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In a previous experiment the author investigated the influence of color on reactions to ink blots by a technique in which two independent groups of subjects were presented matched chromatic and achromatic blots. This technique was used to demonstrate that when the color variable is completely isolated it has measurable effects, which show up as group differences or trends in both the reaction time and the content of the conceptual responses. But such a technique employing independent groups for chromatic and achromatic blots has serious limitations from the point of view of providing a solution to the major experimental and clinical problems in this area. From the standpoint of experimental design, a technique based upon independent groups can yield measures only of group trends, it cannot provide a valid method of measuring the effect of a given variable upon a particular individual's reactions. Measurement of the specific effect of a variable, like color, upon particular individuals is strictly possible only if each subject serves as his own control; comparable chromatic and achromatic data for each subject must be provided.

This article presents information on a study on the plasma changes in skin diseases by paper chromatography by researchers F. kaiz, P. Telner, J.H. Quastel and S.F. Van Straten. This was a reprint of a paper read at the Tenth International Congress of Dermatology in London in 1952.

The first part of this paper is a response to several recent critiques of labelling theory. The second part assesses the State of the evidence on the labelling theory of mental illness. The majority of the studies reviewed support the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses mechanisms that can assist local government in meeting health responsibilities that have so far not been well met. It is based on the experience of the Denver Department of Health and Hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to review applicable methods of measuring gingival inflammation in clinical studies and to make recommendations of those indices that might be most useful in future studies. Descriptive indices of gingival inflammation appear early in the literature and have still been used in studies as late as 1960. These are not included in this paper because they do not lend themselves to statistical analysis, and thus lack application to present-day studies.

This research was funded, in part, by National Institutes of Health grant No. 5-T01-GM-01526. An earlier version of this paper was presented to a symposium, Methodology in Sociology, jointly sponsored by the Methodology Section of the American Sociological Association and Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, June 10-11, 1970. The authors are especially grateful to G. William Walster for his helpful comments on the earlier version of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is our expectation that the Institute's Intercenter Research Program on Mental Health in Industry will frequently be concerned with problems of change such as described in this paper. As members of a ‘scientific’ society of which one of the principal features is an accelerating rate of change, we have a unique environment in which to investigate the impact of technological change on the organization of work and the individuals living in this relatively unstable social order. This study of some of the effects of the changing work environment in the office has provided us with an opportunity to begin the development of measures for quantitatively demonstrating (a) changes in the objective work environment, and (b) the relation of these changes to employee perceptions, attitudes, and anxieties. The findings of this specific study indicate that the introduction of electronic data processing equipment means a general tightening of the task structure of the office. Jobs require a greater amount of risk, a greater understanding of the total system, and a greater degree of interdependence. While employees working on jobs that are a part of this more highly integrated system of tasks are more satisfied with the amount of their job responsibility, the variety and change in their jobs, and the opportunity they have to develop and learn new things, they do not express increased satisfaction with their jobs as a whole. They are keenly aware that performance standards are now tighter than before, that these standards are more rigidly enforced, that there are more deadlines and these are more important than before. These office workers felt that top management not only expected more of them, but was less interested in them as individual employees than before the change-over to more integrated, electronically con- trolled, accounting procedures. Significantly higher proportions of these white collar workers believed their future looked somewhat worse, and they were worried about the possibilities of temporary layoffs or losing their jobs. The individuals-nonsupervisory and supervisory men-who had been at the very vortex of the extended and intense process of change-over to the new accounting systems showed evidence of more psychological and physical anxiety than for similar white collar groups in the nation. While automation in the office has meant further rationalization of the work environment and the clerical worker has become less satisfied in general with his job and company, this dissatisfaction has not been so intense as to cause these employees to be actively searching for other jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that one of the two most important and influential environments for the child is the classroom in which he lives during a part of each day. His relations with his teacher and with his peers are two major aspects of his school environment. This paper reports a research exploration of the development and maintenance of the classroom socio-emotional structure in a sample of 39 elementary classrooms. The paper also explores some of the mental health correlates of the child's position in this socio-emotional structure, which in turn suggest focal points for diagnosis of socio-emotional problems in the classroom situation and formulation of therapeutic strategy in working toward the improvement of classroom mental health. This brief discussion of teachers' behavior should not be construed to mean that the teachers involved in the study were "playing favorites." Rather, it is thought that teachers, faced with the task of teaching youngsters in classroom groups and necessarily having to maintain order to do so, must respond critically to disruptive behavior, and respond quite naturally with affection to little girls who seem to be asking for it and apparently getting little from their peers.

