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The purpose of this article is to measure and compare the volume and the trend of strike activity in five countries: Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States. Such a comparison ought to throw light on a number of pertinent and persistent questions which have been frequently asked but never satisfactorily answered: (1) As the labor movement grows older, larger, and more powerful, what is the effect upon the frequency of strikes and the length of strikes? In other words, is the inherent tendency of trade unionism belligerent or conciliatory? Our total judgment of unionism will depend to a considerable extent on the answer to this question. (2) Is the strike problem more severe in the United States than elsewhere and, if so, why? (3) In general, what are the economic and political institutions conducive to a high, or low, volume of strike activity? (4) Is there any valid theory of strikes explaining their underlying causes? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the system of industrial arbitration in New Zealand. Compulsory arbitration legislation is primarily aimed at reducing industrial strife. The U.S. and Great Britain do not have compulsory arbitration laws. Comparative data on days lost in selected industries among Australia, New Zealand, United States and Great Britain indicate that countries without compulsory industrial arbitration laws have fewer workdays lost owing to strikes. Governments do not prosecute the strikers and their leaders in the majority of illegal strikes.

This article discusses the accounting methods proposed in the book Securities and Obscurities and the suitability of the book for the study of accounting. It relates principally to the features of the accounting of particular companies and to what has happened as a consequence of the accounting of particular companies. It relates to companies in Australia, Great Britain and the U.S. The book proposes the method of direct observation as a method of inquiry. The inquiries founded on the belief that the test of any actual form, and the grounds for any proposed form, of accounting lie in those observable events of the commercial, financial and professional communities which are in the nature of reactions or responses to, and consequences of, particular accounting practices.

Reveals intonation patterns in Australian English. Comparison with the Received Pronunciation of British English; Avoidance of variation of pitch within syllables, particularly the high-fall accent; Intonation of questions containing a specific interrogative word.

A constructed type "professionalism" is presented. Data collected from three groups of physicians are analyzed in relation to three dimensions of professional satisfaction-"personal," "state of the profession," and "professional roles and relationships." The American and Australian physicians were found to express their highest satisfaction in the personal dimension whereas the English physicians found most satisfaction in their professional roles and relationships. It is concluded that this order brings the English group into a closer correspondence with the constructed type, although the Americans and Australians reveal a somewhat higher total satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on issues related to democracy. The importance of trying to understand democracy at the present time is very apparent. In some sense or other, it is more and more coming to be recognised as the dominant tendency in all those countries that are commonly described as civilized. And, indeed, in nearly all parts of the world the various countries seem to be approximating to a common civilization, which is largely based on principles of a democratic type. It is perhaps in some of the smaller countries, such as Switzerland, and in some of the younger colonies, such as Australia and New Zealand, that these democratic tendencies can be studied in their least diluted form. In Great Britain, notwithstanding the strong tendency that it has to cling to the traditions of the past, it can hardly be questioned that the influence of democratic ideals is constantly increasing. This influence is not confined to the sphere of imperial or local politics, but permeates whole life of the British.

The article discusses the growth of cricket in 19th century England and the professional cricketer. The author explains that the professional cricketer played cricket as well as taught the art and crafts of the game to the increasing number of preparatory schools, public schools, and local clubs. The wages, life style, and customs of a cricketer are examined. The article also discusses the history of cricket in England. Subjects of the article also include the first international cricket games, the relationship between other trades and cricketers, and the popularity of cricket in Australia.

The article examines the economic conditions and events in New South Wales (NSW) that preceded the emigration of several hundred people from Australia to Chile in 1843. The emigration was the result of the first period of unemployment experienced in NSW following the end of Great Britain's transportation of convicts to Australia and the subsequent implementation of schemes that promoted immigration between 1838 and 1842. The establishment of the "bounty system" by the British Legislative Council Committee on Immigration, which paid bounties to colonists who brought immigrants from certain occupational groups to Australia, is explained.

