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An examination was made of the effects of low-temperature acclimatization on the fatty-acid composition of the polar lipids of two chill-sensitive species Gossypium hirsutum and Phaseolus vulgaris which harden readily against chilling injury. As controls, the effect of hardening temperatures on a chill-resistant species, Hordeum vulgare, and a chill-sensitive species, Episcia reptans, which did not harden were also investigated. The degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids associated with the phospholipid fraction increased during hardening of Gossypium hirsutum and Phaseolus vulgaris. Furthermore, the degree of unsaturation and weight of phospholipids decreased in the leaves of these species with increase in physiological age at 25° C and was related to the increased susceptibility of older leaves to chilling injury. The acclimatization treatment produced no effects on the fatty-acid composition of the glycolipids of these plants and this agreed with earlier observations which showed no increase in unsaturation of the total leaf fatty acid on hardening (Wilson and Crawford, 1974). Therefore, in leaves, it was the phospholipid fraction alone and representing only 22% of the total leaf fatty acids that had its degree of unsaturation positively related to the chilling tolerance of the species investigated. These findings are discussed in relation to similar ones made on the acclimatization of animals to low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a hundred compounds and natural materials were examined for their ability to induce arthritis in rats when mixed with heat-killed delipidated Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Many of these materials were also assessed for (CMI) adjuvant activity by their ability to induce allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats when mixed with guinea-pig spinal cord, both with and without added M. tuberculosis. Cyclization and/or the presence of oxygen atoms, or double boiids reduced (or abolished) the arthritogenic potential and adjuvanticity of alkanes>C10. Esters/ triglycerides of fatty acids > C12, retinol acetate (not palmitate) and vitamins E and K showed co-arthritogenic and adjuvant activity. Other active lipids included squalene and cholesterol oleate, which are both present in human sebum. Sebaccous lipids may therefore perhaps function as natural adjuvants if resorbed during abrasion and infection. Squalane (perhydrosqualene), pristane and hexadecane were excellent substitutes for mineral oil in preparing arthritogenic adjuvants from various mycobacteria, C. rubrum and N. asteroides. These oily compounds were also very effective adjuvants per se, in the absence of bacterial material or emulsifier, for inducing EAE in Lewis rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration and fatty acid composition of lipids from the sixth to third-second week of gestation has been measured in human fetal tissues. The data found show that the lipid concentration and fatty acid composition does not vary significantly during these stages of development. However, more palmitic acid and less linoleic acid is detected in fetal adipose tissue than in that of the mother and this relationship does not change in the immediate postpartum period. The results suggest that fetal lipid metabolism is well established early in gestation and that the concentration of lipids increases in proportion to the rate of growth of the fetal organs and cell structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in lipid and fatty acid composition of pine needle chloroplasts were determined upon transfer of the trees from outside (-5°C) to 32°C. Within 7 ½ hours after transfer, conversion of a portion of digalactosyldiglyceride into monogalactosyl diglyceride was observed. This portion consisted of a conjugate with extra long chain fatty acids (cerotic acid, 26: 0, and C20-cyclopropane fatty acid). Only minor further changes in lipid and fatty acid composition were observed. Dehardening of the needles occurred within the same period. The data support the hypothesis that the degalactosidation reaction specifically depends on the fatty acid composition. The extra long chain fatty acids may link different sub-units of the chloroplasts and may contribute to an additional layer of H-bonded water on the membrane surface because of the increased exposure of the galactose groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two breeding lines of “zero‐erucic‐acid” rapeseed (Brassica napus) were grown in climate chambers at a constant night temperature (12°C) and constant photoperiod (16 hours) but with different day temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C). Samples of leaves, siliques and immature seeds were analysed for total fatty acid pattern. The content of different acyl lipids and the fatty acid pattern of these lipids were also determined in some of the samples by use of preparative TLC followed by GLC of the fatty acids. The mature seeds produced by ten plants of each selection in each climate were analysed separately for total