This paper deals with the role of the health department and more specifically the public health nurse in the care of the aged based upon a study of the sociomedical needs of old people in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on value differences and value consensus by socioeconomic levels in the U.S. The study of values among classes has been concerned chiefly with discovering variations and describing them in a context of differentiation. In a study by one of the authors conducted in a midwestern city, value differences and differences in evaluating occupations were examined. Specifically, socioeconomic status and ethnicity were analyzed for their impact on health knowledge, values, and practices, with emphasis on discovering variations in values, one set consisting of 14 desiderata, the second set consisting of 14 occupations. Each was designed to contain at least one item directly related to health and medicine, with most of the items, however, referring to other institutional spheres. The paper is concerned specifically with analyzing the rankings of desiderata and of occupations in terms of value differences, value consensus, and variations in consensus by socio-economic status. It was hypothesized that differential degrees of consensus would be manifested depending on the nature of the objects. The occupational rankings represent an important status ordering, they are fairly well standardized and represent the kind of public information necessary for operating effectively in American society.

This paper reports on the nature of the health research in progress at the University of Missouri. The concern of the paper is with physical health. It discusses the reasons for undertaking health research, the objectives of such research, and the methods used. Studies completed and in process are likewise reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the nature of the health research in progress at Michigan State University. The concern of the paper is with physical health. It discusses the reasons for undertaking health research, the objectives of such research, and the methods used. Studies completed and in process are likewise reported.

This paper offers an historical review, an assessment of the present status, and some indication of the immediate future of federal programs in the field of occupational health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the quality assessment literature, presents a study which compares five different methods of assessing quality of care, and proposes policy recommendations. Results are: (1) Most quality assessment issues are a century old. (2) The results of assessment of quality of care are dependent on the method used; therefore, more methodologic research is needed. (3) The use of lists of criteria, concerning what a physician does, to assess quality of care could result in decreased efficiency in the health system by requiring the performance of' ineffective procedures. (4) it is not certain that examination of the level of care rendered will increase the health Level of the population; therefore, any national program which assesses quality of care must be prospectively evaluated. (5) A quality assessment system must be concerned with both the population who received services at the institution, and the population who did not but for whom the institution is responsible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Journal of Health & Social Behavior" has reversed the cover page. The name of the journal is located on top of the page and the article titles and authors are located at the bottom. The modification was done because library racks often conceal journal titles printed on the bottom of the cover. A new type arrangement was made to improve the appearance of the inside pages. The rejection rate for papers submitted to the journal must remain high, due to page limits imposed. The number of manuscripts that discussed policy implications increased. Lastly, there are changes in the editorial staff and associate editors.

