-
Eva Andrews and Daniel Cappon
- Subjects
Behavior ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming) ,05 social sciences ,Infant ,General Medicine ,050108 psychoanalysis ,medicine.disease ,Child Guidance Clinics ,030227 psychiatry ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Schizophrenia ,medicine ,Humans ,Autism ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Autistic Disorder ,Child ,Psychology ,Psychiatry ,Behavioral Research ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Twenty-one patients with condition varying from neurotic shyness through autism, to brain injury were described, categorized and placed on a spectrum of autism. Criteria for diagnosis have been developed with consequent increase in the accuracy of prognostication and a more effective approach to treatment. The outcome of our experience with these children over a 5½ year period is discussed. A format for uniform clinical examination and investigations has been suggested; alongside this we have described the usefulness of categorizing the morphology of phantasy. The natural history of “autism” as we see it has been graphically described. The paper contains clinical excerpts on some of our cases.
- Published
- 1957
41. The assessment and treatment of pre‐school autistic childrent†
- Author
-
Michael Rutter
- Subjects
Service (systems architecture) ,Social Psychology ,Perspective (graphical) ,Behavioral assessment ,medicine.disease ,Pediatrics ,Autistic child ,Developmental psychology ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Autism ,Pre school ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
In recent years there has been an Increasing emphasis on the early diagnosis and treatment of the autistic child. This paper considers the principles upon which a service for pre‐school autistic children should be established and outlines the organizational requirements. Although autism is an uncommon and complex condition, it is argued that there are serious drawbacks to regional assessment centres for autistic children. A broad‐based appraisal, including developmental evaluation, behavioral assessment, medical investigation and environmental study, is required. This necessitates access to a wide range of skills, but there must be one person who has the responsibility of coordinating care. Assessment and treatment are inextricably linked, and both must be viewed from a developmental perspective with reevaluation as the children change with age. Treatment should be mainly focussed on aiding social and linguistic development and reducing the tendency to develop rigid stereotyped patterns. A home‐based appr...
- Published
- 1973
42. A language training program for nonverbal autistic children
- Author
-
Linda P. McLean and James E. McLean
- Subjects
Generalization, Response ,Verbal Behavior ,Language training ,medicine.disease ,Imitative Behavior ,Language Development ,Developmental psychology ,Nonverbal communication ,Discrimination, Psychological ,Memory, Short-Term ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Transfer of training ,medicine ,Autism ,Humans ,Remedial Teaching ,Autistic Disorder ,Cues ,Psychology ,Child ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
This paper describes a nonspeech language training program for nonverbal autistic children. The two children who completed the program were able to respond differentially to a limited number of social transactions by placing the appropriate plywood word symbols to describe the events on a slant tray. Interexperimenter and intersetting generalization were demonstrated, as was retention of the trained responses.
- Published
- 1974
43. EVALUATION AND TREATMENT PLANNING FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN
- Author
-
Mary A. Sarvis and Blanche Garcia
- Subjects
Psychopathology ,Treatment process ,medicine.disease ,Developmental psychology ,Psychotherapy ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Multiple factors ,Child Guidance ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Infantile autism ,medicine ,Autism ,Psychogenic disease ,Humans ,Impossibility ,Autistic Disorder ,Radiation treatment planning ,Psychology ,Child - Abstract
An effort is made in this paper to present a psychoanalytically oriented but flexibly implemented approach to the evaluation of and treatment planning for autistic children and their families. Our etiological hypotheses are differentiated from those of both the purely psychogenic and the purely organic schools. The impossibility of separating evaluation and treatment is emphasized. Therapeutic techniques and implications will be mentioned secondarily, but a technical discussion of the treatment process will be deferred to later publication. In the evaluation and treatment of any psychiatric disorder, one's theoretical frame of reference influences one's assumptions, observations, and planning. In the case of infantile autism, although some authors continue to assume a single etiological agent,1,1athere is an increasing trend in the literature toward stressing multiple factors in the etiology of autism as well as in other syndromes.2This multifactorial approach leads
- Published
- 1964
44. Early infantile autism and autistic psychopathy
- Author
-
D. Arn and Van Krevelen
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Social adjustment ,Intelligence ,Personality Disorders ,Psychiatric nosology ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,Family ,Interpersonal Relations ,Autistic Disorder ,Psychiatry ,Child ,Autistic psychopathy ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Attitude ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Early infantile autism ,Autism ,Psychology ,Social Adjustment ,Clinical psychology ,Psychopathology - Abstract
Early infantile autism and autistic psychopathy were first reported within the span of 1 year (1943–1944). While the former (Kanner's syndrome) has become the widely known focus of intensive investigation, the latter (Asperger's syndrome) did not receive the attention it deserves. Often the two conditions mistakenly have been thought to be identical. This paper tries (a) to assign to autistic psychopathy a definite place in psychiatric nosology and (b) to delineate sharply the differences between the essential characteristics of it and of early infantile autism. The author (who was the first European child psychiatrist to publish a case of early infantile autism) reports briefly a case of his own observation-the occurrence of Kanner's and Asperger's syndrome in one each of two members of the same family.