The article presents an exploration into the early colonial motivations, policies and trends of Australia in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Focus is given to the economic and racial elements of the continent's settlement by Great Britain. The author highlights the pursuit of a "White Australia Policy" wherein British convicts were preferred over Asian immigrants or other ethnic groups for labor purposes. Criticism is given against the majority-held historiographical view of Australia's colonization on penal grounds and alternative assertions are provided suggesting the move was based in economic interests of the Industrial Revolution.

The article presents an examination into the role that the Church of England played in Melbourne, Australia during the period of 1850 to 1875. Similar to the role the church played in England, in Melbourne regular church attendance symbolized a certain level of social status. The article explores how the church was connected with the community and how it may have worked to either reinforce or break down notions of social class. It examines how the Church of England adapted to the colonial setting and served a growing community.

This article examines the functioning of the mandates system in the territory of New Guinea. New Guinea before World War II was a German territory. Following the outbreak of the war, the British Empire invaded the territory. The wartime authority of Australia over New Guinea was based upon conquest by the British Empire. The Commonwealth was allowed to exercise authority during the war, but the Imperial Government reserved the right of determining in agreement with the other interested powers, the final disposition of the territory. The titles used to designate the territory taken from the Germans in some cases indicated the desire and the intention to consider the territory as future British territory. During the military administration all powers of legislation were vested in the commanding military officer, subject to the conditions of the occupation and to instruction from the Commonwealth Government. The German advisory council was abolished. Except for a short time, during which justice was administered by courts- martial, the regular system of justice was maintained and utilized. In accordance with the principles of international law relating to territory in military occupation, little change was made during the military occupation in the general body of German law.

Cross-section surveys of public opinion are now being conducted continuously in five countries-the U.S., Great Britain, Canada, Australia and Sweden. Through these surveys it has become possible for the first time to measure and to report the views of the common man on the same issue at the same time in five nations of the globe with a combined population of nearly 200,000,000. Sampling surveys as a means of systematically discovering public opinion make no claim to perfection or infallibility. But through their development it has become possible to chart the main trends of public opinion in the five nations and to study the impact of war events on public thinking. The American Institute, oldest of the five, has been measuring and reporting American opinion for seven years. It receives its entire financial support from more than one hundred daily newspapers, of all shades of political belief.

The article presents a discussion on a study about zonation between tide-marks on rocky coasts in various regions and areas including England, Scotland, the Indian Ocean and the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Plants and animals also live in these zones between tide-marks. On the British coasts, there were three possible types of zonation observed, namely the littorina zone, the balanoid zone and the laminarian zone. Plants and animals found in these zones include small snails, lichens, barnacles and brown algae.

The article presents a discussion on the vegetation of grass verges and explores the grass habitats which are regarded as excessively trodden places. It is implied that a considerable degree of similarity exist between the vegetation of the trampled grass verge found on highways and that of the grassy footpath or the sheep track situated whether on lowlands or at high elevation. The article is supplemented with details regarding the botanical composition of the plant communities, ecological distribution, climatic and edaphic backgrounds, and observations drawn from investigating samples coming from Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.

The article focuses on the economic growth of Australia. During the 1950s there was fairly heavy concentration on the development of Australia's rural industries but, in addition, an increasing attention was being paid to economic growth generally and also to special topics such as monetary institutions and to more intensive economic analysis to a relatively small geographical area over a limited time period. The largest outburst of publications, however, came in the 1960's. In the 1950's and early 1960s many Australians were deeply concerned by economic recessions and by uncertainties stemming from Britain's threatened move to join the common market. As the body of literature has grown, the story has unfolded of Australia's transmutation from a tiny penal colony to a wealthy modern community through the transfer of factors, human and capital, from Britain to the new, unused resources of the Australian continent and the establishment of highly productive primary industry and the progressive re-orientation of the economy towards industrial activity.

Discusses marketing of footwear in the 19th century, focusing on the company C. & J. Clark Ltd., in light of records dating back to 1825. The general development of the ready-made footwear industry in Great Britain; Background on the founding of C. & J. Clark; The marketing policy of the firm, including product differentiation and quality; The introduction of a range of fittings and sizes for shoes; The company's contribution to style; Brand management; Bulk production of standardized goods; Exports and distribution failures; The consignment trade; The reason C. & J. Clark started a wholesale business; The use of direct selling by a traveller; Difficulties with the Australian trade.

