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The impact of a large manufacturing plant on a small village in "middle America" was explored in this paper. Research was conducted in Illinois using Putnam County as an "experimental" region and Iroquois County as a "control." In the spring of 1966, the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation began construction of a major production complex at the village of Hennepin in Putnam County. Operation at the "Hennepin Works" began in December 1967. In June 1966, 1,128 household heads in Putnam and 411 heads in Iroquois County were interviewed. In the summer of 1971, 1,029 heads in Putnam County and 377 in Iroquois County were interviewed. Individuals' total yearly income measured economic status. The income of the samples from each region were dichotomized on the basis of age and sex. Findings provided strong empirical support for the hypothesis that the elderly residents and female heads of households receive little direct economic benefit from new industry. (NQ)

Students whose reading achievement was average, below average, and above average were compared on measures of educational and occupational background, family characteristics, and elementary school performance prior to grade 6. Results were analyzed separately by sex, race (Negro and Caucasian), both sexes and races combined, and upper and lower socioeconomic and mental ability levels. Findings which achieved statistical significance included: (1) differences among achievement groups in parents' marital status were significant only in the Caucasian male sample; (2) parents' education and occupation had a greater relationship to reading achievement for girls than for boys and particularly for girls with higher IQ scores; (3) among those retained in a grade, differences among achievement groups were significant only in the Negro female sample; (4) the difference between achievement groups on socioeconomic level of father was significant for Negro females; and (5) the decrease in performance from grade 3 to grade 6 was significantly greater for underachievers than for average and overachievers. Supplemental Data on High and Low IQ and SES Groups in Four Race-by-Sex Samples included. See Part One [ED 034 660] and Part Two [CS000078]. (Author/RD)

This report presents the problem and a solution to the treatment of students by age interactions. It considers the plight of an educational researcher who wishes to demonstrate that a particular treatment effect changes from age to age. In analysis of variance language, he is seeking a treatment by age interaction. The report presents a rationale for considering treatment by age interactions in a relative rather than in an absolute sense. The problem considered is, "How can the interaction question be answered when treatment differences at one age level are based on a different variability from those at another age level?" An appropriate data transformation is derived that enables a researcher to interpret such interactions statistically. (Author/WS)

The document has 3 goals (1) to examine the distribution of economic benefits of industrial development as reflected by the concept of competition in human ecology; (2) to provide an empirical test of the ecological model, and (3) to relate the findings to public policy. Two Illinois study areas were identified. First, as an experimental region, Putnam County and bordering sections of the 3 contiguous counties were selected. Second, a comparable region across the state--Iroquois County--was selected as a control region. Both regions: (1) are about equidistant from Chicago, (2) had similar highway and railway systems in 1966, and (3) were rural agricultural counties similar in demographic composition. In 1966, 1,171 household heads were interviewed in the experimental region, and 411 in the control region. Five years later, after the industrial plant had beenin operation, 1,166 persons in the experimental region were interviewed and 399 in the control region. Findings are presented in 5 tables and are summarized--e.g., Table 1 presents gross and net effects on income of each category of competitive capacity. (FF)

The pilot study reported in this monograph is part of a larger study that includes data on 5 Southwestern American Indian reservations. Its primary purpose is to provide basic manpower information essential for planning and developing effective services and programs for the Acoma Pueblo Indians. Manpower resource characteristics are presented for age and sex, family characteristics, and educational attainment. Although population registers maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs listed 1, 654 people 16 years of age or older, when a random sample of 500 of these names was selected, only 275 could be located on the reservation. On the basis of this, the population 16 years of age and over is estimated at 910 people. It is noted that about 41 percent of the Acoma working-age population are in the labor force. Information is presented on sources of income and consumation patterns. The consumption patterns show that Acoma families depend heavily upon off-reservation stores for their consumer goods. A major conclusion was that Acoma successes in raising their level of living will be dependent upon their ability to obtain off-reservation employment. (PS)

It is suggested that because of the tendency of psychologists to characterize behavioral phenomena in distinctive ways, it is frequently difficult to determine if the same label is being used to refer to the same phenomenon by different investigators. One strategy to overcome this problem is to determine if similar conclusions are reached when the same dependent variable is manipulated by various investigators operating under different paradigms. This strategy is applied to the construct of verbal mediation. Three different paradigms are presented. Two major findings tend to recur: (1) overt verbal behavior appears to be correlated with various types of problem-solving behavior which continues to occur even after the verbal behavior has become internalized; and (2) there exists a period when, although the appropriate verbal responses are in the individual's repertoire, they do not serve a mediating function. It is suggested that the theorist-researchers reviewed are dealing with basically the same phenomenon. Several generalizations concerning the development of the verbal mediation process are abstracted, and several implications for the area of education are discussed. (Author)

A survey of the family system as it exists today is presented. Initially, a comparison is made between the present system and the family system in other times and places. The three principal subjects of this paper--all interrelated--are families, change, and youth. The point is made that child marriages have not been exclusive to primitive peoples; they have occurred also in Europe and India, for example. With respect to change, it is noted that we are currently in a process of geometrical and constant change. It is pointed out that an attempt should be made to answer the questions of what we should want for young parents and their children and how we should facilitate their efforts to define and achieve what they want. The following views were expressed by high school students on the subject of change: (1) Change itself is a value; and (2) Most parents don't recognize change and they resist it. Plus and minus elements of the extended family are discussed. Other aspects of the three principal subjects which are covered in this paper include: psychological independence, economic independence, early separation between parents and their adolescent children, early marriages, and day care. (CK)

