Search

Censure of advertisers who sell by inducing children to coerce parents into buying the products may be morally justifiable. But from a practical standpoint, censure or regulation of such advertising is not likely to change the purchasing behavior of parents because it represents an over-simplification which overlooks other, more fundamental causes of that behavior. Two basic causal processes -- parental indulgence, and "adoration of youth" -- are cited as reasons why parents accede to puchasing demands by their children. Unwanted purchases by parents are seen as an early symptom of personality formation in the child which may be manifested later in life by more serious disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates whether mothers of school-phobic children are overprotective, even when their youngsters are of secondary school age. The Self-Administered Dependency Questionnaire was used. An objective method was used to see whether the mothers of school-phobic adolescents were overprotective. Preference scores on the Self- Administered Dependency Questionnaire (S.A.D.Q.) were used. Although measuring maternal attitudes, these scores were concerned with recent events, and were found to be closely related to actual scores which reflected the youngster's dependent behavior. be raised. The findings were consistent with the view that mothers of school-phobic youngsters prefer them to be excessively dependent.

The article various issues related to the response bias in children's reports of parental status characteristics. Children's awareness of parental status characteristics and their ability to accurately report these characteristics was investigated. On the whole, the validities of the children's reports of father's occupation, father's education, and mother's education were moderately high. Children with socially advantaged backgrounds were more likely to not only be more aware of status variables, but to more accurately report them as well. Once again caution is advised in use of children's estimates of parental status characteristics. The use of their reports of father's occupation seems the most acceptable, if reports of parents are not available. Further study of the impact of the measurement error problems when using children's reports is needed, especially as it relates to providing techniques to correct for known inadequacies in status estimates. Further study is also needed of the dynamics of the learning process as it relates to how and when children become aware of parental statuses.

Parents often influence their sons towards the choice of unsuitable careers, either from motives of social snobbery, from a desire that the boy shall ‘follow in his father's footsteps,’ or from other motives, which are sometimes as estimable as they are misguided. But the only person qualified to choose a career for a boy is the boy himself; the function of parents, careers masters and vocational advisers is to provide him with the data (both about himself and about the occupation) which will enable him to make his choice judiciously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a study related to the attitudes of the high school students towards racial discrimination in the U.S. The results highlight the importance of negative stereotypes in influencing discriminatory attitudes of white high school students, as indicated by the direct association between tendency to discriminate and both prejudice and perceived nonconformity. An attempt was made to keep the prejudice and nonconformity scales independent, but considerable overlap remains. This overlap resulted in prejudice eliminating non- conformity from the multiple regression equation. A second and related finding is the importance of parental influence in shaping the perceptions and attitudes of high school students. Parents' pressure to discriminate showed a strong zero-order correlation with tendency to discriminate and was the second most important variable in the multiple regression equation. Furthermore, the significant correlation between parents' pressure to discriminate and prejudice suggests that parents are important agents in the transmission of stereotypes, which in turn may then lead to attitudes favorable to discrimination and ultimately to discriminatory behavior. A third major finding is that anxieties concerning future interaction with blacks play an important role in producing attitudes favorable to racial discrimination.

This article makes a partial test of some theories of identification in relation to parents and their influence on children. Austrian psychologist and physician Sigmund Freud considered the process of identification in the child to develop in three stages. Freud posited two different mechanisms of identification in the third stage depending upon the child's sex. Various factors force the child to secure the satisfaction of his dependency drive by identification behavior. Parental sex influences the identification process. There are some recent studies whose findings provide some test of identification theories. Because they are comparatively few in number considering the importance of the area of parent child relations, it was thought desirable to examine some of the identification hypotheses using relevant data from a study of the child-rearing values of mothers and their children. For this purpose, data from interviews with fifty middle class college students and their mothers were used to test several hypotheses deriving from various theories of identification. No significant relationship was found between the students identification with their mothers and their sex, family function, the parent who was primarily responsible for their control, or their perception of their mother's affection.

This article describes an investigation using testing techniques which has tried to explore the nature of predelinquency in terms of the parent-child relationship. Today, it is almost generally accepted that the most effective approach to the delinquency problem is that of prevention. If the child can be reached before he has become fixed in a delinquent way of life, the chances of keeping him within the bounds of socialized living are much better. Many agencies have expended considerable time, money and effort along these lines. For them, the advantages of methods aiding in the early detection of potential delinquents need hardly be mentioned. Since parent-child relationships can be looked at in many ways, this investigation has primarily focused on one phase, namely: the relationship between boys' perception of parental attitudes and the boys' predelinquency. This over-all objective has been more specifically accomplished by determining whether statistically significant differences, if any, existed between a group of predelinquent boys and a control group of non-predelinquents with respect to: (1) their expressed attitudes regarding mothers, fathers and parents in general; (2) their underlying attitudes regarding mothers and fathers; and (3) the discrepancy between their expressed and underlying attitudes regarding mothers and fathers.

