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Information about several papers discussed at the 11th Congress of Association Internationale de Psychotechnique at the Conservatoire national des Arts et Metiers from July 27 to August 1, 1953. Topics discussed include the psychology of work, clinical psychology, and vocational guidance. The conference featured several speakers including L. S. Hearnshaw, R. Nyssen, and R. Meili.

This article discusses psychological types and changes with age. A considerable quantity of observations concerning retests, self and supplementary-estimates, psychiatric estimates, discrepancies; discrimination of the given estimate as relating to true inborn type or admired type or imagined type or overt type; ambivalence and overlying factors like emotions, all part and parcel of so-called clinical experience, have been discussed in a separate paper. One thousand subjects in age groups from 10 to 80 with equal incidence of each sex have been tabulated in various relations and reported in other papers. The persons observed were unselected, the questionnaire being offered wherever opportunity was found.

The article focuses on research papers of clinical psychology. It informs that the same definition of research was applied in culling these journals; papers were included in the survey if they presented systematic investigation of a specifically described group of subjects and the derivation of normative or comparative data from psychometrics, case histories, or therapeutic interviews; or analysis of administration, scoring, and interpretation of a given instrument. It further informs that it is necessary to recognize, however, that changes in editorial policy of certain of the journals have resulted in the acceptance for publication of a larger number of shorter papers.

This article reports the results of a pilot study that sought to merge two lines of scientific approach. Brief paper and pencil psychobehavioral assessment was completed on subjects to determine whether the psychobehavioral variables could differentiate between high and low risk subjects and subjects with previous documented myocardial infarction from those who are still healthy. Specifiable measures of behavior and coronary risk status appear to be related. Furthermore, a basic pattern of interpersonal recall was associated with coronary risk status.

The article discusses some of the major implications of the developing area of objective psycho-diagnostics that were selected for special consideration and for the bearing they have for some of the research papers appearing in 1955. The antecedent probability, or base rate, of a given characteristic in the general run of clinical cases being seen is of crucial importance in determining the efficiency of a cutting point on any score distribution. Since these values will fluctuate from installation to installation and undoubtedly from time to time in any given clinical agency, the test producer cannot provide this additional information for the individual clinician in the use of a diagnostic device.

This article focuses on quantification on the Eight Card Redrawing Test (8CRT). The 8CRT is an attempt to answer this problem of quantification. The 8CRT consists of eight interrelated drawings, each a development of the immediately preceding one. Transparent paper is used so that the subject sees the immediately preceding figure as he draws over it. In this way change can be observed on a continuum. Group administration is just as effective as is an individual administration and does not decrease the projective nature of the test.

This article discusses research in the field of clinical psychology. In view of the great need for knowledge of a factual nature in the field of psychotherapy, it is encouraging to find that the frequency of research reports concerned with objective evaluation of the effects of psychotherapy remains high. H.J. Eysenck's recent provocative summary should prove challenging rather than discouraging to clinicians and should operate to enhance collaborative investigation by psychologists and psychiatrists who need to demonstrate the evidence which underlies their subjective convictions that psychotherapy is a socially useful function in which to be engaged.

The article presents a discussion on the reflection hypothesis, proposed by psychologist Carl Rogers. Rogers defined reflection as a type of response to the client in which the counselor tries to understand from the client's point of view and to communicate that understanding. To test this hypothesis, an investigation was made on the responses made by clinically trained and untrained people to hypothetical counseling situations via pencil-and-paper methods. Findings suggest that clinical skills have been shown to be considerably more than a simple extension of knowledge of interpersonal relations possessed by any reasonably intelligent and emotionally mature person. This appears to be the case at least insofar as one testable notion about therapy, namely, reflection, is concerned.

The article presents a rational analysis of certain concepts and their associated phenomena of clinical and applied psychology. Catinuum is unuiterrupted extent such that adjacent parts which are barely difierentiable in space or in a spatial model exhibit the same class character but when parts are sufficiently non-adjacent they exhibit different class characters. The catemenison is a dimension which is indicated only by a set of ordered categorical phenomena. It informs that it seems that the catscale technique is applicable wherever rating scales or tests are applicable.