A method is described which combines the use of a replica of the skin surface and the chemical demonstration of sweat adhering to it. The illustration of the precise position of the sweat gland openings and the ease with which these are counted are the main advantages. Applications of this method in health and disease are reported. It is suggested that sweat collection from selected glands might be studied over a period of time using quantitative methods outlined in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wegener's granulomatosis is a clinical condition that may first present with the skin lesions of periarteritis nodosa and later develop symptoms referable to the upper respiratory tract, or the reverse may happen, as in my third case. Which ever may be its mode of presentation, it is very important that, where skin lesions are present, the nose and throat be thoroughly examined. Both sites allow careful and detailed observation to be made of the progress of the disease. If Wegener's granulomatosis is constantly in the back of one's mind when making a differential diagnosis of the condition with diffuse lesions, it surely must be treated earlier, and, in consequence, with greater success. The aids to diagnosis are biopsies of the skin, muscle and granulomatous lesions of the respiratory tract. The E.S.R. is invariably high, the albumen-globulin ratio is reversed, and the gammaglobulins are raised. The treatment of choice is a cortisteroid drug. If, however, there is excessive destruction of the midline facial tissue, then radical surgery, irradiation and a corticosteroid should be employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examine the influence of variations in outpatient clinic control structure on physician' perception of conflict in there teaching and three community hospital pediatric clinics. In previous work, professional control has been equated with autonomy, or freedom from hierarchical direction. Defining controls as freedom to direct clinic policies and staff, the authors found:(1) higher levels of both physician and total staff control in community than in teaching hospital clinics; (2) higher levels of control associated with indepented with lower levels of coflict;(3) no relationship between physician autonomy and either the independent or dependent variables. It is suggested that control facilitates the staff coodination that is essential to patient care in ambulatory clinics, and that community hospital clinics provede a more favorable environment for the exercise of control by clinic staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes several experiences at the University of Chicago in the governance of health and other human services in urban low-income black communities. From these experiences it derives principles for the governance and the administration of such systems. These principles emphasize community ownership and authority through a structure often employed in other human service systems, the board of directors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an overview of the development of services for the aged in Great Britain and suggests parallels with the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of individuals or groups to new areas or countries poses complex problems for both the Immigrant and the community. The authors of this paper cast the process in the prevention-intervention framework and offer a model for activity in six key areas-income management, health, housing, education, leisure-time activities, and citizenship-by which the integration-absorption crisis can be successfully resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that animals exposed to the stress of extreme cold have an increased need for ascorbic acid. The objective of this paper is to present the relationship between ascorbic acid plasma levels and gingival health as studied in men exposed to the stress of wintering over in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year, 1957-58. Gingival tissue was selected as an indicator of tissue health, since it seems to reflect ascorbic acid deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with developing a means of studying social action, rather than attending only to structure. A county self-survey of health conditions is used as a test case. Certain assumptions and questions are specified and the flow of action is abstracted. On this basis, a model is developed. Five analytical components are seen: (1) convergence of interest, (2) establishment of an initiating set, (3) legitimation and sponsorship, (4) establishment of an executing set and mobilization of community resources, (5) fulfillment of a "charter." Each component is presented and discussed in some detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an annotated selection of materials from the United Nations System related to population, health, food, environment, economics, society, social policies, human rights, education and science. The information includes reports of governments on seizures carried out, problems raised by world population trends and implementation of treaties on narcotic drugs.

This article focuses on psychological findings in a case of Von Recklinghausen's disease hyperpituitarism. The material reported in this paper comes from observations of the subject, psychometric techniques, and a physician's report. W. M., a white male, the youngest of three boys, was born September 30, 1943, and was twelve years and three months old when he came to the attention of the writer. At this time he was 68 inches tall and weighed 220 lbs. The physical appearance of the siblings is also noteworthy. There is a fourteen year old boy who stands 6'2" and weighs 160 lbs. The oldest boy is 6'2" and weighs 215 lbs.

This article discusses the personality of the adult obese woman. The general purpose of the overall project is the formulation of personality indices which would distinguish overweight women from ideal weight women. Obesity was defined as an excess of weight over the ideal expected for height, sex, and build between the ages of 25 and 30. Ten per cent above and below the average was allowed. Desirable weights were obtained from tables issued by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The subjects were volunteers in a Boston experiment sponsored by the Chronic Disease Division of the United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Massachusetts State Health Department.