The article reports on a study conducted to develop a test measuring three dimensional divergent visual responses of children as reflected by the clay images formed by them. It discusses the need of such tests to understand the organic development of sensibility, perception and divergent thinking in children. Such information, it says, could help in modifying art education system for children. The procedure and information regarding participants and outcome of the test that was developed from this study is also presented. According to the article, divergent visual responses of children could be due to parental and teacher influence or a gifted quality.

The article discusses the research on the works relating to child cultural deprivation and cognitive competence. The research observed that disadvantaged children may gain substantially from an enrich environment. A report also noticed that parental expectation was positively related to the child's achievement and intelligence in more than one subcultural group. A definition of intelligence suggests the ability to plan and structure behavior effectively for goal attainment.

The article presents a study on the major elements in a child's environment which affect his subsequent level of aggressive behavior. Three major elements were considered including the emotional relationship between the boy and his parents. Other factors are the direct controls exerted by their parents over the boy's behavior and the pervasive milieu of the family. The conformity or deviance of the parental model may also be associated with the child's level of aggression. Also provided in the article are various treatments of parents to their sons, resulting to their aggressiveness. Four different ways to interpret various relationships between the nature of a child's family and his level of aggressive behavior was also discussed.

The article presents a study on the social adjustment problems and the solutions employed by mentally defective persons. The social life of a mentally deficient person is less extensive than a normal person, however his basic needs must be fulfilled to minimize his inadequacies. Most of them have thin family ties and had to be placed outside of their families. Generally, their family's influences towards them were not constructive and these patients were uncomfortable in normal groups. They need more acceptance and stimulation by the people. To solve these problems, it is suggested that they have to be placed in individual homes but in a cluster community where social workers can help them make friends by encouraging their contact with other patients with whom they would be congenial.

As rapid social change interrupts the simple recapitulation of child training practices and produces new modal personality patterns, by what means are such changes mediated or affected? This article seeks to investigate the role of parental mediation in social change and social character. An assumption is made that the influence of large scale social change occurring at one time may be reflected in the character of the next generation because of mediation by parents living and experiencing the change.

The article presents information on various studies related to vocational development. It also discusses the complex and dynamic nature of man and work. According to findings of a researcher the college males with different career choices do not differ correspondingly in the degree of identification with their father or mother whether the real or ideal parent was being considered. A researcher discovered an emerging awareness of cultural standards and assessments of occupations in the prestige rankings of children from first grade through high school. A number of investigations dealt with what might be described as movement motivation from school to work. The supervisory rating task studied showed that the use of traits supervisor to assume and maintain subordinate, while under the goals' relatively nonevaluative role. The mass of materials available and the problem of usability in counseling suggest the need to expand the information analysis provided by the National Vocational Guidance Association.

This article reviews the research on the effect of the development, stability and change of different pedagogical methods on attitudes and values. the attitudes and values are instilled early in life needs. Interest has shifted from the study of the chronology of attitudes and values to consideration of the predisposing factors in the individual. One process by which attitudes and values are formed is that of identification with a person or object perceived by the individual. Further studies reaffirmed the importance of identification and models in forming attitudes and values.