The article reports on figure location in student and patient samples. Clinicians frequently attribute projective significance to the page location of drawings. Karen Machover interprets left placement as self orientated, while the right of the page signifies the environment. The top is related to optimism, and the lower portion to depression. The results of this experiment contradict the hypothesis that productions of geometric figures evoked in relatively unstructured situations have potential for differentiating populations varying across several parameters. Fifty hospitalized veterans and 47 college students were instructed to draw horizontal and vertical lines, a circle, square, and triangle on standard white bond paper. With the exception of the circle placement, the groups show marked similar preference for utilization of the upper left portion of the page. The importance of common learned behavior in limiting the range of "dynamically" determined choices is discussed.

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The article focuses on age and a group test battery as predictors of types of crime. Age and a group test battery were used to predict types of crimes committed by offenders, classified according to offense as classified into three groups: crimes against persons, crimes against property, and paper-and-pencil crimes. The data were analyzed by a stepwise discriminate function regression analysis. The cases were classified correctly into the three groups by the tests, when compared to actual crimes committed better than would be expected by chance.

This paper gives a short review of the literature on the syndrome of alternating two-day cyclic behavior changes. An illustrative case presents the life history, clinical findings and test results of a 42-year-old male with a history of two day cyclic behavior changes, including a comparison of two Rorschach records administered at a five-day interval on a "bad" and a "good" day. The comparison covers productivity, utilization of original intellectual endowment, ego strength, affective life, social adaptation, aggression, feelings of insecurity, and intellectual viscosity.

This article discusses context effects in judgment as a function of experience. Since many of the classical phenomena of psychophysics have been found in all areas of judgment, there is every reason to assume their existence in the processes of clinical judgment and to hope that their further investigation here will lead to the refinement and improvement of clinical prediction. This paper is concerned with those shifts or distortions in judgment which can be produced by altering the context within which the stimulus appears.

The purpose of this paper is to present an illustrative case study written up following the systematic method for evaluating all possible factors "organizing personality integration" developed by this author in his outline of principles of psychological examining. The rationale of the method is based on a general theory of personality integration which postulates that a principal problem of diagnosis is to identify and evaluate the various levels of factors organizing behavior by relating the interactions of sub functions to the organization of personality as a whole. Behavior may be interpreted as reflecting the attempts of the organism to maintain itself at the highest possible level of organization depending upon the harmonious and sell-consistent interactioning of all lower level supporting functions.

The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on the problems of report writing and to attempt to increase interest in the experimental study of clinical reports. With these objectives, the approaches to the improvement of clinical writing which have already been used will be reviewed. In the conduct of his diagnostic duties the clinical psychologist invests a substantial portion of his time in the preparation of psychological reports. Whether such investment of time, and indeed whether the time spent in diagnostic testing is justified, depends upon the effectiveness with which the psychologist is able to communicate his findings.

The article informs that the selection and validation of criteria to measure psychotherapeutic experience are important problems in current research. In an increasing number of studies the utility of psychological tests as guides to selection of suitable patients for psychotherapy is being investigated. Although the validation of such tests rests, to a large degree, upon the adequate measurement of the success or failure of the patient's therapeutic experience, insufficient research has been directed towards this area. The present paper reports on an empirical investigation of the relationship between the manner in which therapy is terminated and length of treatment and training and experience of the therapist.

This article discusses frustration, anger and hostility states. The purpose of this paper is to propose a classification system descriptive of a group of pathological states characterized by acute or chronic frustration-anger-tension-aggression reactions. In contrast with the anxiety-tension states which have been well described in the literature, relatively little attention has been given to behavior reactions characterized by anger. These anger reactions range from infantile rage reactions responding to restriction of movement, through childhood temper tantrums to adult rage reactions of homicidal degree.

This article focuses on an alternate form of the Series Completion test. The Series Completion test, requires that the subject form abstractions from visually presented problems and use these abstractions to complete a series. Since practice effect on this test may play a role in repeated testing, as, for example, in follow up studies of electro-convulsive. shock or prefrontal lobotomy in which several testings may be given-an alternate form has been developed, by use of which it is hoped to tap the same abilities now measured by Series Completion I. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the alternate form, Series Completion II, and to present tentative norms for the evaluation of results.