Presents indexes of average prices of Australian imports from Great Britain from 1919-20 to 1927-28. Food, drink and tobacco; Living animals; Raw materials and articles mainly unmanufactured.

The author discusses the role and status of the generalist and the specialist by contrasting Australian and British practice in government services. With the disperse and not easily exploitable resources of the Australian Colonies, the development of the country became the responsibility of Colonial Governments as of private enterprise. The first public service legislation in Australia, the Victorian Service Act of 1862, divided the whole service into a Professional and an Ordinary Division, with no special recognition for the head of a department. On the other hand, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants has been making efforts to obtain better salaries and a better share in the administration of professional departments since 1918 in Great Britain.

The article examines changes in the culture patterns of Australia as determined by factorial analysis, which is called p-technique by R. B. Cattell. He has demonstrated that this method will yield meaningful results when applied either to the study of function-fluctuation in individual personality or to changes in culture pattern of entire nations. The article describes the use of Cattell's methods, with minor modifications, in the study of a nation which differs in some important respects from both the U.S. and Great Britain. Australia may be characterized as a very young member of the Anglo-European family of cultures. In most major respects the people and culture of Australia do not differ significantly from that of either Great Britain or the U.S. In many ways which have interested both the scholar and the traveller, the Australian culture suggests compromises between that of Great Britain and America. But in three dimensions at least, Australia differs significantly from the two great Anglo-American nations. The factorial analysis was carried through using Thurstone's centroid method.

Focuses on the views of British economists on the significance of Australian gold discoveries in 1851, in conjunction with their assessment of the overall value of the colonies. How information about the gold flowed from Australia to Britain; Discussion about the probable effects of the discoveries; Immediate reaction of most economies to the discoveries.

A secondary analysis of 25 national surveys of voting behavior in Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States provides support in 21 instances for the thesis that status inconsistency between occupational class and socio-religious group increases liberal or left of center tendencies. Britain appears to be an exception to the pattern, possibly reflecting the relatively homogeneous religious composition of the British population, and a resulting lack of saliency of socio-religious group status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines protectionist economic policies in Australia. Of all the criticisms that are levied against the economic reasoning in support of free trade, there is hardly a one so insistent as that which accuses the free trade argument of ignoring the "historical situation." Free trade is not to be assumed offhand as the policy best calculated to promote economic welfare for any country. The high tariff policy long followed by Australia has been defended on the ground that Australian conditions are "almost exactly the converse of those which gave point, to the free trade argument in Great Britain." The features of Australia's economic position which are believed to bear upon the question of the tariff are mainly those connected with the character of her exports and imports. In contrast with the case of Great Britain, where the tariff issue arose out of protection to agriculture, or primary industry, in the case of Australia the debate is concerned with protection to manufacturing. According to protectionists, in order to have as large a national income under free trade as at present with the tariff, it would be necessary to extend production elsewhere to compensate for the loss of the manufacturing production now dependent upon the tariff. However, it would require expansion of the export industries, for these are the ones upon which the burden of protection now impinges.

The article focuses on the growth of the Australian population with particular reference to the period since 1947. In terms of European settlement, Australia is a very young country, very sparsely populated, yet having grown about as rapidly as could have been expected. By 1850 the population, which was the product of 146,000 convicts and 187,000 free settlers, numbered only 405,000. The next decade brought a further 601,000 immigrants, many of them initially gold seekers, and while several thousands of these subsequently left Australia when the diggings were worked out, many more remained to settle, marry and add to the natural increase of the colonies. A striking feature of the immigration to Australia since 1947 has been the assistance provided to non-British settlers. Remembering the warnings of pre-war official committees about impending population decline, the circumstances of the Pacific War which encouraged the conclusion that the pace of population growth must be forced to the limit in the interests of survival, and the cautious note struck by Great Britain Royal Commission on Population concerning the role of Great Britain as an emigrant area, it was not surprising that the post-war governments of Australia spread the search for immigrants to the continent as well as to the traditional sources of the British Isles.