A lack of field research pertinent to current social power theory and a lack of knowledge about the determinants of parental influence upon adolescents prompted a study of parental influence based on a theoretical model of social power. A questionnaire administered to tenth-grade students in four public high schools and freshmen in two state universities provided data on power variables suggested by the model and on paternal and maternal influence in the educational and heterosexual areas of life. The power variables reflecting the adolescent's general orientation to turn to the parent for direction, his belief in the parent's possession of useful knowledge, his acceptance of the parent's legitimate right to exert influence, and his perception of decisions as difficult are related more strongly than the other power variables to parental influence. Predicted statistical interactions among the power variables are generally absent. Implications for the study of social power and of parent-adolescent relationships are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of a separate adolescent subculture totally isolated from parental influence is not supported by data on educational plans based on triads of adolescents matched with their mother and their best friend in school. We find that concordance on educational goals is higher with mother than with best-school-friend and is not explained by the common social class which adolescents share with parents and friends. While concordance with friend increases with greater intimacy, concordance with mother remains at the same level, irrespective of the adolescent closeness to his parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some commentators have considered the concept of a distinct adolescent peer culture a myth, while recent evidence suggests that adolescents tend to be peer-conforming in making certain kinds of choice and parent-conforming in other kinds of choice. As indices of the emergence of an adolescent subculture, a question about teenagers relations with parents, teachers, and peers and a question about teenage boys attitudes toward going into father's occupation. The transition from a life primarily oriented toward parents to one that is more oriented toward peers undoubtedly occurs, but evidence from the present study indicates that the teenage group is in some respects no more estranged from adults than the pre-teenage group and that standards set in the family may not have been replaced by peer group standards in the high school context to the degree. It was observed that the adolescent child is not as closely related to his family as he was earlier or that today's adolescent is less involved in family life than the adolescent of generations past. But one may ask whether it is useful or appropriate to think of adolescents as comprising distinct social systems without taking account of both the student's attachment to his family.

The article focuses on two hypotheses which explain why some boys from working-class background aspire for the middle-class occupational status while others do not. According to the research, a working-class boy is relatively likely to seek advanced education and occupational mobility if his parents urge him to do so, and unlikely to seek mobility if his parents do not exert pressure in this direction. The other studies by sociologists Harry Beilin and Alan B. Wilson suggest that anticipatory socialization into middle-class values by middle-class peers at school may be the decisive factor. Conceivably the relationship between parental influence and mobility aspiration might disappear if peer group influence were controlled, or vice versa, suggesting that one of the two types of influence is more apparent than real since it has no effect unless the other type of influence is also present. The parental influence is associated with mobility aspiration among working-class boys, and also with ambition among middle-class boys.

Comparisons of parental preferences among four teaching styles with the self-images of their children's teachers reveal that while mothers prefer a content-oriented style over any other, a majority of teachers see themselves as discovery-oriented. Mothers' preferences are found to vary according to grade level of child and social context. The preference for control-oriented teaching among mothers in working-class sections of the city is seen as a potential source of parent-teacher conflict as parental involvement in the schools increases in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of the influence of two membership groups on the attitude of a group of adolescents, many of whom find themselves in a cross-pressure situation. The membership groups with which people are concerned are among the most important to which the adolescent belongs, the family, his first membership group and one which plays an important role in the socialization process, and the peer group, the group in which the adolescent in particular finds many of his gratifications. Both groups exert pressures upon the adolescent. Frequently these pressures are mutually sustaining, but in some areas they may be in conflict, demanding from the adolescent patterns of thought and behavior which are mutually incompatible. For many adolescents one of these areas is religion. This paper examines the conflicting expectations that familial and peer groups have concerning one facet of the adolescent's religious orientation. Now the task is to examine the relationship between the adolescent's religious attitude and that of his membership groups to determine what this relationship is when the groups are defined as reference groups, and to evaluate the relative influence of these groups upon the adolescent in cases where their expectations conflict.

The article presents information on studies concerning the relation between absence of a parent and degree of courtship behavior of college students. A study conducted by researcher Robert F. Winch found that the degree of courtship behavior to be retarded in the males with father missing. The present study found accelerated courtship for both sexes when the father is absent. However, both the study fails to give a clear picture of the effects of absence of the mother on the courtship behaviour of either sex. According to the present researchers, the scale of degree of courtship behavior used in both studies is not a very efficient measure of the effects of such absence on the courtship behavior of the offspring.

The article offers information on a three-generation study of women conducted in order to determine changes in courtship behavior in the U.S. The study included young married college-trained women, their mothers, and their maternal grandmothers. The study has revealed that 23% of the women of the first generation yielded to their parents' wishes, whereas only 9.5% of the women of the third generation yielded to their parents' wishes. The study has also revealed that 49.5% of the women of the third generation used argument and persuasion to secure parents' approval as compared to 13% of the women of the first generation.