fatty acid composition. Mono‐ and digalactosyl diglycerides (MGDG, DGDG) were the predominant acyl lipids in leaves and siliques. In developing seeds they also were more abundant than the phospholipids, but in this case the neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerols, contained about 95% of the total fatty acids. Large variations were found in the fatty acid composition of monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride, isolated from leaves, siliques and immature seeds. The palmitic acid content of leaf MGDG was about 15 %, atypically high for MGDG from photosynthetic tissue. The linolenic acid content of the MGDG was about 45 %, 30 % and 10 % in the leaf, silique and seed tissues respectively. A hexadecatrienoic acid (16: 3) was found almost exclusively in the MGDG samples of leaves, siliques and immature seeds (about 25 %, 10 % and 3 % 16:3 respectively). The lipids of siliques — mainly photosynthetising tissue — were different from those of leaves and had especially high contents of stearic acid (6–12 % in the different lipids). For all lipid classes studied, leaves grown at the lowest day temperature had a slightly lower oleic and higher linolenic acid content than those grown at the highest temperature. On the other hand, increasing the day temperature caused a decreased level of oleic, an increased level of linoleic and an essentially unchanged level of linolenic acids in the mature seeds from both selections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composition of lipids of the forehead, nose surface, and contents of sebaceous follicles of the nose is reported for subjects whose flora is predominantly C. acnes I or C. acnes II. No differences in any of the parameters examined could be attributed to the group of C. acnes which the subjects carried. The extent of triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis was a function of the lipid extraction site with nose follicles > nose surface > forehead surface, but there was extensive subject-to-subject variation at each site. The fatty acid composition data showed that the free fatty acid (FFA) pools were higher in saturated acids and lower in unsaturated acids than were the remaining TG pools. This difference in fatty acid composition cannot be attributed to specificity of hydrolysis by C. acnes. The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that hydrolysis of sebum TG by microbial lipase(s) gives rise to FFA, which cause follicular irritation leading to acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of lipid dependent yeasts in the hydrolysis of triglycerides in human skin was investigated by selective antibiotic therapy and monitoring of the lipid composition and the microbial flora in healthy volunteers. The yeast density was reduced with topical amphotericin treatment. In the presence of high populations of Corynebacterium acnes, lipid composition was unchanged. When C. acnes was also inhibited by systemic demethylchlortetracycline, triglyceride hydrolysis was reduced to very low levels. The aerobic cocci were not implicated in lipid hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic bacteria were excluded as a major source of lipases when it was found, in a previous study, that their virtual eradication by topical neomycin did not lower the free fatty acids (FFA) in scalp lipids. We now report the reciprocal experiment in which an oral tetracycline was used to suppress the anaerobic organisms. Nine healthy adults received 600 mgm of demethylchlortetracycline (DMCT) daily for 6 weeks. During this time we followed the composition of scalp lipid by thin layer chromatography and the densities of C. acnes, aerobes and yeasts on scalp and forehead. Six subjects had high initial levels of C. acnes. In these the FFA fell from 43% to 23% with a more than 99% reduction in the density of C. acnes. In three who initially had insignificant quantities of C. acnes the FFA were at the start only 25% and did not decline with treatment. The density of the aerobic population was not affected by DMCT owing to development of resistance. Yeasts were also unaffected. The finding that the FFA were proportional to the level of C. acnes suggests that these organisms are the chief source of lipolytic enzymes. The FFA levels began to decline earlier than the density of C. acnes. This might be explained either by enzyme inhibition or by bacteriostatic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of the sebaceous gland to total caloric deprivation was studied in 18 obese patients undergoing fasts for periods of four to eight weeks. Sebum production was measured in 11 of the patients and was found to decrease in each individual, with an average reduction of 40%. Diminished secretion usually occurred by the fourth week but was sometimes seen as early as one or two weeks. The composition of the sebum, analyzed in 14 patients, was also altered, and this could be detected as early as five days after the onset of fast. The qualitative changes in surface lipid consisted of a reduction in the amount of triglyceride fatty acids, wax esters, cholesterol and cholesterol