This paper develops the thesis that high morale among older people; i.e., a state of cheerfulness, confidence, and zeal; is achieved through intellectual, social and physical involvement in experiences which are meaningful because they are personally satisfying and socially relevant. It is assumed without further elaboration that high morale is the major goal all gerontologists seek to achieve. The major premise upon which the thesis rests is that the criteria for evaluating the personal and societal consequences of involvement are rooted in the value system of prevailing culture. A corollary to this premise postulated that such value systems are capable of modification in the presence of identifiable, manipulatable forces. Except for a brief preview of major value determinants affecting older people in our contemporary culture, the major thrust of this paper is devoted to the formulation of operational concepts which, hopefully, will prove useful to "geronto-minsters" and "geronto-leaders" in the formulation of strategies necessary to achieve high morale among the people they serve. (Author)

This paper explores the relationship between age and individual differences. Two hypotheses were tested through the use of repeated measures of functioning in terms of social, psychological, and physiological parameters: (1) individual differences do not decrease with age, and (2) individuals tend to maintain the same rank in relation to age peers throughout the later years of life. Data is taken from an ongoing eighteen-year longitudinal investigation of human functioning. The sample is composed of 106 survivors of an original panel of 271 persons initially 60 years or older. Conclusions are as follows: (1) when the mortality and dropout of a sample are controlled, the variances of a number of social, psychological, and physiological factors tend to remain constant through time; and (3) the range of observed individual differences is maintained, and within that range individual's rank ordering is relatively constant. (Author/LKP)

THIS PAPER STATES THAT IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT URBAN RESIDENTS WITH RURAL BACKGROUNDS DO NOT ACHIEVE AS HIGH AN ECONOMIC STATUS AS URBAN-REARED RESIDENTS. INDICATIONS ARE THAT THE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, AGE, AND NUMBER OF YEARS LIVED IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT ARE FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC STATUS. IT FURTHER APPEARS THAT THE URBAN MIGRANT IS MOTIVATED ON ONE HAND BY A DESIRE TO IMPROVE HIS ECONOMIC STATUS, BUT ON THE OTHER HAND RESISTS ADJUSTMENT IN HIS VALUES AND BEHAVIOR, THIS RESISTANCE BEING CHARACTERIZED BY A LACK OF COMPLETE PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED IN ORDER TO BREAK THE CYCLE OF LOW EDUCATIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRATIONS. THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED FOR PRESENTATION AT THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PROBLEMS OF RURAL YOUTH IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT (SEPTEMBER 1963). (JS)

The document reports the proceedings of a conference on "Theory and Methods of Research on Aging" held under the auspices of the Division of Maturity and Old Age of the American Psychological Association, the Department of Psychology and the Human Resources Research Institute of West Virginia University, May 17-19, 1967. The summaries of four speeches and of the ensuing floor discussions on all are presented. McFarland Discusses the status of perception and aging and includes sensory as well as perceptual processes. Kay's paper restricts the field of learning largely to that of the memory functions. The paper by Bayley on the topic of cognition also limits the field of discussion by attending primarily to the basic components of standard tests of intelligence, such as reasoning, problem-solving, information, and complex measures of memory function. She bases her analysis of the art on a description of data and issues arising out of the Berkeley growth studies. In the fourth primary paper Chown discusses the current status of work in personality and aging. She organizes her discussion around two major trends, the work on disengagement theory and life style and the more isolated pursuits of age differences on a large variety of particular test and inventory type measures of personality. (NL)

Drawn from a 1967 conference on gerontology, these 11 papers consider the nature of age changes (for better or worse) in high grade intellectual work and decision making of the kind found in industrial management and comparable walks of life. The first paper draws implications for higher intellectual activities from existing knowledge of age changes in more elementary functions. The next examines how the thought processes and decision strategies of educated men change with age. The next three discuss the interaction of work, health, education, and working conditions with age changes in performance. Still another describes the selection and training of middle aged adults for new work. The remainder deal with relationships among logical structure, language, and thinking, the effects of caution on older adults' perceptual discrimination performance, age differences in ways of resolving interpersonal conflicts, and other topics germane to higher congitive functioning. Tables, figures, and bibliographies are included. (LY)

There is a dearth of information about the emotional characteristics of mature women who are returning to colleges in increasing numbers. Characteristics of older women were compared to younger women in teacher preparation courses at a major state university. The older women's attitudes were less positive toward peers, parents and their own social attractiveness but were more positive toward work and education. On personality measures, the older women were less anxious, depressed and hostile than the younger women. Within the older group, attitude toward work was positively correlated with age, while anxiety, depression and hostility were negatively correlated. The older women were more effective academically and had achieved more emotional equanimity and competency than their younger counterparts. (Author)

Educational institutions, particularly colleges and universities, will be affected by the change in status of 18 to 21 year olds legally. In Federal elections nationwide they have been given the right to vote. In about one-half of the states in the nation they have been enfranchised as legal adults. The full implications of this change of status for this age group have yet to be realized in society or in institutions of higher education. Some of the possible ramifications resulting from this change of status are examined in this paper and some suggestions are offered for adjusting to this change by colleges and universities. (Author)