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One of the features that has distinguished industrial relations in Australia from those of other countries in the twentieth century has been the legally binding awards of industrial tribunals. These have occupied the place of collective bargaining elsewhere and the Australian peculiarity has usually been traced back to the great strikes and the defeat of the unions in the 1890s.1 Nevertheless, the events leading up to B. R. Wise's very successful arbitration act of 1901 have received only cursory consideration. The New South Wales Trade Disputes Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1892, which followed by three months Victoria's Councils of Conciliation Act of 1891, was the second such measure to be passed by any Australasian colony and as a pioneer ing and useful experiment should not be dismissed merely (in the words of William Pember Reeves) as 'an amiable and nicely drafted measure' and 'a not inexpensive piece of waste paper'.2 One line of Labour historians has seen conciliation and arbitration as a Labour achievement. George Black wrongly included it among the planks of the Labor Electoral League platform of 1891 which Henry Parkes promised to implement and he considered J. H. Cann's amendment bill of 1893 to be a Labor party bill, although in fact eight Labor members voted against it.3 L. G. Churchward asserts that the Labor parties provided the main drive for compulsory arbitration in the 'nineties,4 but it should be pointed out that not until 1898 did Labour as a whole press for compulsory awards. The other line of Labour thinking is exemplified by Brian Fitzpatrick who saw that, 'the arbitration system was of the masters' making, not the men's', and that the acts of 1892 and 1901 'were not Labor measures, nor did they necessarily owe much to the Labor Party'. Here the word 'necessarily' converts a precise into an unclear statement, and Fitzpatrick's account shifts uneasily between a denial of Labour paternity for the acts and an admission that Labour pressed for and influenced the legislation. Fitzpatrick did not distinguish between Labour's attitude to voluntary conciliation and to compulsory arbitration and he gave an erroneous account of the act of 1892 which later historians have repeated.5 In seeking the origin of the arbitration system in Australia almost infinite regression is possible. English practice and precedent came

Since the casting of alloy iron is usually a continuous rathc.r than a hatch process, the problem of composition caontrol rcsolvc~ itself into :L c~~~trol of the drifts in the concentration of the several alloying constituc~nts in ttlc Irloltcn iron in the furnace or cupola. If the drifts are to be maintained uithin n::rro:v limits of tolerance, the analysis system used must tncet several rtquircrnc3it~ The accuracy of the analysis must, of course, be adequate; spcrifically, the, uucortainty must be substantially less thrn t,he permissible Variation irl content. In addition, it is of vital importance that the elapsed time bctwt,cn the pouring of a sample of the iron and the posting of the analysis results should bc made as brief as possible; otherwise, a control of drifts is not provided and an inspection analysis only results. Por some years, the authors have been interested in the application of the spectrograph to routine control problems in iron and steel. Papers have been published elsewhere?,3 on the development of a spectrographic method of analysis and its installation at the plant of the Campbell, Wyant and Cannon Foundry Company, Muskegon, Michigan. The procecfurc permits thr nnalysia of a sample of cast iron for chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel nrld silicon in seven minutes elapsed time, while the accl!rucy exceeds that, of the routine chemical wet methods previously used. In the analysis procedure, spectra arc recorded on a photographic plate on glass sufficiently thin to accept’without fracture the curvature imposed by the spectrograph. The plate is processed, and, sinrr efforts to measurr tlcnsities on wet plates have proved uniformly ullsatisfactory, it is dried hefurc: the rcadinps are taken. Since the processing and drying of the photographic, plate was in;tially, and still remains, the most protracted optbrution of thf;tualysis ~chcclulr, the problem of rcclucing the time required has bt2c.n given consitlrreblr~ attention. It is thought that the technique dcvrloprd may be of interest to GpCctrnscopists and to others for whom rapid plate progressing is urgc>nt. IM;lilq of t hlb pro4ure are prcscnted below \Vhile the processing of any photographic plate may he Il;l

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction Several obscure diseases attack garden varieties of perennial delphiniums (hybrids and horticultural varieties of several species of Delphinium) and cause losses to seed companies, nurserymen, and growers. One of these diseases is particularly troublesome, sometimes causing delphiniums grown from seed to fail totally the second year. Some of the choicest seeds, requiring hand-pollination and bagging, are grown in California; and often these hybrid seeds, also selected for mildew resistance, are lost owing to this disease. Because the symptoms resemble those of California aster yellows on other host plants, an investigation was undertaken to determine whether this disease is caused by the virus of California aster yellows. In the course of the work on this disease, several other delphinium virus diseases and troubles resembling viroses were investigated. The reports of these investigations have been divided into six papers. The present paper is confined to the work with California aster yellows on perennial delphiniums. Experiments with two other naturally occurring viroses of perennial delphiniums are reported in the other papers of this issue (18), (22).3 The attempts to infect perennial delphiniums experimentally with other viruses are reported in a fourth paper (20). Two leaf variegations of perennial delphiniums resembling viroses but not infectious were encountered; these are reported in a fifth paper (19). Several of the virus diseases attacking perennial delphiniums affect also annual delphiniums, or larkspur (Delphinium Ajacis); the experiments with this host plant are published in a sixth paper (21).

Available data on statistics of wave height and period have been collected on the world sea areas and routes. The purpose of this paper is to establish tentatively standard family of wave spectra for prediction of wave bending moments in rough seas based on such wave data.Theoretical wave spectra originally proposed byNeumann, