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The schism within the Serbian Orthodox Church in America began in 1963. It is hypothesized that the success of this schism was due to the anomie of Serbian immigrants who came to the United States after World War II. These recent immigrants experienced status degradation by achieving inferior positions in American society compared to the positions they occupied in Yugoslavia along with a lack of influence in the larger Serbian ethnic group. The differential perception of the primary functions of the Serb tan Church by the two factions offers empirical evidence of the strains and conflicts within the group, which made schism possible. There were no differences in the religious beliefs and practices of the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on teacher education in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe after the Second World War. Like many other governments, these countries experienced many changes in government, industry, agriculture, and education. This article explores some of these changes, particularly as they apply to the preparation of teachers for all levels of the social structure. Many of the reforms in the educational system have come to light only a decade after the war. There are other instances where wartime innovations have had greater acceptance.

The article focuses on several landmarks in the East European war zone. Lithuania is the equivalent of the native Lietuva, land of the Letts. Courland is the equivalent of the Lettic Kursemme, land of the Kurtribe. Livonia has important towns, including Riga, named by the North Germans, and Dorpat in the north.

The article focuses on the movements during the eastern and western theaters of war. During western and eastern war, German was on the defensive side. In the west, the English, French, and Belgians were doing the attacking while Germans were keeping their possession on the ground. In the east, it was the Russians who were aggressive, and the Germans and Australians were falling at the back.

Copyright of Social Psychiatry (00377813) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the report of the American Sociological Association (ASA) Subcommittee on liaison with the sociologists in Eastern Europe. The major activity of the Subcommittee has been the preparation and distribution of the Newsletter on Sociology and Eastern Europe, under the editorship of Bernard Faber. Four issues have appeared, financed by a grant from the American Council of Learned Societies to the ASA. Interest in this publication on both sides of the Atlantic continues to grow, particularly since it informs East Europeans of topics which interest U.S. citizens and other East European scholars, but also puts U.S. citizens doing comparative research in touch with fellow scholars in Eastern Europe. A very significant activity of the Subcommittee, along with the Subcommittee on Liaison with the Soviet Sociological Association, has been assistance provided the International Research and Exchanges Board in its efforts to include more sociologists in the various programs of that Board. In fact, sociology, along with economics and a few other fields, has been termed an underrepresented discipline in this respect. Individual committee members continued to answer inquiries from sociologists in the U.S. and Eastern Europe on a wide variety of matters.

This paper examines the characteristics of the recent Soviet literature on public administration and organizational behavior. During the Stalin era research in these areas was effectively stifled, and some promising early studies were repudiated. The past decade has witnessed a tremendous renewal of interest in administrative science among Soviet scholars. Much of the conceptual apparatus and methodology is admittedly borrowed from the West, but applications are interesting and the potential for originality is high. These developments have evoked a conservative reaction from ideologists who seek to preserve the purity of orthodox Marxist social theory, but the innovators appear to have won official acceptance for administrative science as a valid and useful discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatively little work has been done on the contributions made to the American trade union movement by specific religious or ethnic groups. In the past we have published several papers dealing with the Catholic trade union movement in the United States. In this article the author analyzes the cultural, political, and ideological factors in the Jewish labor unions and other workers' organizations and their impact on the American scene generally, In the October issues a second article by the author will present an analysis of the history from World War I to our own day. This study was made possible by a grant from the American Jewish Committee and is published in this Review with the permission of the committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant mental patients attending the psychiatric clinic of Vasterås Central Hospital in Central Sweden were compared with Swedish patients at the samt clinic as regards to diagnosis, expressed problems, amount of care, and social charac teristics. Propensity to seek public psychiatric treatment was lower than among Swedes. It was the higher the greater the geographical and cultural distance between Sweden and their country ot ongin is: immigrants from Northern and Western Europe attended the clinic to a lesser degree than those from Southern and Eastern Europe. Compared with native Swedes immigrant patients were more often diagnosed as paranoid, hysterical, hypochondriacal or neurastenic. Depression was less common than in the native population. Immigrants had fewer problems at work and in human relations, but more somatic symptoms (East- and South-Europeans) or problems with alcohol (Finns). Patients who had migrated at a young age had the most severe problems.Immigrant mental patients were better integrated to the society through work and family than indigeneous patients. Migration status seems so stressinducing that even otherwise socially integrated persons fall mentally ill.With the help of a factor analysis four types of immigrant mental patients could be distinguished according to their main problem area: patients suffering from (1) adjustment problems, (2) human relations and psychotic problems vs. somatic symptoms, (3) political and work problems, and (4) alcohol and housing problems. The frequency ot these problems was analyzed according to sex, ethnicity and duration of stay in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the misinterpretation of political elites in Israel. It deals with Israel's political elite up to the elections to the Eighth Knesset in December 1973 following the Yom Kippur War. Several tables are presented showing the Regional origins of the Jews in Israel, the regional origins of the members of the Knesset, regional origins of the Cabinet Ministers during the Seven Knessets. It also examines the representatives of Israel's political elite with respect to age, country of origin, residence, and sex. It attempts to analyze the dynamic aspect of representation and to account for the liability of a political system to tolerate a degree of misinterpretation.