The article reports on Masculinity-Femininity scales. Masculinity-Femininity "scales," abbreviated MF, are found in several widely used psychological tests including the Strong Interest Blank and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the rationale for defining M F and to summarize the two statistical studies of it. There are two procedures possible in constructing an MF scale. One may either weight a given number of responses in such a way that they maximally discriminate the sexes, or one may search for entirely new responses which, when so weighted, will give some optimum discrimination. MF may be derived as the continuous variable which best represents the discrete variable, Male-Female. The mathematical problem of abstracting any test scale has a unique solution once the pool of discriminating responses has been chosen.

The article reports that one of the major clinical developments of the past decade has been the attempt to derive methods of personality diagnosis from the scatter and proffle analysis of psychometric data. Following the initial reports suggesting that scatter and profile might have differential diagnostic significance, many clinical psychologists attempted to interpret psychometrics according to the new-found "signs." Unfortunately, subsequent research has failed to confirm the validity of these diagnostic signs. The present paper represents an attempt to evaluate the rationale of scatter and profile analysis of psychometric data with specific reference to published research on personality diagnosis with the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale for Adults.

The article describes briefly the Personal Inventory, its derivation and validation. The Personal Inventory is a group test, which presents a standardized psychiatric interview in pencil-and-paper form. Its items, which are of the forced-choice type, are based on case-history dissimilarities between psychiatrically undesirable and normal military personnel. The inventory comes in two lengths, a Long Form comprising a 145-item booklet with separate answer sheet, and a Short Form of 20 items printed on a single page.

Handwriting is a spatial- temporal activity. It represents a fixed expression of space and motion. Like hypnotism, graphology is being removed from the parlor and included in the professional's kit as a psychodiagnostic tool Little research in this area has been done in the United States although it has received a great deal of attention in Europe. This paper explores the possibility that certain deviations from norm may indicate the presence of dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent project offered an unusual opportunity to relate psychological tests and experiments to personality changes. The patients who improved in the course of this project showed decreases in anxiety and complaints according to both the psychiatrist's evaluation as well as that of the psychologist, based on inventories of anxieties and complaints commonly expressed by mental patients. Further, 38 tests yielding 73 scores were administered to 32 of the patients involved in this project, and the intercorrelation of these 73 scores was computed. Thus, evidence is available as to the interrelationships of these scores, and the data may be investigated to see how well the separate scores reflected the changes in the improved patients. The Rorschach Test was included in this extensive battery, and scores derived from it were included in the correlation matrix. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the results obtained with these scores and their relationship to the other scores derived from the various tests and experiments comprising the psychological battery.

The article highlights on absolute and relative figure drawing size in institutionalized orphans. Orphans, irrespective of sex, draw significantly larger figures and objects than do non-institutionalized children. Relative size comparisons within each group, such as, size of mother as compared with the father, teacher and self did not differ significantly from each other. Thus, figure drawings of significant missing persons in the life of the orphans are not drawn any larger, than either the self or a person with whom the child has daily contact. Additionally, neither orphans nor normals drew the same-sex parent as larger.

The article presents a study, which aims to explore attitudes via social distance toward groups with varying degrees of acceptance. Nonverbal bodily cues, such as facial expression, orientation, posture, and distance, reflect attitudes as surely as verbal behavior, according to recent experimental evidence. The less the distance a man maintains from another person, the more positive is his attitude towards him. Actual interpersonal spatial behavior has been mirrored in paper-and-pencil figure placement tasks.

This article analyzes the responses of business executives and mental hospital patients on the ideological survey. This study investigates ideological composition in institutionalized psychiatric patients characterized by vocational inadaptability and general existential failure. Empirical experience indicate that inadaptable people tend to subscribe to defensive ideologies rationalizing their failures. In particular, the Rand-Branden position postulates an ideological syndrome characteristic of "The Disabled Man" as cited in an earlier paper describing the rationale of construction of "The Ideological Survey."

The article focuses on the usefulness of a particular approach to Rorschach perception. The present paper replicates researchers R.S. Steffy and W.C. Becker's findings dealing with specific Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) scores and in so doing used an exit sample which permitted the determination of the correlations after some degree of remission had occurred. The sample was composed of 48 men under 59 years of age who left the hospital on trial visit or discharge with maximum hospital benefit after treatment for schizophrenic reaction.

