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This paper examines the development of management sciences in Peru, with particular reference to the introduction and diffusion of operations research in the 1960's. The reactions of government officials and executives in private industry to management science are analyzed. The educational and institutional aspects of the future of OR are also examined. The paper ends with a discussion of the methodological aspects of operations research work in underdeveloped countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In papers previously published in this journal J. M. Stycos and D. M. Heer have shown that fertility is lower in the economically underdeveloped Indian-speaking parts of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia than in the more prosperous Spanish-speaking parts. Stycos concluded that the reason for the fertility difference in Peru is the greater marital instability of the Indian speakers which decreased their total exposure to the risk of conception. Heer suggested instead that the causes of the difference may be voluntary. The present paper questions Heer's analysis, and offers the explanation that the difference may be attributed to the physiological effects of altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been recognized that the study of peasant movements requires two basic methodological rules for its proper understanding: first, the focus of the study must be both on the interaction process which binds the peasantry to its overlord and the social forces that impinge upon both poles of interaction; second, such study must necessarily deal with the historical contexts within which the interaction process between lord and peasant develops. The main purpose of this paper is to apply these two methodological rules to a case study of a) the transformation of a regional power structure and b) the origins and development of a peasant movement that swept an intermontane valley of Peruvian Central Sierra dominated by the hacienda system, transforming it into a region of Indian communities. A second purpose of the paper is to derive certain theoretical generalizations from the empirical case, which can be relevant for the development of a theory of political peasant movements. This article also discusses the role of successful peasant movements in the development process of dependent, unequally developed societies, like Peru.

The article discusses the practice of double entry accounting as used in the ancient Inca Empire of Peru. An accounting device called a "quipu" is discussed. The quipu is a series of cotton or woolen twined strings or cords with one end of each string attached to a rope. Archaeologists believe that the knots of the quipu were designed to keep accounting records, providing them with an ancient method of data processing. The quipu is an important artifact because it represents an invention created out of necessity in the practice of economic administration.

Imitation of institutional models from industrialized nations is disfunctional for the developing nation. The imported model often does not fit the needs of the host culture. Furthermore, the model is a product of particular historical circumstances in the exporting country. Members of that institution would not recreate it in its present form if they were free to build anew. Industrialized countries are also characterized by a high degree of specialization and by complex problems of coordination of specialties. The developing nation can progress best as it pursues an innovative strategy with an emphasis upon the integration among specialties. The argument is illustrated with cases drawn primarily from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The town of Muquiyauyo, in the Department of Junmn, Peru, has frequently been mentioned as an example of "progressivism" among Latin American communities. Between August 1949 and June 1950, the writer studied this community in order to determine the nature of this "progressivism," and to delineate the recent history of the town. It developed that there had occurred a series of related alterations in the culture of the town. These changes were based upon a fundamental change from a caste system to a class system. It is the purpose of this paper to bring to the attention of its readers a case of this kind of change. Muquiyauyo is located at an altitude of 11,000 feet at the northern end of the Jauja Valley, a few miles south of the provincial capital of Jauja. The population of the town is about 2500 people. Since the town lies close to the Central Railway and the main highway leading from the highland center of Huancayo to the national capital, Lima, the towns-people have long had the opportunity to be in contact with urban culture.

In a previous paper published in the journal "Population Studies," sociologist J.M. Stycos has shown that fertility is lower in the economically underdeveloped Indian-speaking parts of Peru than in the more prosperous Spanish-speaking parts. The relationship is of theoretical significance because it has usually been assumed that there is an inverse relation between fertility and economic development. In the present paper it is shown that this relation holds not only for Peru, but for Ecuador and Bolivia as well. Stycos had concluded that the reason for the fertility difference in Peru was the greater marital instability of the Indian speakers, which decreased their total exposure to the risk of conception. Such an explanation implies that the fertility difference in question is unintended. In the present paper data are introduced which question the adequacy of Stycos' interpretation and suggest that possibly the fertility difference is due to voluntary causes. Specifically, it is shown that the Indian areas are also areas with a high proportion of females in the labor force and it is suggested that women in these areas may therefore be motivated to control their fertility to some extent possibly by means of abortion or infanticide.

This paper analyzes regional data on human fertility from the 1940 Census of Peru. It is noted that the 1940 Census discloses marked fertility differentials between urban and rural areas which are accounted for in terms of a lower incidence of motherhood in urban areas. Further analysis by department shows that social and economic characteristics are often related in one way to the incidence of motherhood and in the opposite way to the fertility of mothers. The hypothesis is advanced that differential patterns of mating may account for variations, and that increasing urbanization and cultural integration of Indian-speaking Peruvians may produce increases in fertility in the short run.

The article discusses the impact of World War II on the food market in Peru. The first direct impact of the War was the significant decrease in food imports. In the period of 1939-1942 fruit and vegetable imports decreased by 55%. Importation of trucks for distribution virtually ceased. Peruvian farmers were called away from their farms to join the mining industry. Food production dramatically decreased due to the manpower shortage. The Peruvian government assumed more responsibility for the marketing of food.

Presents the schedule of postgraduate courses and congresses related to gastroenterology, as of June 1967. Annual Course in Postgraduate Gastroenterology by the American College of Gastroenterology in Los Angeles, California; 10th Panamerican Congress of Gastroenterology and the 2nd Peruvian Congress of Gastroenterology in Lima, Peru; Eighth International Congress of Gastroenterology in Prague.

Relationships among institutions and between institutions and individuals are changing in Lima. Immigrants to the city, finding many existing institutions controlled by a set of the population that the author has called "creole" and either unavailable to immigrants or available on undesirable terms, have developed their own institutions for housing, credit, clothing, prestige and many other requirements. People who generally see these alternative institutions as more appropriate for their own use than the creole-dominated institutions the author called it "cholos." This definition is not a folk definition, although the population sets it refers to may overlap population sets designated by similar folk definitions. It has two major advantages over ordinary, ethnic or class definitions. On the one hand, it frees us of problematic indicators such as income or skin color. On the other hand, classifying people by what they think they can do, allows us to use the definitions in strategic analysis. The existence of cholo institutions not only has allowed cholos to avoid dealings with creole institutions, but also has forced many creole institutions to deal with cholos at the institutional level--as when a bank deals with a savings cooperative or a government seeks to "regularize" irregular settlements.

The article focuses on a symposium which addresses itself to one of the central problems, be called "comparative macro-sociology" The theoretical problem of the relationship between class and ethnicity, or, more broadly, of the structure of asymmetrical dependence between human groups linked through economic and political ties, is, or course, common to a great many complex societies throughout the world. The empirical focus on Peru is fortuitous when the author was approached and asked to undertake the editorial task. The increasing numbers of studies of class-stratified and ethnically diverse societies that have accumulated over the last fifteen years or so have come out of two broad traditions: Marxian class analysis, and the cultural anthropological approach. The reasons why ethnicity was never meaningfully incorporated into the intellectual structure of Marxism are complex but fairly apparent. At the empirical level Marx was primarily concerned with the advanced industrial societies of Western Europe that were more ethnically homogeneous, or at least where the salience of class conflicts in the mid to late 19th century was greater than that of ethnic conflicts.

The article deals with a situation in which ethnic affiliations are imprecise and are partly based on beliefs, which are not supported by an objective appraisal of the situation. Ethnicity is a complex phenomenon, which may be manifested at various levels and in various forms. Different types of "ethnic" associations may be brought out by different social contexts. Furthermore, such associations may be based on objective differences or may exist in their absence. Briefly, the article deals with an area, which is occupied by three linguistic ally different groups: the Aymara, the Quechua and the Spanish-speaking mestizos of Southern Peru. The relationship between the three groups is somewhat complex. This article focuses primarily on the first two groups. In addition to the linguistic differences, there are also socio-economic and cultural differences between the mestizos, on the one hand, and the Quechua and Aymara, on the other. These last two groups are politically, economically and culturally subordinate to the mestizos. From the perspective of the mestizos, Aymara and Quechua are both Indians or peasants who, apart from the fact that they speak different languages, are in all respects very similar, if not identical.

Archaeological evidence from the Ucayali River suggests that large communities, probably with a complex social organization, were characteristic throughout the prehistoric period. In contrast, Steward and Métraux suggest that large communities were the unstable product of the missionary period. Re-examination of the ethnohistoric sources indicates that large, studio communities were is fact characteristic of the mainstream Ucayali tribes at the beginning of the historic period but that they collapsed with the precipitous population declines caused by Spanish diseases. Tribes on the major tributaries probably had smaller communities; but only the tribes most remote from the mainstream were characterized by the kind of one house communities which Steward and Métraux believed to be characteristic of the Peruvian montaña as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of authoritarianism that has been applied in the Peruvian regime, headed by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, to stimulate and manage the process of development and modernization. It explores the different concepts of authoritarianism employed by Latin Americanists in describing the association of authoritarianism with the theory and practice of corporatism. It also mentions the corporatist organizational principles which relate corporatism to pluralism.