Evaluation of health programs is a basic need if their impact is to be determined and to make sound decisions for future action. The papers presented in this group on evaluation deal with the problem from different viewpoints: from that of the executive branch, from the legislative angle, in terms of a specific program and on the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviewing the U.S. immigration policy from the first movement toward restriction in 1838, Walter L. Treadway concludes in the October issue of the periodical "Scientific Monthly," that opinion has always favored excluding the mentally and socially unfit. Examinations at ports of arrival and penalties imposed on steamship companies have been partially successful in keeping them out; but no machinery can reach doubtful cases or those who possess latent qualities for injury to community or nation! welfare. Mexicans and Irish appear to contribute by far the largest proportion of mental disorders. At present the only cause for deportation after acceptance is the becoming of a public charge within five years, but other social tests should be devised and used to determine desirability for citizenship or permanent residence. The death rate for Negro infants and children in this country is from two to three times that of white children, though it is now showing a greater decrease. Determining factors in this high rate are the low wage earning power of the family, lack of organized health agencies and ignorance of parents. It is aggravated in the South by the rural character of the population and in the North by instability and lack of adjustment.

The article presents information about some materials from the United Nations System which are related to population, health, food and environment. Some of them are reports of the Symposium on Population, Resources and Environment which is based on resources and environment; population and human settlements; impact of technological innovation. The article also has report on modern management methods and the organization of health services which is related to relevance of modern management technology to the delivery of health services and management problems encountered by countries. The articles provide concise reports on conventions related to food, health, technological innovations, population and many related topics, covered by the United Nations and its specialized agencies.

The article presents information on the research paper "Therapy of Lymphogranuloma Inguinale With 7218," by C.D. Alergant published in "British Journal of Venereal Disease." Seventeen cases of lymphogranuloma inguinale treated with 7218 are described, and the author concludes that, while the drug is therapeutically active, toxic side-effects prevent it being regarded as a useful addition to the pharmacopoeia.

This article presents a clinical study on dermatomyositis by researcher J.M. Borda, J. Abulafia and S.G. Stringer. This paper gives the clinical findings and course of the disease in 13 patients.

The article introduces a study concerning the illnesses of children from birth to 18 years. The children involved in the study consists of 67 boys and girls who constitute the Maturity Series of the Harvard Longitudinal Studies. The children were followed from birth until they reach their 18th year. Its primary objective is to analyze the children's illnesses experiences in total and by separate categories. The data of the study are reported for both number of illnesses and score of illnesses, as defined for total childhood or those illnesses that occurred from birth to 18 years.

The Spanish-speaking villagers of the mountain valleys of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, isolated for centuries from outside influence, have retained a folk medical system which, at times, is at odds with that of the "scientific" medical community. The concept of good or normal health is basically equated to that of "adequately functioning" in one's age-sex role. The common criteria for identification as healthy are: (1) a high level of physical activity, (2) a well-fleshed body, and (3) the absence of pain. A basic purpose of this paper has been to define in detail the culturally specific elements of these criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents various abstracts related to the field of human health and behavior. The first one is "Sociological Aspects of Aging," by Howard E. Jensen. The author stresses the disparate, though complimentary, biological and sociological problems of aging. The aging of an individual, as a sociocultural phenomenon, is defined not by physical deterioration or by time but by the value system of his society. The author points out that the simplest part of the sociological problem of aging is to ascertain the objectively determinable physical needs of the aged and to provide for them. The next abstract is "The Sentence Completion Test As a Predictor of Continuation in Psychotherapy," by E. Wesley Hiler. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Michigan Sentence Completion Test as a predictor of a patient's prematurely terminating therapy. Another abstract is "Decision-Making in a Mental Hospital: Real, Perceived, and Ideal," by Mark Lefton, Simon Dinitz and Benjamin Pasamanick. This paper attempts to examine the decision-making process in a small, institute type of psychiatric hospital in terms of differences in real, perceived and ideal influence patterns of 53 mental health specialists.

