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This paper presents the basics of digital logic operations, discusses the functional operation of electronic circuits which accomplish these operations and analyzes the operation of complexes of these circuits which may be used for counting, timing, and amplitude registration of the phenomena of interest in psycho-physiological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precursor of counting, the ability to point out each member of a set once and only once, was examined in 58 children aged 211-4 years. Performance was positively correlated with age and with ability to count and was negatively correlated with the number of items (3-9) in the set. The effect of arrangement of items depended in part on their similarity. This performance is thought not only to underlie counting but also to measure attention span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is presented for determining the diameter of wool gravimetrically by using fibre snippets instead of full-length fibres. A quantity of the snippets is weighed and then counted with an electronic particle-size analyser (a Coulter Counter). The average length of snippets is obtained by measuring the length of a small random sample. The product of the average snippet length and the number of snippets present in the weighed sample provides an estimate of the total length of the weighed snippets. Hence their mass per unit length can be calculated, and, if the fibre density is known, the r.m.s. diameter can also be determined. For continuous-filament nylon, the method gives excellent agreement with diameter values obtained by a conventional gravimetric technique. For combed wool, the snippet gravimetric diameter is always less than the projection-microscope diameter, corrected to r.m.s. Some of this difference is attributed to reentries in the wool-fibre surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the possibility to prove any general statements about historical facts. The absurdity of counting incongruous things is brought out in the old story of the army contractor who offered to supply pies composed in equal proportions of rabbit and horse. On the contrary a valuable method of counting unequal objects, namely stars, was introduced by the ancient astronomers, Ptolemy and Al Sufi. They first graded the stars into six classes according to their conspicuousness and afterwards counted the number of stars in each class. Modern astronomers still use refinements of Ptolemy's method. Sorokin's measure of an internal disturbance, such as a civil war, is a geometric mean of four estimates of its importance depending severally on its social area, its duration, its intensity as indicated by the amount of violence and the number of sociopolitical changes and the numbers of people actively engaged. When a student, unfamiliar with the detailed events and discussions, has read an authoritative summary of why any particular war occurred, he is likely to feel that events could not have happened otherwise. On the contrary, when one takes a comprehensive list of wars and analyzes it by a suitable technique, a familiar statistical distribution appears and thereby calls attention to the random and chance aspect of events. The method of analysis can be explained by its application to Wright's list. Wright lists four of the largest wars both as wholes and as parts. The parts were preferred, because that choice made the wars less unequal in size. A list of calendar years was prepared. Each war was taken in turn and a mark was placed against the year in which it began. This distribution of years can be fitted with a formula named after S. D. Poisson, a French mathematician who published it in A.D. 1837.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the aspects of the problem: the economics of the numbers game. The problems that exists in the underprivileged areas of the U.S. have been studied and analyzed by social scientists in the hope that understanding their background may help supply some solutions. One of the problems that falls into this category, a product of the hopelessness and emptiness prevalent in the lives of people living in the slums, is that of illegal gambling. Millions of dollars of federal money are poured into urban areas to be spent on welfare, employment, and training. In turn, the poor divert millions from their incomes into illegal gambling, primarily into the numbers game, into the purchase of narcotics, and into paying exorbitant interest rates to loansharks. Directing and controlling all these activities is the organized criminal syndicate. If America is concerned with poverty, then it must also be concerned with organized crime for the urban poor are the principal victims of it. Today, the primary source of funds for organized crime is through illegal gambling. Gambling profits finance the other major interests of organized crime, including narcotics, prostitution, loansharking, bootlegging, and labor racketeering.

The article discusses the two acts involved in counting. The act of detection depends on the nature of the thing or event that is to be counted. The presence of a thing affects the physical properties of the space that includes it, and the results gathered by any presence-detecting devices. It notes that counting activity requires refinement in the logical decision element between zeroness and oneness. On the other hand, mechanical counting methods frequently involves conversion of a back-and-forth motion into a rotating motion.