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Traces the evolution of paper money in England. Circulation of fiduciary orders; Carolean paper orders; Promissory notes; Bills of exchange; Emergence of assignability; Earliest checks; Printing of money by the Bank of England.

This study of the 1973 Local Government Election in England and Wales shows that the position of a canal/date's name on the ballot paper can have an important effect in terms of the number of votes which he receives. In particular the lower-placed members of each party are quite seriously disadvantaged. Investigation into the relationship between this positional effect and other aspects of the election show that it occurs quite generally. A simple model is formulated which attempts to explain the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various publications of research institutes and educational societies in Durham and Newcastle in England. The publication of educational writing at all levels is regarded by the Durham Institute of Education as an important aspect of its work. Three periodicals are edited by members of the Institute staff. Research Review, an annual publication started in 1950, is the only one that aspires to be a national journal. It is intended to supplement the inadequate number devoted to educational research. From the Education Society of King's College, Newcastle, came the "Education Papers," an annual miscellany of mature reflection on educational topics, statements on method of teaching subjects or age groups by the Institute staff and descriptive articles by local teachers giving a picture of some facet of their work. The standard of most of these contributions is high enough to make them generally relevant although their setting is mainly regional. The Journal of the Institute of Education is a domestic affair. Appearing five times a year, it clearly provides a point of exchange for all concerned with local education. Here Institute staff teachers, examiners, administrators and youth workers exchange views in the vernacular as it were.

Focuses on the historical significance of the "Sunday Advertiser" in London, England. Entrance of the newspaper into the weekend market of journalism; The role of Elizabeth Johnson in the pioneering of English Sunday papers; The activities of the Friendly Society of Licensed Victuallers in opening a school and funding it with a newspaper; Discussion of content and circulation of the "Sunday Advertiser" in the early 19th century; Management of operating costs and profits; The committee system of management; Sale of the newspaper to William J. Clement.

The article discusses the memorandum of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association. It focuses on the green paper that indicates the administrative structure of the medical services in England and Wales. It is explained that any attempt to integrate the present tripartite administration into a single authority for a single community would be accepted by the Association, if satisfactory arrangements may be made that surpass the existing ones. Moreover, it should take responsibility for all the health functions of present local health authorities. Thus, it is stated that the unification of the tripartite structure of the National Health Service, by the development of Area Health Boards, are supported by them.

Focuses on topics of discussions on John Saville's paper 'The Background to the Revival of Socialism in England,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Evidence in the bookbinders' records of a prosecution in Scotland under the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1871; Promotion of independent working class political action.

The article offers information about the School of European Studies, considered as one of the first three schools established at the new University of Sussex in Brighton, England. The School of European Studies has been instituted to help the University realize its aim of combining the benefits of specialist and general education for its undergraduates. In this school, all students are tasked to work the papers "The Foundations of Europe," where they will exposit the origins and unity of the European intellectual inheritance, and "The Modern European Mind," which will pertain on the history of Europe during the 20th century. Other than these, they will also do special works in history, economics, politics and sociology, French, German, and Russian.

Focuses on topics of discussions on J.P.D. Dunbabin's paper 'Labourers and Farmers in the Late Nineteenth Century--Some Changes,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Associations between railwaymen and agricultural laborers; Political attitudes of laborers; Advantage derived by Liberals from their educative political work among the laborers.

Highlights the Joint Meeting of the Dowling Club and the Skin Microbiology Club in Middlesex, England. Participants; Sponsors of the meeting; Venue.

This article presents the author's reply to Edwin B. Parker on his observations regarding the study conducted by the author towards the effects of television on magazine and newspaper reading in London, England. According to the author, while the process of matching in terms of the correlates of both dependent and independent variables has been used before, Parker has suggested, under the term "covariance procedure," a more formal and systematic use of the technique, a distinct contribution, practical development of which is more than likely. In addition to this, Parker is quite right in reminding a basic weakness in the use of matching as a means of isolating effects. One can and must build checks into the matching process but in the end some degree of doubt must remain about the efficiency of the matching achieved. If Parker had argued from this position in presenting his covariance method as a means of reducing uncertainty, there would have been no point of difference between him and the author.

This article focuses on a study designed to determine effects of television on the reading of newspapers and magazines in London, England. According to the author, the methodological problem involved in this and similar studies of the effects of mass communication is that there was no available alternative to an ex post facto "experimental" design in which respondents themselves selected whether they were to be viewers or non-viewers. Moreover, since respondents could not be randomly assigned to the two conditions by the investigator, differences between the two groups on the dependent variable, frequency of newspaper reading, could be attributed either to the effects of television or to initial differences between the two groups. With regard to all these observations, it can be concluded that television may have had the effect of increasing the reading and buying of papers of popular press with their lighter, shorter material and of decreasing the reading and buying of the more serious papers.

Information about the paper on the conceptions of social justice that was discussed during the 1974 annual conference of the Political Studies Association in Lancaster, England is presented. The paper also offers several principles which should be chosen to govern the distribution of wealth, prestige and other benefits among the members of the society. It emphasizes that arguments over these principles can never be resolved unless a conception of justice is found.

Discusses the establishment of the annual Congress of the History of Religions. Part played by religion in social evolution; Preview of the 1908 congress, which will be held in Oxford, England; Participation of the representatives of British and foreign universities and academies; Topics of papers to be presented; Contact information.

Responds to the comment made by economist Paul A. David on the author's paper on agricultural labor productivity in rural England from 1850 to 1914. Attempt of the author to demonstrate the existence of regional variations in farm labour productivity; Factors influencing the pattern of regional differences in productivity; Comment of the author on the analytical style of David.

On November 26, 1936, the Popular Front Ministry of France, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. To a considerable extent, press susceptibility to venality results from the fact that it is very difficult for a French journal to be a paying concern by using merely ordinary channels of revenue. Low prices for daily papers have become traditional in France, but, more important than that, advertising has never developed into the gold mine for the press that it has become in the United States and in England.

The article examines a group of secular accounts, dating between 1434 and 1446, kept during the building of Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, England. To explain and illustrate the methods shown in this group, reference will be made to other building accounts with dates ranging from 1237 to 1538. The accounts are compotus rolls, designed to provide annual statements of receipts and expenditure. Each Tattershall account consists of a series of paragraphs. In the first is stated the name of the person rendering the account, three of the accounts being attributed to Thomas Croxby, overseer or supervisor of the works of Ralph, Lord Cromwell, and the fourth to John Southell, clerk of the works. In the rolls for 1438-40 and 1445-46, which appear to be fair copies of a final account, the sum of the items in each paragraph is put at the end of it, in the centre of the page, in an orderly fashion. A closer examination of separate paragraphs leads to the deduction that the compotus rolls have been drawn up by reference to other, more detailed, books and papers and provides some indication of their nature. However, the accounts are too fragmentary to do more than sketch the stages in rendering an account.

The article presents the author's response to a commentary made by economist F.W. Taussig on issues concerning international trade. According to the author, Taussig in his commentary states that the U.S. and England are two nations with paper money and in consequence of a loan of England to the U.S., English paper money suddenly depreciates relatively to American paper. According to the author, the diversification of value between two national currencies change in the same proportion the price of the wares imported to the two nations, but do not change the price of the home-made products. The author claims that if English exporters to the U.S. acquire, in exchange of the constant quantity of dollars immediately received for the exported products they will raise in the same ratio the price of these products in the British market; but then even the price of all other English. Moreover, according to the author the prices raised in the English market will be in exact proportion to the diminution of the external value of English money, while all prices will remain unchanged in the American market.

The article examines upward social mobility in England in the eighteenth century with reference to the Whitbread family of Bedfordshire, England. Among those families often cited as notably successful in using wealth from trade to found a landed family are the Whitbreads of Bedfordshire, who in the eighteenth century took the circuitous route from Bedfordshire lesser gentry, to London brewers, and finally back to Bedfordshire as great landowners. The Whitbreads provide a good opportunity for studying upward social mobility in the eighteenth century from the viewpoint of one family's experience over several generations. Their rise is analyzed by applying to eighteenth-century England the five scales of the social hierarchy: the ideological, economic, social status, legal, and political. The article examines both the particular combination of these scales that was important to the rise of the Whitbreads and the height to which they climbed each of them. By the seventeenth century the social status of the Whitbreads was already well advanced.

This paper was originally planned as an abstract of the introduction to a book on the coordination of the social sciences. It was written out in its present form as a contribution to the discussions at the conference on the same topic, held at Oxford, England, in October 1922. Unfortunately it arrived just too late for use at the conference; but it was kept in hand. The task of preparing the paper for the printer has not been altogether easy; for the author is now in India, and it has been impossible to consult him on a number of points, some of them important. The author has not hesitated to make slight changes in choice and order of words, and arrangement of matter, where he seemed to see clearly that improvement was possible. In some other respects slight changes have been necessary to meet printing difficulties. The author trusts, however, that the ideas, which the author is earnest to place before his readers, have in no way been obscured by these changes. It is impossible to foretell how far a contribution on such original lines will have authority with the sociologists of to-day.

The London Society arranges visits to places of interest in London and Lectures on London problems. It is at the present time publishing a valuable series of papers on "The Transport and Open Space Problem in City Development," while its November issue also Contains an article on the Roman Wall of London, thus well illustrating the combination of forelook and backlook for which the Civic Society stands. To illustrate directions in which useful work might be done by a society such as the one now mentioned allusion may be made to certain subjects brought before it recently. On the one hand, the danger was shown of a fine tree being destroyed by reason of building operations and of an interesting 15th century Manor House perishing through lack of repair and, on the other, attention was drawn in to the nuisances arising from the emission of excessive smoke from steam lorries and the scattering of paper about the streets. "The aim of the Birmingham Society will be always to keep in mind this ideal of a regenerate city. Its members will realise that sweeping schemes of reconstruction cannot suddenly be executed, but they will remember too, that such reconstruction, however slowly it may be achieved, is the only hope of making the city they live in a monument to anything but their carelessness and greed.

This article presents a profile of revolutionist and philosopher Karl Marx. The revolutionist and philosopher became a public figure in 1843. One of the most remarkable men of the day, who has played an unscrutable but puissant part in the revolutionary politics of the past forty years, is Karl Marx. A man without desire for show or fame, caring nothing for the fanfaronade of life or the pretense of power, without haste and without rest, a man of strong, broad, elevated mind, full of far-reaching projects, logical methods and practical aims, he has stood and yet stands behind more of the earthquakes which have convulsed nations and destroyed thrones, and do now menace and appall crowned heads and established frauds, than any other man in Europe, not excepting Joseph Mazzini himself. The student of Berlin, the critic of Hegelianism, the editor of papers, and the old-time correspondent of the New York Tribune. he showed his qualities and his spirit, the founder and master-spirit of the once dreaded International, and the author of Capital, he has been expelled from half the countries of Europe proscribed in nearly all of them, and for thirty years past has found refuge in London,England.

This article discusses several papers on the economic history of England. In the journal "Sussex Archaeological Collections," P.F. Brandon discusses the fortunes of agriculture at Barnholme, Sussex, which was a home farm of Battle Abbey and included heavy uplands and exposed marshlands both much affected by weather conditions. His documentation is largely for the period after the Black Death and his verdict on the farming techniques practiced there is generally favorable. Two more articles are concerned with problems on a larger scale. In a fascinating attempt to explain the background to the astonishing parliament of 1386 and its attack on the king, J.J.N. Palmer reconstructs the business of the previous parliament, the official records of which are lamentably unrevealing. C.S. Cattel's paper "An Evaluation of the Loseley List of Ironworks Within the Weald in the Year 1588," suggests that iron making was fairly stagnant ill the first part of Elizabeth's reign. In an interesting paper on the "Genesis and Structure of the Foley "Ironworks in Partnership" of 1692," R.G. Schafer describes how the Foley brothers settled their personal rivalry by establishing a protean board of directors, creating a form of corporate entity which was not only unusual for its time but allowed the Foleys to control the charcoal iron industry well into the eighteenth century.

This article presents information on several papers and studies, which deal with the economic history of Great Britain. Two studies of general interest concern secular trends in the late medieval economy. The concept of the thirteenth century as a period of boom forms the target for a lively onslaught by E. Miller, "The English Economy in the Thirteenth Century: Implications of Recent Research" in the periodical "Past and Present." For all the signs of expansion, he argues, thirteenth-century England did not enjoy a growth economy in the technical sense. People increased more rapidly than the capacity to produce, and society faced a progressive crisis, in which average production per head was falling. Yet this does not permit us to go to the opposite extreme and make the period after 1350 an epoch of economic growth. Another paper discussed is "Monetary Movements and Market Structure: Forces for contraction in Fourteenth-and Fifteenth-Century England" by H.A. Miskimin that was published in a previous issue of the periodical "Journal of Economic History." In a discussion in fact confined to the fourteenth century, Miskimin attempts to reconcile the demographic and monetary theories of recession. Population changes caused a secular shift in demand, altering market structure and prices.

Highlights the Fifth International Congress of Analytical Psychology in London, England on September 1-8, 1971. Theme of the congress; List of the proceedings; Structure and organization of the congress.

This article presents information on several papers and memorandums related to economic conditions in various countries. The Parliamentary documents for 1886 will contain a good deal of evidence of the increasing uneasiness as to the condition and prospects of the foreign trade of England. A Blue Book has been issued, giving the rates of duty levied on imports by the different European countries and the United States; and a second is to give the duties levied by the British colonies, these returns being on the plan of the similar documents published in 1882. The Commission on the Depression of Trade have also collected and published reports from the English consuls, showing the impediments to British trade in the different countries. Another snippet reports that the opening of fertile wheat lands in the United States, and the cheap transportation of grain to Europe have had an influence not only on England and Ireland, but on France, Germany, and Russia. French and German legislation has been invoked to protect the farmer. But now an interesting movement is in progress among the Russian peasants, by which the former serfs are becoming separated from the land. At the time of the emancipation of the serfs, Russia controlled the wheat markets of Western Europe; while the prices of agricultural products were high, and even rising.

The main trend in urban/rural migration is a continuous gain, in net terms, of towns from villages and large cities. But this is a result of two distinct migration streams associated with the process of family formation. While before marriage there is positive net migration from villages to both large cities and towns (and from large cities towards towns), after marriage there is a tendency for couples to move towards villages. This is explained by the desire of families, particularly those belonging to the middle class to move out of the urban centres to better accommodation in smaller communities. Considerable variations in migrations within and into regions are observed. These reflect the continuation of long-term trends in internal migration (as described in Part I of this paper) in particular, population dispersal from Greater London and larger distance migration into the Southern and Eastern regions. Some social characteristics of migrants and non-migrants are compared. Associations between the intensity of internal migration on the one hand, and occupational status, education, social mobility and family size on the other are observed. An attempt is made to assess the extent of migration associated with the marriage process. Although this process increases mobility, its relative contribution to total adult mobility appears to be only slight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses a study on social status and clique formation among grammar school boys in London, England. This paper reports on another aspect of the inquiry into the effects of social class at adolescence, which has been carried out at the London School of Economics and Political Science in England under the direction of Doctor H. T. Himmelweit. Within the broad framework of the research project, an important place was allotted to problems of peer group selection. Moreover, the paper is based on information from three sources: a choice of friend questionnaire, a sociometric questionnaire and an open-ended question on the attributes of a good friend. The most interesting conclusion which has emerged from these data points to an important difference between this country and the U.S. In both countries, the adolescent's value system largely determines his friendship choices. In England, it has been shown that similar class stereotypes may be found and it is quite possibly true that such friendship criteria as are embodied in the choice of a friend questionnaire reflect parental values. It could also be argued, that the working class boys in the grammar school are exceptional, in that they come from homes where middle class values are prevalent. In England, it may be said in general that by having secondary grammar and secondary modern schools, the working class pupils are divided into those who will be given an opportunity for social ascent and those who will not. England deliberately segregates the new recruits to the higher social levels and gives them more advanced training in separate schools. Under these conditions, several factors combine to give the working class boy those attitudes, interests and motives which are concomitant with his future social position.

The article discusses the first of the two papers that are concerned with the political and informal sides of the government of Leeds, England in contrast with its officials and legal sides. The material for the two papers on Leeds local government has been gathered by the author during the nine year's membership of the Leeds City Council. The author of the papers has been a member of the majority group and of its Advisory Committee, as well as a Deputy Chairman of the Education Committee. The first part of the discussion is about the role of the Labour Group as the majority group on the Council.

The article focuses on a survey of housing conditions in the urban areas of England and Wales. The survey aimed to assess the general need for urban rehabilitation, to define the areas of worst incidence and to relate the problem to the varying resources of the local authorities concerned. Unfortunately, no comprehensive evidence on the condition of industrial and commercial property exists so that the paper must perforce concentrate on housing alone. However, housing does comprise in area nearly half the urban land use and accounts for a high proportion of the fixed capital investment in the country, 42 per cent in 1953 compared with 31 per cent for other buildings and works. Besides this it has the most immediate impact on human welfare. Since 1801, the stock of housing accommodation has approximately doubled every fifty years. It has been estimated that of the 12.4 million dwellings existing at the time of the 1951 census, nearly 4.7 million, or 38 per cent, were over 60 years old. Of these about 3.25 million were at least 75 years old.

The article examines the changes in Northumberland and Pilgrim Streets in Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. Accordingly, the paper studies the substantial changes which have occurred in the thoroughfare of Northumberland and Pilgrim Streets during the present century. It also discusses the significance of the streets' present landscape and presented some figures that shows the location of that area within Central Newcastle. Moreover, the paper discusses some of the studies in street geography which is mostly for West European examples.

The article focuses on the London, England sugar merchants of the eighteenth century. Like many other spheres of economic life in the eighteenth century, the sugar trade has left comparatively few records for the historian to evaluate. The excellent history of the Pinney family by professor Richard Pares discusses much about the organization of the Bristol sugar market. Information about London sugar merchants is restricted very largely to the letter and account books of Messrs Lascelles and Maxwell covering the years 1740 to 1769 but unfortunately only one of the letter books survived the blitz. Nevertheless, Pares was able to work upon the manuscripts prior to their destruction and record some of results of his investigations before his premature death in 1958. The discovery of the Mills family papers has opened the way to a fresh look at the London sugar trade in the eighteenth century. Tobits Wall of Abchurch Lane, London, England originally owned the London sugarhouse. Upon his death in 1744, Wall left the business to his nephew, Mathew Mills and although the London directories for the years 1746 to 1748 are missing, the firm appears in the London directory of 1749 as Mathew and John Mills of New Broad Street.

It is now well recognized that in the century before 1670 English traders to the Mediterranean enjoyed remarkable success selling increasing quantities of textiles, with a growing proportion completely finished, downgrading Turkey and Italy to the position of raw material suppliers, and taking over a large part of the Mediterranean carrying trade. It is also clear that after 1700 it was the Mediterranean trade, especially that with Spain and Portugal, which redeemed England's very modest trading performance with Europe. The chief interest of the activities of businessman John Oldbury and his group of business associates is that they date from the generation, which separates these two periods and therefore shed some light on the main commodity trades in Anglo-Iberian commerce in the last thirty years of the seventeenth century. Spain and Portugal were two agricultural countries ruling large colonial empires, and yet lacking sufficient manufacturing capacity even to begin to meet metropolitan demands. The success of English textiles in the area is to be accounted for by the virtually total default of indigenous industry. All English exports were of central, if not crucial, importance to the receiving economies and their dependent colonies, and it was this basic fact, which underlay England's dominant position. Iberian trade to England, on the other hand, was not equally indispensable.

The article assess the accomplishments of seven International Congresses of Accountants held to date. The first congress held in 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri sponsored by the Federation of Societies of Public Accountants in the U.S., must be attributed to George Wilkinson, an Illinois certified professional accountant (CPA) who was born in England, but spent his professional life in the U.S. The 1904 Congress was an ambitious event for the American accounting profession. It was held when The American Association of Public Accountants had a membership of only 140 scattered over 15 states, of whom 81 held CPA certificates. The Third International Congress was held in New York City in September 1929. Joseph E. Sterrett and F. van Dien, presidents of the earlier congress, served as Honorary Presidents, while Robert H. Montgomery held the role of President of the 1929 sessions. The 1952 Congress, convened in London, England, included about 80 CPAs from the United States. It exercised a constructive influence on international finance and commerce, and stimulated avid discussion and subsequent research on fluctuating price levels in relation to accounts, accounting requirements for issues of capital, the accountant in industry, the accountant in practice and in public service, and the incidence of taxation.

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus was very widespread in cucumber crops in the Lea Valley in 1964. Experiments on the effect of this virus on yield indicated that losses of approximately 15 per cent occurred with early infection. Later infection had little effect on yield. Dry heat treatment of infected cucumber seeds at 70°C for more than one day was sufficient to inactivate the virus and these results were also confirmed using virus-impregnated filter paper squares. Cucumber seeds were found to tolerate dry heat treatment at temperatures of 75°C and 80°C with little adverse effect but, at 80°C, germination was delayed and the cotyledon leaves were distorted. In a commercial trial, over 45,000 cucumber plants free from symptoms of the virus were raised from infected seeds which had previously been heat treated at 70°C for three days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weekly measurements of chemical composition were made at sixteen sampling points on the River Frome and its main tributaries from October 1970 until December 1971. At fourteen of these points stream discharge was measured. Water samples from each sampling point were analysed for alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, pH, conductivity, reactive phosphate and nitrate. Magnesium varied little in concentration; alkalinity and calcium concentrations decreased in time of flood. The highest concentration of sodium occurred after snow had melted from salted roads; otherwise it showed little variation. The highest values for nitrate nitrogen were at peak flows but otherwise it altered little. Phosphorus and potassium varied most and both showed a reduction between February and May. These results are part of a survey of the chemical composition of the waters of rivers in the south of England. This survey is aimed at providing a picture of the chemical environment of the rivers as a background for ecological work on the biota, and to investigate the factors influencing variations in chemical composition (Westlake et al., 1972). A preliminary paper (Casey, 1969) has described the flow and chemistry at one point (East Stoke) on the lower part of the river. The present paper is an attempt to discover the contribution each main source makes to the flow and chemistry of the whole river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a summary of the paper "Adaptations of Animals to Life in Tropical Swaps" presented by L. C. Beadle at the Spring Meeting of the Tropical Group of the British Ecological Society held in London, England, on April 24, 1969. The paper defines a swamp as a stretch of shallow and slow-flowing water in which the conditions are dominated by the effects of closely-packed emergent vegetation. It discusses the possible conditions in swamps that might be expected seriously to affect aquatic animals.

A conference paper about insects in water-filled tree-holes is presented. It describes the population variations and life-histories of the insect species chironomid Metriocnemus martinii Thienemann and the ceratopogonid Dasyhelea found regularly in Wytham Woods, in Berkshire, England. In this study, the population curves for larvae and pupae had been recorded in various tree-holes and varied from hole to hole as well as from season to season.

This article provides information on the biennial conference of the British Sociological Association at Queen Elizabeth College in London, England on March 22 to 24, 1957. The theme Sociology in Retrospect and Prospect was an appropriate one in view of the increasingly felt need to undertake a systematic re-assessment and clarification of the main issues involved in sociological theory and practice. A large theme of this nature could not be pursued in exhaustive detail, but the papers in both the plenary and the group sessions were such as to stimulate much thought, and the degree of interest shown in the conference was such as to suggest that this theme was one of central concern to all. The attendance was greater than had been anticipated. Although not central to the theme of the conference, perhaps one of the most significant facts about it was that it became the basis for a consciously contrived effort to begin and foster co-operative relations between the British Association and the American Sociological Society. Another encouraging feature was that 39 students were sufficiently interested to become student members of the association. The executive officers were very helpful throughout, and finally it proved possible to send over a small delegation.

Provides a list of business records that can be found in the Lancashire Record Office in Preston, England.

Focuses on material collected in the Record Office at the Liverpool Public Library and its bearing on local business history in England. Sparseness of industry in the collection, since the nineteenth century was marked by commercial growth rather than industrial development; Way that personal papers often illuminate some aspects of business.

This article introduces the summaries of papers presented at the Spring Meeting of the Tropical Group of the British Ecological Society held at the University College in London, England, on April 24, 1969. The African papers concentrated mainly on conditions in freshwater swamps. The South American papers were more general. The summaries of the main contributions are grouped according to continent.

Highlights the 8th British Weed Control Conference held in Brighton, England from November 22 to 24, 1966. Organizer of the conference; Topics and invited papers; Activities included.

The article is in memory of Philip Andrews, with whom the author has worked in the journal, "Oxford Economic Papers." Philip's enthusiasm was unflagging and his energy inexhaustible. He was always full of ideas about the ways in which the policy should evolve and, at the same time, he was ready to devote unlimited effort to the exacting labor of producing the journal without secretarial assistance. Philip had a strong sense of continuity. He was anxious to ensure that the lines of research, both empirical and theoretical, with which he had been associated should be carried forward and he became the leading member of the Oxford Economists' Research Group. Philip read widely, far beyond the field of economics, both in philosophy and in general literature. Moreover, if he was, in one sense, a genuine revolutionary in his own subject, he was also a traditionalist in that he looked back with regret to the works of an earlier generation when the subject was less narrowly confined within a barrier of conventional assumptions and less exclusively concerned with the manipulation of equations.

The article reports on the training practices for the profession of accounting in England and Wales. There are four professional organizations in Wales and England that influence training for accounting and they are: the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants, the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants, and the Institute of Municipal Treasurers and Accountants. There are chartered accountants and certified accountants with 50% of those chartered and 35% of certified employed as partners or employees of firms in public practice.

The article presents a reprint of the research paper which appeared in the Tweed Commissioners Annual Report for 1972 released in April 2, 1973. The paper reflects the results of the study on the growth of the 500 hatchery reared tagged brown trout with an average fork length of 25.0 centimeters which were released into the River Tweed, Scotland on March 29, 1972.

The article examines the notion of communicative competence and the implications that can be drawn from it for language teaching. The impetus for the paper came from the author's experience in Sweden last year. Within the last five years there has been an increasing and justified concern for communicative activities in language teaching. The evidence of it can be seen in the titles of papers, articles and dissertations. A conference was held in England last year on "The Communicative Teaching of English." Communicative competence is not simply a term, but is a concept basic to understanding social interaction. It is commonplace to point out that the tenets and concepts of a discipline profoundly influence the questions one asks and the solutions one seeks. The author suggests a model for language teaching which sets a framework for identifying and discussing strategies and techniques in the teaching process, taking into account the social meaning of language. The necessity to develop communicative competence is especially important in second language and second dialect teaching.

This article discusses a study which examined the relation between science and atheism in London, England during the mid-Victorian period. The paper described what atheists did in the 1860s, their ideology, and their total commitment to the task of making every thinking man and woman an atheist. The mid-Victorian atheist delighted in the use of words, but his shades of meaning in using terms such as atheist, freethinker, secularist are elusive to the historian. In connection with this a nomenclature was suggested. An atheist might deny the existence of God, or he might refuse to do this on the grounds that the word God had no meaning for him. Freethinkers declined to accept the divine inspiration of the bible and he would have included amongst freethinkers the atheists, Unitarians, and a growing number of liberal Christians. The secularist was a freethinker who combined thought with action and aspired by concerted effort with his fellow freethinkers to expose religion to the logic of material facts. Science was studied by working-class atheists because they loved learning for its own sake, and additional motivation came from its usefulness in proving the scripture to be wrong. In conclusion the paper saw science as an alternative to religion for the thinking working man.

This article focuses on the Layfield report on Greater London Development Plan, plan that requires local authorities to state their objectives, present alternative strategies for their future development and evaluate the alternative strategies for their future development. Begun when the Greater London Council (GLC) was formed, its origins ante-dated the 1968 Town and Country Planning Act. GLDP is an attempt to define planning objectives and to evaluate a plan for London, England it was backed by many research papers and studies and it was subjected to detailed examination by inquiry. Named the Layfield Inquiry after its chairman, the GLDP was the largest planning inquiry held in the country. The Inquiry accused the GLC of over-ambition for trying to argue as if it could alter population and employment trends when it had neither the statutory powers, nor the real power to do so; variable quality in the treatment of issues--so that, for example, it took much more seriously highway planning where it had responsibility than public transport where it had not (until it took over London Transport in 1970); no logical connection between facts and policies, or between objectives and policies; and describing objectives so vaguely that they were not operational.

The paper analyzes penetration of total solar, T, near infrared and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). PAR, measured by tube solarimeters at Rothamsted, England in five different crops, includes sugar beet, field beans, kale, and spring wheat. The measurements are used to obtain the sunfleck parameters in Monteith's theory. Crop transmission parameters calculated from the daily radiation totals changed little when crop cover was full.