A sample of acceptors at a family planning clinic in Lima, Peru, was interviewed. Respondents were classified as opinion leaders, ineffective's and followers. These are referred to as the leadership sample. Using categories developed in diffusion research the respondents were further classified as early or late adopters and as pre- or post-acceptors. These categories when cross-tabulated with the opinion leadership categories produced, at the extremes, given numbers of respondents who were early adopters, pre -acceptors, and opinion leaders, and who were late adopters, post-acceptors and followers. These are referred to as the leadership sub-sample. Bivariate analyses were carried out with regard to background variables, motivation variables, mass media exposure, fertility and information transaction variables. The following variables were found to be positively associated with opinion leadership: education, income, length of time residing in house now occupying, motivation, mass media exposure, fertility and information transactions. A multivariate analysis was carried out using multiple classification analysis. The independent variables in the model produced adjusted multiple correlation coefficients of 21 and .53 for the leadership sample and sub-sample respectively. The information transaction variables were found to be the strongest explanatory variables in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the community of Hualcan in Carhuaz, Peru. The village is about ten kilometers east of the town of Carhuaz, the District and Provincial capital of about 3,000 inhabitants.The Hualcainos, as the people of Hualcan are known, are almost exclusively speakers of the Quechua language. Life in Hualcan is oriented toward agricultural production for household maintenance. While Hualcan's participation in the Pemvian national political economy is incomplete and the village may still be defined basically as a subsistence agricultural community, outside contacts have increased markedly in the last generation.

This article discusses a study of the high altitude scrub vegetation in relation to soil erosion in Peru. The researchers sampled random within a strip one kilometer wide running across the floor of the valley and up either side to the tree-line. They found characteristic scrub types in the upper and lower regions of the valley. They described the characteristics together with transitional types found in the middle altitudinal ranges and made suggestions in relation to conservation of the scrub and the prevention of further erosion.

Political cites have pushed people into an agonizing reappraisal of one's role in international education and research, but it is important to recognize that such political disturbances simply aggravated certain underlying problems. Sociologists recently have come to give major attention to the study of social relations as an exchange process. Extended educational experience in the United States make it tell make it difficult for the national to fit himself back into the academic s stem when he returns to country. If the student overcomes all of these barriers, there is, finally, the problem of the brain drain. His training has begun in a foreign island within his own culture. He has then made a successful adaptation to academic life in a foreign country. If he has the ability that Peru needs, he will ha!e good jobs in his specialty open in the United States. He Will tend to: judge his career prospects in Peru in terms of U.S. standards, and he will be inclined to put off returning to Peru. The more he puts off that return, the less likely! he is to return and his U. S. identification may make his return politically difficult. If he does return, he faces the problems of fitting in, described earlier.

The article discusses the findings of a cross-cultural study between the U.S. and Peru about the influence of culture on the attitude of workers in large electrical utility companies. The study found that Peruvian workers have a different conception of the nature of a work group. They also tend to less identify themselves with a work group. Peruvian white-collar workers tend to evaluate their supervisors in terms of his administrative and technical or structure abilities. The biggest difference between the American and Peruvian workers was with regard to emphasis on production and closeness of supervision.

This study, investigated relationships between variables related to "nationality," interpersonal values, attitudes, and personal contact with the disabled. its major hypothesis was as follows: The values and attitudes of Ss in the three nations of the report parallel an underlying postulated continuum of socioeconomic-educational modernization, from modern to traditional in the following order-United States, Colombia, Peru. There were 103 Ss from Wichita, Kansas; 67 from Bogota, Colombia; and 38 from Lima, Peru--all professionals from the special education and rehabilitation speciality. The predicted order was confirmed for seven of the 10 variables. Of the three variables not confirmed, rapid and violent changes within Colombia were thought to be the primary determinants. The Colombian reversals may also have reflected either an overacceptance of progressive values or an ambivalence toward changes that have been' accepted but not meaningfully articulated within the culture. Generally, the data supported the hypothesis that the disabled are viewed more positively in modern than in traditional societies'. There was also support for the hypothesis that progressive attitudes toward education are. positively related to the "modern" end of the socioeconomic-educational continuum of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study which examined a minimum wage legislative act passed in Argentina in June 1964. Provisions of the act; Economic effects of the act; Conclusion of the study.