esters but with no significant alteration in the amount of squalene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerobic microflora of the scalp, predominantly cocci, was virtually eliminated by the daily application of 1% aqueous neomycin for one month. This was done to test whether these organisms are an important source of the lipases which liberate fatty acids from the sebaceous triglycerides. This treatment had no effect on the proportion of free fatty acids in the surface lipids as determined by thin layer chromatography. The follicle-residing anaerobic C. acnes, was not attacked by neomycin and the yeast-like fungus P. ovale increased somewhat. The percentage of free fatty acids in any individual's sebum before and after treatment was positively correlated with the density of C. acnes. The latter organism is probably mainly responsible for lipolysis of triglycerides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal cells were obtained from human skin epidermis by trypsinization and exposed to acetate-1-C14 while maintained in a variety of culture media. Maximum amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into all lipids when a complete medium was used. Acetate-C14 proved to be a more effective precursor than glucose-C14. Saponifiable lipids were converted to their methyl esters, which were resolved according to unsaturation, using silver TLC, and then by GLC. A portion of each ester was condensed and its radioactivity assayed by scintillation counting. Another portion was degraded to find the per cent of activity in the carboxyl carbon. Long-chain acids, with 20 carbons or more, were found to be heavily labelled, with high specific activities, with the exception of 20:4. The distribution of radioactivity did not alter greatly with time. The specific activities of long-chain acids increased several fold with time. Data on carboxyl carbon activity suggested the operation of a de novo synthesis of saturated acids to C16 and a stepwise elongation of C16 by C2 units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new structure of a lipid and its covalent linkage to a protein (murein-lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane) is described. Glycerylcysteine (S-(propane-2',3'-diol)-3-thio2-aminopropanic acid) at the N-terminal end of the polypeptide chain is the attachment site of two ester-bound fatty acids. An additional fatty acid is bound as amide to the N-terminal group. The diglyceride residue on the cysteine could be derived from the phospholipid pathway since the fatty acid composition is very similar to that of the phospholipids from the same cells. In contrast, 65% of the amide-linked fatty acid is palmitate. The main fatty acids are palmitic acid (53%), cis-vaccenic acid (20.7%), 9,10-methylene-hexadecanoic acid (10.6%) and palmitoleic acid (9.4%). The structure of glycerylcysteine was established by chemical degradation of the compound containing the fatty acids, by incorporation studies of [35S]sulfate, [35S]cysteine, [14C]cystine, [methyl-³H]methionine and [2-³H]glycerol and by chemical synthesis. Glycerylcysteine was isolated as a constituent of the peptide (Ser)-Ser-Asn-Ala-Lys. The C-terminal part of the lipopeptide sequence overlaps with the N-terminal end of the known sequence of the polypeptide chain. Its N-terminal position was confirmed by isolation of the N-terminal polypeptide fragment (position 1-31) after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. This contained the lipid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The walls of Nocardia kirovani are composed of three main constituents: the peptidoglycan matrix, a polysaccharide polymer and a variety of free and bound lipids. The free lipids represent 17.5% (dry weight) of the walls and consist for the major part of C16-18 fatty acids and nocardic acids, and for the minor part, of nocardones, triglycerides and carotenoid pigments. The nocardic acids were identified as tri- and tetra-unsaturated, α-branched, β-hydroxylated compounds C58H110O3--C66H124O3, the nocardones as tri- and tetra-unsaturated ketones C57H106O--C63H118O, and the main carotenoid pigment as phlei-xantophylle palmitate. Esters of glycerol with C14C16C18 fatty acids and, for some of them, with odd numbered poly-unsaturated acids containing 35 to 45 carbon atoms, were also identified, Bound lipids represent about 20% (dry weight) of the walls and consist mainly of nocardic acids probably ester-linked to an arabinogalactan polymer. The peptidoglycan (about 40% dry weight) is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-glycolylmuramic acid disaccharide units that are substituted by diamidated L-Ala-D-αGln-(L)- A2pm-(D)-NH2 tripeptides and diamidated L-Ala-D-αGln-(L)-A2pm-(D)-NH2(L)-D_Ala tetrapeptides, where A2pm is meso-diaminopimelic acid.Crosslinking between some of the peptide units is mediated through D-Ala-(D)-A2pm linkages (peptidoglycan of ehemotype I). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Deacylation of phosphatidylcholine by the lipolytic acyl hydrolase enzyme in homogenates of potato tubers was stimulated by endogenous free fatty acids in the homogenates. 2. Partially purified enzyme preparations were inactive in the absence of surface active agents. 3. The fatty acid-stimulated enzymic deacylation of phosphatidylcholine showed a pH optimum between 5.5 and 6.0 and was reversed by bovine serum albumin. 4. Free fatty acids were more effective than other lipids and surface active compounds studied. 5. Long-chain cis-unsaturated fatty acids were most effective. 6. Enzymic hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine showed a similar stimulation by free fatty acids but hydrolysis of lyso-phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyiglycerol, phosphatidic acid galactolipids or monoglycerides was not stimulated. 7. Similar stimulation by linoleic acid of the enzymic deacylation of membrane-bound phospholipid was observed and found to be prevented by bovine serum albumin. 8. Electron microscope studies suggested that free fatty acids had a marked effect on the physical state of phosphatidylcholine in aqueous dispersions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of lipopolysaccharides derived from Salmonella and Escherichia coli S and R mutant strains were tested for toxicity and anticomplementary activity in the absence of added antiserum. Although all preparations were toxic, only a few exhibited high anticomplementary activity, while others proved to be of low or negligible activity. It was found that isolated lipid A from both active and reactive lipopolysaccharides was strongly anticomplementary as well as toxic, when made water-soluble with the aid of suitable carriers. Treatment of R form lipopolysaccharide with Mg2+ or Ca2+ led to complete precipitation of the lipopolysaccharide with consequent loss of toxicity and anticomplementary activity. This treatment had practically no effect on the anticomplementary activity and toxicity of S form lipopolysaccharides. When lipopolysaccharide, after reaction with complement, was reisolated and purified, the resulting preparation was found to be non-toxic and of negligible anticomplementary activity. No detectable alterations in either the sugar or the fatty acid composition could be detected. The only significant change was the loss of solubility in water. Treatment of the reisolated lipopolysaccharide with EDTA completely restored solubility m water, toxicity, and anti-complementary activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The cleavage of the β-ester bond of the phospholipids in the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum by phospholipase A increases the permeability of the membranes for calcium whereby the ATP driven calcium storage is abolished. The activity of the calcium dependent ATPase remains unimpaired. The splitting products of the phospholipids which are composed of unsaturated fatty acids and prevailingly saturated lysolecithins are firmly attached to the membranal protein. They are removed from the protein by bovine serum albumin. The calcium dependent ATPase activity and the phosphoryl-transfer from ATP to the membranal protein are abolished thereby. 2. Unsaturated fatty acids restore the phosphoryl transfer reaction and the calcium dependent ATPase. Lysolecithin restores the ATPase activity nearly to the same extent but the phosphoryl transfer reaction is not reactivated. The accumulation of calcium is not restored either by unsaturated fatty acids or lysolecithin. 3. The calcium dependent ATPase reactivated by fatty acids is more sensitive towards prenylamine than the ATPase reactivated by lysolecithin. Prenylamine is bound to the vesicles activated by fatty acids whereas the vesicles reactivated with lysolecithin do not bind the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifies acylglucoses as major components of the soluble lipids of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium smegmatis and bacillus-calmette-guerin, grown in the presence of glucose. Mass spectrometry of the methylated lipids; Periodate oxidation; Esterification of fatty acids to position six of the glucose.

The "Quacking" mouse in a mutant which has an inherited disease involving the process of myelination in the central nervous system. Fractionation of brain lipids and fatty acid methyl ester analysis of each lipid isolated have been performed. No qualitative abnormalities have been detected, either in ethanolamine, serine and choline phospphoglycerides, or in cholesterol. Proof has now been obtained that the considerable reduction in long chain fatty acid (C24), occurs in cerebrosides, sulphatides (where they are normally major constituents) and in sphingomyelin. Long chain hydroxylated fatty acids are comparatively less diminished than non-hydroxylated one. This metabolic defect, detected in all the sphingolipids that contain this type of fatty acids could be in favour of a mutation related to fatty cid elongation which is very important at the time of myelin formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different strains of Brucella abortu, strain 1119 and strain Scherle II, were grown on solid media; strain 1119 was harvested after approximately 70 h, strain Scherle II was harvested