Examines the growth, composition and sources of imports in Australia. Ratio of imports to gross national product; Import categories; Growth rates for different categories of imports; Growth rates of imports from different countries; Decline in the relative importance of Great Britain in Australia's imports; Decline in the share of imports from the developing countries.

In this paper an attempt is made, first, to study consumer behaviour in the United Kingdom and in Australia for the period 1956-66 by exploiting the concept of want independence [9] or directly additive preferences [4] for a complete model of linear expenditure relations [10]. A welfare indicator and a cost-of-living index are then developed using Frisch's money flexibility linking income and price elasticities and the strongly separable utility function of the Stone-Geary type [3]. Finally, the analysis of covariance is applied to examine the possibility of homogeneous demand patterns between the United Kingdom and Australia. The extent of market homogeneity or heterogeneity will be further analysed in the light of individual commodities grouped in strict accordance with the notion of neutral want association [9]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the english language used in Australia. Social and historical backgrounds on the english language spoken in the U.S., Australia and Great Britain; Reasons for uniformity in the use of english language in Australia; Description of the english language used in schools in Australia.

The article focuses on the migration process in Malta. Malta has served both as a stopping place and stepping stone for migrants through the history. Migration has always had a preponderant part in the social, economic and cultural life of this small country. Malta's strategic position attracted powerful nations to its shores from Neolithic times, and Phoenicians, Carthagenians and Romans held sway over the island. The acceptance of Malta's application for membership in the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) in November 1962 was an important step to strengthen the migration process and with the cooperation of the members of the ICEM the Maltese migration process will be eased. The Maltese Government provides free services and assist financially all those who desire to emigrate. Other voluntary associations such as the Malta Catholic Emigration Commission collaborate closely with the government in handling all aspects of emigration. Emigration from Malta is directed mainly to Commonwealth countries including Australia, Canada and Great Britain, primarily because of custom, tradition and language.

The article discusses the development of professional standards for psychologists in Australia. The author believes that the growth of psychology in Australia should be of interest to British psychologists. He also looks into the wartime scarcity of trained psychologists as well as the maintenance of professional standards in Australia. He then points out that although the standard qualifications may be regarded by some as not sufficiently exacting and while perhaps the salaries are rather too modest, they represent a further step towards the building of professional standards for psychologists.

The article comments on several recent economic events of various countries. The Federal Reserve Bank of the U.S. announced it was raising the percentage of demand deposits which some 2,000 leading banks must carry as reserves. The Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee of the Australian Cabinet held talks in Canberra with a mission from Great Britain led by the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, George Thomson, on the economic and defense aspects of the review being made by Great Britain of her spending at home and abroad following devaluation. The Victorian stamp receipt duty of 1 cent on every $10 came into force. All businesses would be required to pay the tax as a flat rate duty on their receipts. Wages would be subject to tax, but it would not apply to pay packets of less than $20 a week, and pensioners and others receiving social service benefits would be exempt. The first Australian-owned regular overseas cargo shipping service will start in 1969 with the commencement of a fortnightly service between Australia and Japan.

The article presents news briefs on social policy matters from countries beyond West Germany. In Great Britain social security benefits were raised in most categories. A number of changes were made to existing social security legislation in the U.S. The number of unemployment compensation recipients increased in Australia. The Netherlands and Brazil reached an agreement on emigration.

The article presents communications and announcements for the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History and subscribers to the journal as of May 1964, discussing ongoing research and publications regarding the history of the labor movement. Announcements are given highlighting the pending research studies of several individuals including Fred Wells on union election fraud, Barry Stewart on the 1959 labor disputes in the Mt. Isa mines, and R. M. Pike on New South Wales state teachers. Mention is also given reporting on the cooperation of the sister-organization the British Society for the Study of Labour History.