The article describes clinical differentiation of patterns of distractibility in children. Although it is possible to make approximations only on children functioning within the method is believed to be useful because many of these children are judged untestable by formal methods and because in many child evaluation or guidance clinics a number of them are likely to be seen during the period of a year. Distractibility has ordinarily been treated as an undifferentiated symptom in the literature of clinical psychology dealing with children's behavior problems. Yet the differentiation of types of distractibility would seem to offer a new approach to the problem presented by the child who is untestable.

This article focuses on psychological findings in a case of Von Recklinghausen's disease hyperpituitarism. The material reported in this paper comes from observations of the subject, psychometric techniques, and a physician's report. W. M., a white male, the youngest of three boys, was born September 30, 1943, and was twelve years and three months old when he came to the attention of the writer. At this time he was 68 inches tall and weighed 220 lbs. The physical appearance of the siblings is also noteworthy. There is a fourteen year old boy who stands 6'2" and weighs 160 lbs. The oldest boy is 6'2" and weighs 215 lbs.

The article presents an account of the book "The Clinical Application of Projective Drawings," by Emanuel F. Hammer. The book presents a series of papers by 11 distinguished authorities in the field of projective drawings with particular emphasis on clinical applications and illustrative protocols.

The article attempts to ascertain whether there are measurable differences in the symmetrical accuracy of Human figure drawings (HFD) of schizophrenics and nonpatients. The schizophrenic patients used in the present article were all recent admissions to a psychiatric hospital, while the nonpatients had no known psychiatric hospitalization. The HFD of the two groups were compared, and all five of the symmetry variables along with the total width of the drawing were related to the level of adjustment of the drawer.

The article presents an account of the book "Progress in Clinical Psychology," edited by Daniel Brower and Lawrence E. Abt. The book consists of section 2 of vol. 1 of a series reviewing progress in clinical psychology. This section consists of 21 papers discussing developmental processes, applications of clinical, psychology to special areas, approaches to clinical psychology, and professional issues in the field.

This article presents a psychologist's view on the legal status of the marriage counselor. Physician Walter R. Stokes quotes at length from physician John C. Whitehorn, president of the American Psychiatric Association, and gives Whitehorn's objections to the licensing of clinical psychologists and other non-medical therapists. These objections consist essentially of the points that non-medical therapists are not legally qualified in their diagnostic and therapeutic functions, that they should perform only an auxiliary function to psychiatrists, and that medical competence is needed to safeguard the psychological treatment of patients. Whitehorn's position in sum is an exceptionally opinionated one that is most prejudicial to clinical psychology and marriage counseling, and the fact that Stokes devotes almost one-sixth of his paper to quoting from without in any way disclaiming it would seem to imply that he is biased in the same direction as is Whitehorn. Stokes espouses the private practice of clinical psychology or marriage counseling if carried out by qualified persons in a supervised or teamwork relationship with psychiatrists and other physicians.

The article discusses the validation of the modified method of the detection of phenylketonuria which is called Guthrie test, based on a spore-containing lyophylized method substituted by hydroxyethyl cellulose for agar. It was found out that the large percentage of false results of the tests obtained are caused by the function of the amount of blood applied to the filter paper. Meanwhile, the storage of the lyophylized media at room temperature did not affect their reliability.

A paper on authoritarianism and men's reactions to sexuality and kindness in women is presented. Respondents are 64 college males divided into high and low authoritarians. They were made to see a silent movie with two scenes, one sexual and the other, a beautiful woman. The high authoritarian group viewed the star as more sexual than kindly. Further, they split sexuality and emotions in heterosexual behavior to a substantially greater degree than was assessed by low authoritarians. As contrasted with the low authoritarian group, the high authoritarians were likely to form unfavorable impressions of the star in which kindness and sexuality were not combined in one person.