at different ages of the culture up to 72 h. The "free" total lipids were extracted and from these the neutral lipids were prepared and analyzed. The following results were obtained. Strain 1119 contains 4.5% free lipids of bacterial dry weight. Strain Scherle H contains decreasing amounts of free total lipids from approximately 6 % to 1.4 % as the age of the culture increases. On a weight basis the free total lipids of strain 1119 contain 8.1 % neutral lipids. The neutral lipids of strain Scherle II decrease from more than 60% to approximately 24 % (of free total lipids) with increasing age of the culture. The amount of phospholipids, however, remains comparatively constant (in relation to the percentage of total lipids) with increasing age of the culture of strain Scherle II. The results indicate that polar lipids other than phospholipids accumulate as the age of the culture increases, but there is no net storage of lipids. The neutral lipids of strain 1119 contain approximately 30% (on a weight basis) of ubiquinone-50 (corresponding to 1.2 μmoles/g bacterial dry weight). Strain Scherle II also contains uhiquinone-50, but in amounts demonstrable by thin-layer chromatography only after an age of 36-38 h. Ubiquinone-50 has hitherto been found only in a few bacterial species, while most bacterial species contain lower isoprenologs of ubiquinone. The neutral lipids of strain 1119 contain 51 % (on a weight basis) of diglycerides, consisting of the 1,3- and the 1,2-isomers. In strain Scherle II only 1,2-diglycerides were found. The component fatty acids of the diglycerides of strain 1119 consist of approximately 55% (on a weight basis) of C19 cyclopropane acid (lactobacillic acid). The lactobacillic acid/cis-vaccenic acid ratio is fairly independent of the age of the culture of strain Scherle IL. The amount of unesterified fatty acids is lower in strain 1119 (4.9 % of the neutral lipids, on a weight basis) than in strain Scherle II (49 or 67 %, according to the culture conditions). Both strain 1119 and strain Scherle II COhen probably small amounts of triglycerides, monoglycerides and long-chain hydrocarbons. The possible significance of the results in the classification of Brucella is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The phospholipids of rabbit erythrocytes were separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel HR and determined quantitatively by the molybdenum blue method. Prior to thinlayer chromatography phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl inositol were concentrated by column chromatograph. 2. The total phospholipid contents were 313 ± 27 amoles per erythrocyte and 289 ± 13 amoles per ghost. The proportions of the individual phospholipids of erythrocytes in moles % were 36.3 of phosphatidyl choline, 32.6 of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 15.7 of sphingomyelin, 12.4 of phosphatidyl serine, 1.6 of phosphatidic acid, 1.3 of phosphatidyl inositol, and <0.1 of lysophosphatidyl choline. The same distribution was obtained in ghosts with the exception of a significantly higher concentration of sphingomyelin. 3. The fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, ceramide trisaccharide, and sphingomyelin was analysed by gas-liquid chromatography after the lipids had been fractionated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. 4. For identification of the fatty a acids, their methylesters were isolated on silica gel G-silver nitrate plates according to degree of saturation. 5. Typical of sphingotipids were the tow concentration of linoleic acid, the absence of arachidonic acid, the presence of lignoceric acid and the very high concentration of nervonic acid. 6. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were hydrolysed by phospholipase A (ophiophagus hannah) in order to analyse the fatty acid distribution of the two positions. In position 1 of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine the saturated fatty acids amounted to 83.6% and 65.6%, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid and linofeic acid, also occurred in position 1. These acids were the main components in position 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘Quaking’ mouse is a recessive autosomal mutant characterized by a deficient myelination of the central nervous system. The disease is recognized at about the twelfth day after birth and reaches its full expression by about three weeks. The animal has an unsteady gait and a marked tremor of the hind quarters; epileptic fits are induced by sensory stimulations at the adult age. This mutation apparently involves the process of myelin formation; there is no evidence of destruction. The analysis of brain fatty acids and lipids was undertaken to find out if the myelin deficiency involves an inborn error in the metabolism of one of its major constituents. ‘Quaking’ males aged from seven to ten weeks were compared to apparently normal litter-mates. At this stage, myelination is achieved. Brain lipids are diminished, especially galactolipids. Qualitative modifications of cerebrosides, sphingomyelin and sulphatides have been detected by mono