The article focuses on the attitude of some American consuls toward Jewish immigrants, with the adoption of the Passport Control Act in the U.S. The act mandates that no one must leave the U.S. without a passport or a permit from the U.S. Department of State, or enter the country without a passport properly visaed by an American consul. Reuben Fink, a Jewish newspaperman, in his article in the 1921 issue of "Nation," accused the consuls of being prejudice against Jewish immigrants and stated that Jewish newspapers have been receiving reports and complaints against despotic acts of the American consuls abroad. Five hundred emigrants were help up in Prague, Czech Republic, in 1920 on account of the American consul's refusal to visa their passports.

The article presents a definition of imperialism. The investment in education was part of loosely organized political and economic activism that ultimately became the basis for the mandates over Syria and Greater Lebanon after the First World War. An analysis of this particular style of imperialism must investigate the tensions inherent in the alliance of French diplomacy with Catholic missionary enterprise. Sporadic Uniate resistance to the influence of the Rome-based western Catholics sharpened the awareness among the Catholic missions of the threatening alternatives being posed by their western rivals.

Immigrant mental patients attending the psychiatric clinic of Väster&arirg;s Central Hospital in Central Sweden were compared with Swedish patients at the samt clinic as regards to diagnosis, expressed problems, amount of care, and social characteristics. Propensity to seek public psychiatric treatment was tower than among Swedes. It was the higher the greater the geographical and cultural distance between Sweden and their country of origin is: immigrants from Northern and Western Europe attended the clinic to a lesser degree than those from Southern and Eastern Europe. Compared with native Swedes immigrant patients were more often diagnosed as paranoid, hysterical, hypochondriacal or neurastenic. Depression was less common than in the native population. Immigrants had fewer problems at work and in human relations, but more somatic symptoms (East- and South-Europeans) or problems with alcohol (Finns). Patients who had migrated at a young age had the most severe problems. Immigrant mental patients were better integrated to the society through work and family than indigeneous patients. Migration status seems so stressinducing that even otherwise socially integrated persons fall mentally ill. With the help of a factor analysis four types of immigrant mental patients could be distinguished according to their main problem area: patients suffering from (1) adjustment problems, (2) human relations and psychotic problems vs. somatic symptoms, (3) political and work problems, and (4) alcohol and housing problems. The frequency of these problems was analyzed according to sex, ethnicity and duration of stay in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines patterns of marriage behavior in Eastern Europe around 1900 and their relation to population growth in the region during this period. Eastern Europe is shown to have exhibited two patterns of marriage behavior around 1900: late marriage and moderate levels of celibacy in the Czech, Baltic, and Polish provinces, and early marriage and low levels of celibacy in the Balkans. Contrasting kinship and religious institutions, thus making them highly resistant to change, buttressed these patterns. As Eastern Europe entered the rapid-growth stage of the demographic transition at the turn of the century, people accommodated their marriage behavior to rising numbers. Especially important in their accommodation were the contrasting levels of economic development in Eastern Europe. In the Czech, Baltic and Polish territories, a relatively high level of development, largely responsible for the population increase, was involved in a complex process including ongoing marriage behavior, migration, an unbalanced sex ratio, and growing opportunities for female employment in industry. This process resulted in a reinforcement of the established marriage patterns, enabling the population to limit its natural increase.

