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In this paper three questions concerning the rules of conduct of a counselling service which employs a professional counsellor are examined: (a) are counsellors institutional or client‐based agents, (b) how confidential should client‐counsellor relationships be, and (c) how should clients be referred to the counsellor? These questions are examined from both the practical and theoretical standpoints of counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present paper is to look at the works of Allameh Mohammad Taghi Ja'fari (RA) (1923 - 1998); who is regarded as one of the most prominent thinkers and intellectuals of Iran's scientific legacy[t1] , in a different way from the prevailing European views and tries to constitute a systematic framework of his attitudes on the issue of the relationship between structure and agency. This enterprise has been recognized as one of the most important issues in the field of sociology mainly arguable in the realm of social ontology. In this paper, by referring to his works it is initially tried to explore, articulate and develop Allameh Ja'fari's views and thoughts and then with a comprehensive outlook to all of his works it is attempted to infer sociological implications relating to this issue. Finally his precise theory would be explained by gathering its components which seems to be disseminated in Ja'fari's works. This research has a descriptive-analytical approach. It seems that Ja'fari has a dualist view to the issue of structure and agency. This means that his remarks do not entail any general rule about all structures and all agencies. He believes that every person is brought into existence with a preliminary nature and outside the chain of deterministic causes. In one hand, these basic features can bring a unique identity for each person and grant him/her an independent personality. On the other hand, people as social actors do not grow in a vacuum, but after the birth, will be affected by natural and environmental factors, pre-formed social structures and even particular instincts and his/her natural self. The type of individual life and how to deal with these influential sources determine the supremacy of the action or the supremacy of social structures.

According to differences of opinion with regard to the structure of the agency, the purpose of this paper is to obtain views presented in the Holy Quran which is achieved through qualitative content analysis of the interpretations of the Quran, coding and categorizing the concepts and categories. Research findings indicate that the Holy Qur'an considers man under the influence of social structures. However, many verses of the Holy Quran reveal that act is the maker of man's character and identity. Based on the Holy Quran man is always responsible for his own actions and would not under any circumstances disclaim it. It can be concluded that though the influence of structures is an unavoidable, the principle of agency and act is an inviolable principle.

According to differences of opinion with regard to the structure of the agency, the purpose of this paper is to obtain views presented in the Holy Quran which is achieved through qualitative content analysis of the interpretations of the Quran, coding and categorizing the concepts and categories. Research findings indicate that the Holy Qur'an considers man under the influence of social structures. However, many verses of the Holy Quran reveal that act is the maker of man's character and identity. Based on the Holy Quran man is always responsible for his own actions and would not under any circumstances disclaim it. It can be concluded that though the influence of structures is an unavoidable, the principle of agency and act is an inviolable principle.