Provides information on a study which examined the village cooperation scheme launched by the government of Peru. Problems of the Peruvian countryside; Purpose of launching the scheme; Goals of the scheme.

Discusses problems associated with manpower and economic policies in Peru. Demographics of the country; Overview of its distinct societies; Characteristics of the Peruvian economy.

Political factors have been more important than the market in structuring Peru's small factory labor force. The result is a privileged proletarian elite facing a saturated labor market and a stagnant source of employment. Their reaction has therefore not been to make common cause with the mass or marginal urban workers or the peasants but to work through the system to hold on to their current position. Structurally this stagnation has resulted in a "premature" foreclosure of industrial employment opportunities for women, which, in turn, may help explain Peru's persistently high fertility. The extremely low turnover of Peru's factory workers is also clearly related to the absence of alternative opportunities and to their favored status. These blue collar workers are thus not only unlike their counterparts in currently developed countries, they are also not recapitulating Western development. They represent a new mixture of the latest machinery and social legislation with a political regime barely able to cope with even the current requirements of successful development.

This article focuses on the British guano market in Peru from 1840-1870. From the late 1840's to the early 1880's guano dominated the commercial and financial life of Peru. It was the country's main commodity export for most of the period, and, being the property of the state, the principal source of government revenue as well. The profits accruing from its sale enabled Peru to resume payment on its long-standing debts to British bondholders in 1849 and were used as security for fresh borrowing overseas in the years that followed. The success of the trade, in turn, leaned heavily on the fertilizer's popularity in Great Britain. Roughly half of Peru's guano exports went there in the 1850's, and between the mid-forties and the early sixties it appears to have been the principal manure purchased by British farmers. The artificial manure industry was at that time in its infancy, and the only fertilizing materials bought in large quantities were bones, imports of which were valued at over £260,000 in 1840.

Investigates steady labor intensity and employment expansion in Peru. Labour intensiveness of construction in Peru; National output growth rate in Peru during 1955 through 1967; Consequences of labor intensity and employment expansion.

This article examines the foreign exchange policies which came out in 1967 during the major economic exchange crisis in Peru. There were three exchange policy decisions made in October 1967: reestablish the dollar certificate market; peg the certificate rate; and peg the rate at 38.70 soles to the dollar. Researchers found out that the reestablished system is formally, at least, like the earlier one and to that extent it will not cause severe problems of resource misallocation. However, it will also be limited in its ability to stabilize the exchange rate, since such stability is bought at the price of distortions in the economy.

Discusses major reallocation of rights to Indian land and labor that occurred in Chancay Valley in Peru from 1533 to 1600. Notions of landlordism; Bio-ethnic classification; Transition from encomienda to hacienda system.

Examines the ethnohistory of the struggle for control over land in Peru. Utility of ethnohistorical approach to scientific problem; Authorization of property exchange; Consequence of episcopal visit.

Two-Hundred and eighty families in a rural Peruvian community sample are examined with regard to their organizational solidarity. A Guttman Scale of Family Solidarity is developed and an investigation of the relationship between organizational solidarity of the family and several quality of life measures is carried out. The latter include Guttman scales of current Complexity of House Construction, Household Possessions, and Health Practices, as well as nonscale measures of Language Spoken, Amount of Land Owned and a General Level of Living Score. Medical practices are found to be strongly related to the social solidarity of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explains short run changes in income in Peru using monetary and income approaches. Description of the modified money model of the classical type; Details on equations explaining the model; Characteristics of the Keynesian model; Parameters of the models in current pricing using ordinary least squares techniques.

The article focuses on the opposition to family planning among decision makers in Latin America. This opposition is primarily from three overlapping sources, namely, the Church, the Marxists and the Nationalists. The published work of three selected men are used to illustrate the nationalist way of thinking. The writers represent three important professions, namely, law, medicine, and journalism, three countries, namely, Peru, Colombia, and El Salvador, and three different but typical types of situations. In Peru, a nation just beginning to examine its population problem, reactions to its first population conference are dealt with. In Colombia, a nation which has both articulated a broad policy and introduced a pilot program, reactions to concrete national efforts to deal with the population problem are examined. In El Salvador, more diffuse reactions to what is viewed as a vast racist plot on the part of the white Western world are dealt with. The significance of the nationalist psyche has been much enhanced by the recent Papal encyclical, and what might have been dying embers may now he rekindled.