Perceived predominance of influence by one parent over the other as reflected in the work-value orientations of college women was studied. The Parental Influence Inventory and a modified form of the Work-Values Inventory, based on a recent factorial study of the work-values of women, were administered to 315 college women. Results: (a) Perceived parental influence is highly related to the socio-economic status of the family (as indicated by the occupational level of the father), and only in this relationship was it significant. (b). Fathers who are engaged in professional work and whose level of education and training is superior to that of the mother exert a greater influence on the female child but she does not appear to introject the father's work-value orientation, rather, it is the father's idealized goals for the daughter that are internalized. (c) The girl who identifies with the mother more often comes from a home where the father works at the skilled or unskilled level, and where work is a more realistic possibility for the women, and orientations are therefore stronger on all work-values. The notion that women workers of lower-socio-economic status seek extrinsic values in work and that those of upper-socio-economic status seek intrinsic values is not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has found that parental control and support are jointly related to religiosity among urban Catholic adolescents. The present research yielded substantially the same findings among a sample of Mormon adolescents in a small university town in the western United States [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with reference groups as sources fir support in the academic, economic, and social life of young adults. The sample is composed of women college students at one private college with the Middle East. Findings show that the familial group, including kin, is perceived to be most important in various areas of interest. The pattern of parental influence slightly favors the authority of the father in academic matters, wherever the mother is associated with social activities. Both parents, however, are equally viewed as competent guides in offering advice on financial matters. The dominance of the family does not require the subordination of the individual; self- initiative is noticeable in areas where a choice is to be made. The friendship group is important only in the social world of the student, and teachers are consistently overlooked in all areas. The above pattern remains basically the same when differences in socioeconomic status and other social characteristics are considered. Theoretically, the continued reliance on the family as a primary group, even when friends intervene in certain areas, implies the solidarity of the family in the Middle Eastern society. Implicit in this account is that the family as a basic social system is accrued great importance and tends to be emphasized more strong than other systems of the society. It should follow, then, that this aspect of society exerts a strong influence on its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of female college students and women with children completed questionnaires indicating the likelihood of their performing 16 types of influence techniques in a common child-rearing situation. Significant differences were found in the proportions of the college women and mothers stating that they would use several of the techniques. Two general patterns emerged: first, the greater use of active techniques involving the direct manipulation of consequences and, second, a decrease in the use of love-oriented techniques which were negatively cast. The results were interpreted as suggesting that the experience of child-rearing may produce significant changes in attitudes toward parental influence techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some of the difficulties relating to administration and data interpretation when researchers employ parental attitude questionnaires with culturally disadvantaged families. Making use of their own experience with the Parental Attitude Research Instrument and a review of the literature, the authors examine problems of language complexity and differences in class and race between interviewers and respondents. The meaning of the acquiescence response set for data interpretation is looked at in detail. An item analysis of data collected on the Parental Attitude Research Instrument suggests a new, shorter test which can be used to identify culturally deprived mothers to measure attitude change within this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than viewing psychotherapy with teen-agers as essentially a holding operation and waiting until adult years when self-defeating patterns have become rigidified, the period may be considered as offering a unique opportunity for facilitating change and focusing on new directions in the life of the client. One workable psychotherapeutic procedure, a team approach involving Diagnosis and Planning, Bargain-Setting, Psychotherapy Proper, and Termination, is briefly described. Involving the parents is seen as being of major importance. Other special concerns briefly examined and illustrated are interpreting closeness, establishing controls, and exercising flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution from the Institute of Defectology in Moscow is the latest in a series of studies and treatments being offered to stammerers in Russia. The article specifically details analysis and features of stammering; the interwoven complexities of stammering and personality; and delineates transitional problems when a child attempts to form conceptual speech from concrete speech. The Institute's findings with regard to age of onset is of particular interest, as well as its findings on parental influence. It must be noted that oftentimes the terms stammer and stutter are used interchangeably in the clinical literature. However, it is also well known that all stutterers will at times stammer, but all stammerers do not stutter. Thus, the term stammer carries a much broader base for population studies as well as term definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

24 middle-class mothers and their adoptive infants were observed for 2 1-hr sessions. The amount of maternal physical and verbal contact with the baby, how much the mother ignored the baby, the amount of opportunity for exploration, the amount of experience with people other than the mother, and the mother's answers to the Parental Attitude Response Inventory were related to how much their babies initiated and/or responded to and/or ignored the mother and a stranger. Differences in quantity of contact between mother and baby affected how much the baby ignored his mother as well as how much he stimulated himself. Qualitatively, the more suppressive and critical the mother, the less responsive the baby was in social play with her. The more the baby responded to his mother, the less he responded to a stranger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive attitudes toward infants were assessed in 54 primiparous mothers during pregnancy. In subsequent home observations, the frequency at 1 and 3 months of age with which mother and infant simultaneously looked at one another's faces (vis-à-vis) was recorded. At 3&frag14; months, most of these infants were shown a series of geometric and social stimuli to which total fixation times were calculated. For female infants the pregnancy rat- tags, vis-à-vis scores, and total fixation times to social stimuli were all positively intercorrelated. However, for males the pregnancy ratings were significantly associated only with the 1-month score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the influence of learning theory on contemporary child psychology. Overview of learning theory paradigms which seek to analyze parental influence on child behavior; Discussion of the concept of self-approval in achievement behavior; Variations in the expression of achievement needs among children of varying ages.