The Black and Hispanic workers in the larger cities of the U.S. came there as a result of urbanization, a migratory movement that began after the first World War and accelerated in the Great Depression. This movement left behind in rural areas, particularly, in the South and West, a class of White poor who are now beginning to migrate to the cities and the North and West. These are the new immigrants of the next migration. Foreign workers migrating to the U.S. in the 1840s brought with them their own ideas regarding labor organization. Their experience included, among other things, the organization of industry along trade union lines-craft supremacy. Craft supremacy included the idea of job scarcity, the latter required some form of job control. Hence the mass of foreign workers and many indigenous workers, instead of extending sympathy to the down-trodden Blacks and Chinese, acted instead to eliminate them from the white social pyramid. Excluding Black and Chinese workers from competition by the device of alleged social inferiority offered the immigrant, potentially, more economic security.

A religious institution whose values were once compatible with those of society may be thrust abruptly into a state of high tension with the surrounding environment. Such was the case of Orthodox Judaism in Western Europe during the last half of the eighteenth century. During the Middle Ages the discrepancy between the traditional social system of the Jews and the norms and values of the accommodating European societies was, to be sure, of considerable magnitude. Orthodoxy must be classified as a sect. But conflict between antagonistic elements of the two cultures was kept in bounds, ironically, by the physical and social isolation of the Jewish community. However, with the transformation of European society and the emancipation of the ghettoized Jew, the contradictions became more apparent and the consequences more severe. Tension with the (literally) surrounding society reached its crest and thrust the Orthodox Jewish community into inordinate crisis. Orthodoxy had successfully adapted to disadvantageous social conditions during its long history in the Diaspora, it must also be said that the Emancipation represented a threat that was unprecedented in kind.

In September 1966, possibly for the first time in history, large numbers of Jews paid homage to a man with a notorious anti-Semitic past—Dr Hendrik F. Verwoerd, the late Prime Minister of South Africa, assassinated while he sat in his parliamentary seat. London's Jewish Chronicle reported that in Johannesburg overflow crowds attended memorial services in the city's Great Synagogue and Temple Israel. Verwoerd was eulogised by a rabbi as ‘one of the greatest Prime Ministers, if not the greatest’ that South Africa had ever had; and in Cape Town, the chief rabbi stated that Verwoerd had been the first man to give apartheid a ‘moral basis’1 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In summary, we feel encouraged to formulate a general suggestion. The Weberian concepts of work attitude referred to small immunities of relatively simple structure, and in such a context entire religious communities could be characterized by one attitude. But within the complex structure of contemporary mass society such a homogeneity does not exist, and a large religious group cannot be identified with one typical stand toward work. At the same time, however, relatively small subcultures appear to be characterized by modal attitudes, and the presence of so many subcultures explains the great diversity of attitudes in the American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the early Reform Judaism in Canada. Temple Emanu-El of Montreal was the only one of the three early synagogues originally founded as a Reform congregation. Then, followed by the Anshe-Sholom of Hamilton which began in 1853 as the Hebrew Benevolent Society. Finally, the third of Canada's early Reform congregations, the Toronto Hebrew Congregation, Holy Blossom Temple, had an orientation completely different from that either Emanu-El or Anshe Sholom. In 1953, Montreal, Toronto and Hamilton were the only three Reform congregations in this country.

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)