An approach to the measurement of the self-concept, the "Who Am I Test," is presented. The theoretical rationale, administration, analysis, previous research, and clinical utility of the instrument are described. Case protocols are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study, which focuses on the diagnosis of psychoses. Perhaps no other branch of psychology currently stresses and strains associated with attempts to evolve appropriate function, chart a direction for future training, and usefulness to society to the extent to which they are profession of clinical psychology. The evidence based on an analysis of the content of articles that appeared in five journals commonly used by clinical psychologists as publication outlets quite convincingly points to the diminished role of the diagnostic function on the cone temporary American scene.

The article provides a case study on suicide and systematic desensitization. The present study described a multiple-therapy treatment of suicidal behavior in a 14-year-old female. This treatment involved the pairing of target stimuli with specific muscular states and systematic desensitization of reported disturbing thoughts. Target stimuli were introduced through the use of both photographs and imagery. The treatment successfully reduced the rate of suicidal gestures from a mean of 3 per month to .17 per month. The subject displayed no suicidal behavior during the last 7 months that data were kept.

The article highlights on concept identification (CI) and psychophysiological parameters in depressed schizophrenics as functions of Imipramine and Nialamide. Depressed, male, chronic schizophrenics participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Imipramine and Nialamide. The subjects performed on CI tasks, that varied in complexity. Concomitant measures of electrodermal activity were obtained. The results of the study revealed that both antidepressants facilitated CI performance, and there was a negative relationship between CI errors and spontaneous GSRs.

This article discusses the effects of stress resulting from academic failure. This study explored the effects of the stress induced by an academic failure situation upon young children. First, it was hypothesized that children would react to failure in an area which was considered to be important to them by manifesting a lowered opinion of their abilities, that is, they would show a drop in the self concept. Further, it was thought that they would feel that the significant persons in their lives would think less highly of them following such a failure experience. Thus, changes would be manifested in several aspects of the child's self concept.

This article examines one aspect of the use of a psychological test for recall of earlier periods in personal life histories. When such a test is employed for recollection of the past, validation may prove impossible and the question arises as to whether respondents have been able accurately to recall their experiences of earlier years. The specific psychological instrument considered here is the index of Psycho- physiological Disturbance, hereafter called the Index, which was administered to 262 wives of alcoholics in a research project conducted by the National Council on Alcoholism.

This article discusses the meaning and use of difference scores obtained between the performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and Vineland Social Maturity Scale. In order to determine d score cutting points for given risk indices certain characteristics of the scales must be known which cannot be readily ascertained for each sample independently. It is essential to have a reliability index for each of the scales to compute the necessary d values for given fixed risks for any sample of Ss. One must also have some understanding of the validity characteristics of the scales in order to make meaningful interpretations of the d scores which exceed any predetermined value.

This article discusses an empirically derived Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scale which measures facilitation-inhibition of recognition of threatening stimuli. To establish measurement characteristics of the scale, a sample not used in any steps in the development of the scale was selected. In order to obtain information about both odd-even and test-retest reliability, the sample selected was composed of protocols for 90 patients who had taken the MMPI at least twice as part of the hospital's diagnostic procedures. All protocols used had fewer than 40 of the 566 MMPI items unanswered.

The article describes the application of a scale for the objective assessment of process or movement in psychotherapy and reports the degree of reliability and validity found in a preliminary investigation. The present scale represents a refinement of the original scale based upon further analysis and study of additional therapy protocols. It seems apparent that satisfactory interjudge reliability can be obtained in using the process scale in its present form, and that ratings derived from it bear a meaningful relationship to other measures of successful change in therapy.

The article focuses on the experimental investigation of an apparent anomaly of perceptual function in a psychiatric patient. It gives an account of the application of the single case method in the opening up of a field of research in clinical psychology. The investigation results in drawing attention to, and providing confirmation of, one of Babcock's conceptions of deterioration, which has recently suffered some neglect. This is to the effect that cooperative psychotic patients may be very slow in the carrying out of cognitive operations without suffering much loss in the level of difficulty they attain when given sufficient time.

This article reviews in a critical way some of the validation studies which have been done on the H-T-P, but it does not evaluate the H-T-P or projective techniques in general. Researchers will present a brief statement of the nature of validity, inspect some of the studies which have appeared, and conclude by pointing out some of the ways in which such studies may be improved. Any discussion of validity must recognize that there is no such thing as validity without some qualification. No test or technique is valid except in the sense that it is valid for some purpose.