Focuses on the importance of parental discipline and control in the study of parent-child behavior. Discussion of the concept of influence technique; Types of influence techniques used by parents to control or modify the behavior of their children; Criteria used to determine the degree of power assertiveness in an influence technique.

Examines the relationship between children's perceptions of acceptance-rejection and intrinsic-extrinsic valuation by parents. Determinants of children's ego structure; Factors influencing personality development; Correlation between perceptions of acceptance and intrinsic valuation.

Examines the family backgrounds of ascendants and non-ascendants children. Differences in the quality and quantity of ascendant behavior between preschool children from the upper socio-economic and educational levels; Analysis of personality traits similar to ascendance; Comparison between the homes of assertive children who use socially acceptable methods and homes of those who use socially unacceptable methods.

The article presents a study that investigates the perceived and real differences in sexual values between mother and daughters. The Reiss Scale of Premarital Sexual Permissiveness was used to assess sexual attitudes in the said study. According to the researchers, the data indicates some merely perceived generation gaps between mothers and daughters in acceptance of premarital sexual behavior. Moreover, the results suggest that the 63% of the girls in one study who felt they should not discuss their sexual values with their mothers are indeed following a strategy which will reduce generational conflict which is better communication.

The article presents a study that investigates the attitudes and behavior of college with regard to their sexual experiences. The subjects were comprised of 330 coeds residing in dormitories on the campus of a large midwestern state university. The authors found that the premarital coitus rate of 43% reported by coeds at the said university was identical with the rates recently cited by other researchers at other campus settings. The comparability of the above settings would speak against criticism that classroom observation are unrepresentative of coeds on campus. Moreover, parental influence on church attendance was observed to have greatest positive impact on the premarital coitus coed group.

If school social workers are to fulfill their responsibility in helping children make a better adjustment in school, they must know more about parental attitudes toward education, the school, and school attendance, and factors that influence attitudes and school attendance. This article seeks to learn characteristics of children with attendance problems, and the situations or stresses that serve as barriers to school attendance. Absence (or an attendance problem) was viewed as a symptom of a family problem. More specifically, the family problem was viewed as related to parental attitudes toward school attendance, the school, or education, of a kind and/or degree that adversely affected a child's attendance. Certain socioeconomic factors (education, income, mobility, and the like) were hypothesized as influencing parental attitudes that in turn influenced the children's attendance. Replies to a stimulus-response questionnaire showed over-all parental attitude strongly related to school attendance, with most positive attitude being associated with best attendance. This article indicates that the community places the importance of education in the area of attaining financial security.

The article focuses on status and sex variations in modes of parental influence on students decision to go to college. The emergent shape of the contemporary American social class structure, with the crystallization of a relatively affluent mass middle-class, has given rise to great increases in college enrollments and stimulated a rapid expansion of institutions of higher learning in recent decades. Associated with these trends, there has been an increasingly widespread acceptance of the ideological assumption that higher education should be open to all who aspire to it. Indeed, on the part of parents especially, the social desirability of a college education has become an almost universally subscribed to cultural value. While public colleges and universities in particular continue to serve as occupational prep schools for the upwardly mobile, it also appears that parents of the newly consolidated white-collar strata are increasingly inclined to regard the college education of their children as a natural status privilege. Thus the expanding popular demand for higher education may stem as much from status certification orientations as from more narrowly conceived occupational certification and upward mobility orientations.

Deals with a study on parental influences on adolescent media use. Direct influences of parental media use; Indirect influence of family communication; Interaction between interpersonal and mass communication behavior.

The article presents a discussion on parents' locus of control and perception of cause of children's problems. Locus of control refers to the degree to which a person perceives reinforcement as contingent upon his own behavior. Internal locus of control designates the belief that one's own actions influence events in the environment; external locus of control describes the belief that one's behavior is unrelated to the outcome of these events. The article focuses on parental locus of control and related child-rearing practices. It was predicated on the assumption that parents view the results of their own child-rearing practices in much the same way that they regard other activities in their lives, either as a product of skill or of chance.