The article focuses on the national censuses of Peru in the years 1836, 1850, 1862, 1876, 1940, and 1961. The Third National Census, taken in 1862, presented the population distribution by place of birth, sex, civil status, occupation or employment, education, and payment of taxes, but not by age. In the case of Peru it is impossible to rely on birth registrations as a basis for computing the actual deaths. However, the difference in omission between the cohort and the total population is small, and since the omission for each year could not be established for the former group, a year-by-year correction could not be accomplished. Thus, it is clearly impossible to use the registered deaths in the construction of the life tables. Returning to the birth registration, the above estimation of the omission in the registered deaths for the cohort provides the basis for an estimation of the omission in the registered births. Since the omission established for the cohort is slightly greater than that pertaining to the total deaths for the twenty-year period, it can be assumed that the latter omission was between 35 and 40 percent of the actual total deaths.

This article attempts to measure the efficiency of eleven manufacturing industries in Peru and the United States. The first section describes how the production function was estimated. The second and third sections deal with the treatment of capital and economies of scale. The main empirical results and a discussion of their interpretation are contained in the fourth section. The fifth section comments on the differences in efficiency among industries and the implications of these differences for the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of international trade. Economists have compiled a great deal of information on changes in labor productivity over a period of time. By contrast, careful studies on intercountry differences in productivity are few in number. Recently much research has been done on the time-series data in an attempt to measure the increase in total factor productivity. Very little research has been done on the measurement of international differences in the level of total factor productivity, or what is called the level of efficiency. The present article is concerned with this relatively neglected area.

Traces the development of the political crisis and the subsequent establishment of the military regime in Peru in the 1950s and 1960s. Factors which initiated the political crisis; Apro-pradista alliance and its role in establishing a populist government; Emergence and impact of reformist groups; Proclamation of the military government and its reformist measures; Peruvian diplomatic confrontation with the U.S.

Studies the role of fisheries in economic development in Peru. Fisheries as a source of export income; Effects of the growth in the fish meal sector on Peruvian politics and economic development; Economics of fishery conservation and development.

Compares the level of efficiency in manufacturing industries in Peru and the United States. Determinants of efficiency; Relation between relative efficiency and the technologies required by different industries; Role of competition in the determination of relative efficiency.

Examines the impact of technological change on the economic equilibrium of Peru's elite. Economic basis of elite's position; Internal approach to displacement problem; Strength of innovational propensity.

Determines whether the culture of the country of origin is important in the occupational choices of immigrants using the migrant population data of Peru in 1940. Distribution of economically active male and female migrants in different industries; Relation between the distance migrated and the sector in which migrants work; Comparison between the job status attained by migrants and non-migrants.

Sociology in Peru has been largely confined to the halls of universities. Students have been those doing preparatory work for advanced study in literature, law, economics and pedagogy. Subject matter, in the main, has been classic theory borrowed from European teachers and their particular schools of thought. Little or no attention has been given to methods or contemporary materials for investigation and study. Empirical sociology, so well accepted and commonplace in the U.S. and other parts of the Western world, has yet to find recognition and application in Peru. Sociological literature in Peru, as such, is largely limited to university texts and an occasional monograph, based upon general observation rather than on tests and scientific classification and analysis. Some of the better known work includes "Sociologia y Education," by Roberto Mac Lean Estenós. In this work the author has given special attention to the relation of the social processes to Peruvian pedagogy. His approach is historical. He has tried to measure the relationship of each social process to the system of education of the Incas, that of the colonial period or when Peru was ruled by the Spanish.

This article presents information about the article "The Purposes of Peruvian Education," by Emilio Barrantes. It was published in the first issue of the periodical "Education," sponsored by the Peruvian university, National University of Saint Marcos. The article focuses on the shortcomings of people in the country. The author provides information about the shortages in the schools both as regards equipment and a suitable educational theory and vision. He says that the educators in the country do not have a clear idea of education. The author feels that most important thing is to develop personal aptitudes. He also focuses on the need for the culture for the larger national and restricted, localized units of population. Democracy and a system of higher social justice should also be adopted for the development of the society.