and two dimensional thin layer chromatography. The proportion of long chain fatty acids (especially C24) is greatly diminished, as shown by gas chromatography. This is true for both cerebrosides and sphingomyelin. In conclusion, the long chain fatty acids of galactolipids and sphingomyetin are considerably diminished in the ‘Quaking’ mouse. Whether it is a cause or a consequence of myelination deficiency remains to be proved, although the importance of the alteration is in favour of the first hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the lipids of the fat body of Locusta migratoria showed that approximately 97% are triglycerides and 2-3% diglycerides; free fatty acids and phospholipids were present only in small amounts. In the hemolymph, diglycerides and phospholipids were the major lipid components; free fatty acids were present in very small amounts, triglycerides were absent. The concentration of the diglycerides in the hemolymph was found to increase with the age of the locust and during sustained flight; the phospholipids remained constant. The concentration of the free fatty acids in the tissue and hemolymph was also increased during flight. When fat body tissue was incubated in vitro with [1-14C]palmitate, the acid was incorporated into the di- and triglycerides of the tissue. The specific activity of the diglycerides was at least 50 times higher than that of the triglycerides. When prelabeled tissue was transfered into a medium containing hemolymph, diglycerides were released into the medium. The amount of diglyceride released was dependent on the time of incubation and on the amount of hemolymph which was added to the medium. Although the amount of diglycerides which was released, was greater than their concentration in the tissue, the amount of the latter did not change. However, their specific activity was very markedly reduced. When the fat body tissue was prelabeled in vivo and the specific activity of the di- and triglycerides was identical, the specific activity of the diglycerides was not reduced during diglyceride release. When fat body tissue of locusts after flight was incubated with [1-14C]palmitate, incorporation of the acid into the diglycerides was very markedly reduced. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of glucose to the medium. When prelabeled tissue of locusts after flight was incubated in hemolymph obtained from the same locusts, diglycerides and free fatty acids were released into the medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipids of Corynebacterium ovis (strain B1/50) were successively extracted by petroleumether, ethanol-ether (1:1, v/v) and chloroform. The bulk of the petroleum-ether extract consists mainly of sodium corynomycolate together with sodium salts of C14, C16 and C18 fatty acids. Some triglycerides and free fatty acids were also detected. Isolated from the ethanol-ether extract were: hydrocarbons, palmitone, free corynomycolic acid, a small amount of free corynomycolenic acid and a peptidolipid fraction. The phospholipid fraction contains a mixture of closely related compounds, having about 3.5% P. By hydrolysis, they are split into lipid components (50-70 % of the initial products; mixtures of C16 and C18 fatty acids and corynomycolic acid), and water soluble components (glycerol, glycerophosphoric acid, inositol, arabinose, and small amounts of amino acids). Complex substances, soluble in ether, having a high content, of phosphorus (3.2 to 4.5%) were isolated from the chloroform extract. All of them contain glycerol, along with ethanolamine and sugars (glucose, galactose, arabinose, and a fast moving unidentified sugar) in one case, and with amino acids (chemically bound) in two other cases. Moreover, one third of the chloroform extract, is made of a fraction (10.8% N and 1.3% P) insoluble in ether, which gives, by hydrolysis, 19% of lipid components and a polypeptide containing all the usual amino acids; the structure of this last fraction is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid depletion of berseem seed treated with 100 mg/I gibberellic acid or maleic hydrazide was studied during germination. During the first 3 days after germination there was little lipid consumption but thereafter the depletion of lipids was rapid. Gibberellic acid was found to enhance the lipid utilization of total lipids and triglyceride components during germination. On the other hand, maleic hydrazide reduced the utilization of triglycerides of the germinating seed. The rate of utilization was rapid for unsaturated fatty acids and slower for saturated ones in treated seeds as compared to untreated seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipids of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus consist of approximately 3.6% hydrocarbons (including carotenes) and sterol esters, 11.8% triglycerides, 4.2% free fatty acids, 10.6% sterols, 15.1% chlorophylls and xanthophylly, 29.9% glycolipids, and 6.5% phospholipids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol appear to be present and phosphatidylcholine is absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]