The objectives of this article are to observe the extent to which homogamy is a predominating factor in mate selection, and to address the problem of explanation by analyzing the home influence in the mate selection process. A disproportionate incidence of homogamy over heterogamy has been reported by past research, there has been little satisfactory theoretical explanation for this tendency. The theoretical framework used in the analysis of the data here concerns the notion of personal values. The findings of the study confirm the results of previous research, namely that marriages tend to be socially homogamous. The study also indicates that forces in the parental home do exert an influence for homogamy. For even though courtship in the United States has for several generations been changing away from direct parental control toward "self arranged" marriages, the study shows that parents continue to play a significant part in the courtships and marriages of their children. However, parental influence in modern times is more in terms of indirect measures rather than overt controls. This more subtle means is not unimportant, for although a child may rebel against domination, he cannot escape the ideas conditioned in him from his childhood.

The article presents a detailed discussion and several inquiries of how is it to be a single woman and why does she chooses to be one. It states that four out of nine women found in their childhood experience some cause for their single state. It mentions that one of the largest factor was parental disapproval of association with boys. It emphasizes that the persistence of sex attraction and the continuing possibility of marriage are also major factors of choosing to be single and being contented to be single.

This study investigates parent identification and dominance patterns of married and never-married twin daughters (N = 18 pairs of twins). Strength of the variables was measured by she Interpersonal Check List. The hypotheses that married daughters had mother identification and equal parental dominance, and that never-married daughters had father identification and material dominance were not supported. Rather, a tendency was noted that never-married daughters bad a closer mother identification. Parents were perceived as equally dominating by both groups. There was an indication that the probability of marriage for one twin is dependent upon that of the twin partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's thesis is that many adolescent problems, particularly those involving sex, can be strikingly reduced or eliminated by intelligent, rationally planned parental management beginning at birth. Among the principal features of desirable parental management, the paper stresses effective parent-child communication. Of approximately 1,500 couples who received routine medical and psychological preparation for marriage over a period of 35 years, approximately 500 remained under continuing counsel and observation after their children came for premarital service. Thus conclusions could be drawn as to how effective she parents had been in preparing their children for adolescence and for marriage, and what type of parental management reduces problems of adolescence and increases capability for successful marriage. Young people' demand for earlier marriage is seen as acceptable when they have matured under improved standards of democratic process and sex education in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis on how prospective teachers adopt to social pressure in career choice, with the objective of laying down guidelines on its future research. The author has emphasized the importance of identifying and exploring these pressures, especially in the aspect of recruitment of teachers. His study has focused on how parents, peers, other adults, and teachers reacted or responded to the prospective teacher's career choice. The result disclosed that majority of unfavorable reactions came from the peers, while positive reactions are expressed by parents and other adults, though the author has conceded that more research are needed to be certain that the result manifests a common pattern.

This article deals with the findings of a study regarding the parental influence on college daughters. The girls were relatively conformist. They accepted parents' standards in ten out of twelve areas on the average. Conformity in regard to drinking alcoholic beverages was startlingly high when one considers that the girls were freshmen and sophomores and that their average age was 18. It might be due to the acceptability of social drinking in U.S. metropolitan cities. Most parents approved of this type of drinking and wanted their daughter to become accustomed to it. However, they usually did not insist that she drink. High conformity in choice of college can be explained on the basis of the family's social class and their desire for social mobility. The parents were mainly lower middle class and accepted the values of higher education. Although most lacked college experience, they wanted their daughters to go to college. A frequent standard the parents set dealt with the maximum cost of college education. Conformity which indicated that the daughter was given a share in determining her own standards was in keeping with the U.S. pattern of democratic family control. A few girls accepted their parents' standards without question and appeared to display immaturity and dependency upon parental advice. The most serious type of nonconformity was in the matter of mate selection.

Generally conformity is seen as a combination of "prescriptive" and "proscriptive" variants. Extreme prescriptive conformity means that an individual will consistently choose responses which are desirable, or required. Conversely, extreme proscriptive conformity means an individual will not select response alternatives which are recognized as undesirable, prohibited, or "wrong." It is postulated that the two variants of conformity can vary independently, or are at least very weakly correlated. This article describes the children behavior in terms of these two dimensional system of conformity and argues that the acquisition of conforming attitudes may be seen as a transposition of the two-dimensional system of parental reinforcement to the two-dimensional conformity system of the child.