- Published
- 1971
45. An instrument for evaluating autistic children
- Author
-
Mitchell L. Dratman, Charles Wenar, Bertram A. Ruttenberg, and Julia Fraknoi
- Subjects
Psychological Tests ,Clinical settings ,Child Behavior Disorders ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Rating scale ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,medicine ,Autism ,Humans ,Autistic Disorder ,Psychology ,Child ,Clinical evaluation ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
This paper will describe a new instrument designed to evaluate the status of autistic children and to measure changes in their behavior. The instrument consists of four core Scales, each of which delineates a category of behavior relevant to early autism. The Scales are graded in descriptive levels, ranging from the most severe autistic behavior to relatively normal behavior in a child approximately six years old. In addition, there are three supplemental Scales based on standard psychometric techniques, which are helpful in comparing autistic behavior with that of normal development. The instrument attempts to combine the complexity, richness, and sensitivity of a clinical evaluation with the objectivity of a behavioral rating scale. It has proven to be highly reliable when used by individuals with differing professional experience in a variety of clinical settings.
- Published
- 1966
46. A Child with Autism in a State School – A program for working with an autistic child in primary school
- Author
-
Emilia Wieczorek
- Subjects
State (polity) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine ,Autism ,Psychology ,medicine.disease ,Autistic child ,Developmental psychology ,media_common - Abstract
In the paper, the author discusses educational interactions focused on a child with autism. The first part of the study presents the characteristics of functioning of an autistic child, taking into account specific needs and difficulties. The research material was used to present the specificity of child’s functioning in certain developmental spheres: socio-emotional sphere, cognitive sphere, self-care, communication, sensory integration and motor integration. Bearing in mind a multi-profile diagnosis of the disorder and including various spheres of child’s functioning, the diagnosis was referenced to programming the process of support. The author concludes by presenting a reflection on dilemmas and challenges in education of autistic children.
- Published
- 1970
47. Psychoanalytic Reduction of an Affect Block
- Author
-
Louis Paul
- Subjects
Psychotherapist ,Psychoanalysis ,Process (engineering) ,Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming) ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,medicine.disease ,Affect (psychology) ,Phase (combat) ,Medical Records ,Psychoanalytic Therapy ,Psychotherapy ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Dynamics (music) ,Schizophrenia ,medicine ,Humans ,Autism ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychoanalytic theory ,Psychology - Abstract
Many detailed studies of special psycho-analytic situations will be necessary to point out the dynamics and the techniques of support and egobuilding as an integrated part of the psycho-analytic process and not separated from it. —Therese Benedek 1 This paper is an account of the first two years (450 sessions) of a long-term psychoanalysis of an obsessive-schizoid woman, two years during which a powerful affect block was partly reduced by analysis. The techniques used, their clinical indications, and the psychoanalytic encounter will be described. The three phases in the described treatment correlated with the psychoanalysis of the three major general defenses. The opening phase, prevailing during the first 30 hours, was establishing affective contact to combat defenses of aloofness, autism, and pseudocontact. In this phase the psychoanalyst needed to be explicitly experienced as a dependable, interested, accepting, understanding, professional person. The second phase was interpretation of living out the life
- Published
- 1959
48. Reactions of Professionals to Disturbed Children and Their Parents
- Author
-
John E. Kysar
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Persuasion ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Child Behavior Disorders ,Developmental psychology ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Orientation (mental) ,medicine ,Child and adolescent psychiatry ,Humans ,Projection ,Early childhood ,Displacement, Psychological ,Parent-Child Relations ,Child ,Childhood schizophrenia ,Child, Institutionalized ,Defense Mechanisms ,media_common ,Child Psychiatry ,Role ,Professional-Patient Relations ,medicine.disease ,Variety (linguistics) ,Psychotherapy ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Psychotic Disorders ,Chronic Disease ,Etiology ,Autism ,Psychology ,Schizophrenia, Childhood ,Day Care, Medical ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
THE ATTITUDES and reactions of any professional toward a given patient are a complex result of a number of factors. An important one among these factors is the orientation toward a particular type of behavior or problem which is largely derived from the training and theoretical persuasion of the professional. In a previous paper1it was highlighted that there are two "camps" in child psychiatry with respect to the orientation toward seriously disturbed children (ie, childhood psychoses, autism, or childhood schizophrenia). The predominant camp holds to some variety of a functional-psychogenic etiology of these serious disturbances of early childhood. The second and smaller camp, which is more cognizant of the genetic-biologic-organic components as well as the functional, has seen some resurgence in its support in child psychiatry and related disciplines within the past five years. The present paper will examine the attitudes of
- Published
- 1968
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