In many scientific investigations, it is desired to bring together, or link, two or more documents which represent the same individual, even though these documents do not contain a unique identifier and were derived from different sources. In medical and public health research and elsewhere, this problem is known as the document linkage problem. This paper considers some aspects of classifying pairs of documents into one of two populations when their items are identifying information, where each item of information can take on three distinct values correct, incorrect or missing. Section I identifies three document linkage problems. Sections 2 and 3 deal with the mathematical formulation of the multivariate document linkage problem. Section 4 gives the classification procedure and Section 5 deals with the application of the theory to a problem in the field of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes a report on the possibility of an association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, with emphasis on statistical and methodological aspects. The Report represents a tremendous sifting, by a large group, of an enormous literature into 387 pages, and this review will confine itself to a brief summary of its contents and an assessment of its major conclusions, with emphasis on statistical and methodological aspects. Chapter 1 reviews the evolution of interest in the possible deleterious effects of smoking and the procedures for the establishment of the Committee. Chapter 2 describes the operation of the Committee through its subcommittees, consultants, etc. Chapter 3, "Criteria for Judgment," discusses the epidemiologic method. It remarks statistical methods cannot establish proof of a causal relationship in an association. The causal significance of an association is a matter of judgment. To judge or evaluate the causal significance of the association between the attribute or agent and the disease, or effect upon health, a number of criteria must be utilized, no one of which is an all-sufficient basis for judgment.

This article discusses research comparing the incidence of impacted teeth in Chinese and Caucasian dentition. Data from oral roentgenograms, or x-rays, indicating the prevalence of tooth impactions within these racial groups are tabulated. The relationship between this research and the risk of diseases such as osteomyelitis is explored.

This article presents information on social class and illness. That Great Britain displayed class differences in illness rates at least as late as 1951 was shown by a national survey. Here sick persons were relatively more numerous in the two lowest income brackets than in the other three. Moreover, the number of illnesses displayed even steeper inverse association with income; and days incapacitated as well as the number of medical consultations also showed linear inverse relationships with income. One must qualify any conclusion reached on the basis of a 1947 study in Newcastle upon river Tyne that the overwhelming majority of diseases, including tuberculosis, were not related to the social class of parents. This study referred to the first five years of life; and it must be noted first that over the five years, 53 per cent of the original class I families were lost to the study, compared to 33, 22, 23, and 13 per cent, respectively, of the other classes arranged in descending order. Most of the attrition resulted from moving outside of the region; quite conceivably, the families that moved contained the healthiest children.

A consumer-demand or subjective-value approach to valuing government health activities is recommended. The human-capital valuations generally used in cost-benefit analysis are unrelated to peoples' preferences and, therefore, irrelevant to political decisions. A number of important policy conclusions emerge from applying the suggested principle that government activities be valued on the basis of what people would be willing to pay for them: Beyond programs to aid the poor, government health efforts should be restricted to overcoming deficiencies in the operations of the private marketplace; that is, to regulatory actions, control of infectious disease and environmental pollution, and aid to biomedical research. Free services provided to the poor should be justified by the willingness of the nonpoor to pay for them. Thus, the preferences of the nonpoor are important in designing optimal poverty programs. Under present circumstances, direct money transfers to the poor seem preferable to further increases in poverty medical programs. The value of existing programs could be increased by giving more weight to what the poor want instead of what medical experts say is most important for their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from a national longitudinal survey of residential mobility in U.S. metropolitan areas, the analysis suggests that for both males and females moving, whether voluntary or involuntary, decreases formal organizational participation, has little effect upon informal social relations either within or outside the neighborhood of residence, relatively small impact upon how respondents perceive their neighbors, and little effect upon the extent of alienation, unhappiness, suspected mental disturbances, and poor physical health. However, recent residential mobility experiences have a marked effect upon the mental health of females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correlation analysis was used to assess the similarity between mental health need priority systems set up under the Community Mental Health Centers Act, and priority systems developed using a simplified scheme of mental health indicators. Data came from Community Mental Health Centers State Plans for six Southern states. Results indicated that the simplified. scheme provides adequate replication of the priority systems. Hence, time and effort need not be expended on elaborate schemes for developing priority systems (or sets of mental health indicators for research) unless it can be demonstrated that they have superior validity. A second implication developed from the data concludes that sets of techniques, like other procedural systems may, if not evaluated, tend to be perpetuated when in fact they should be replaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]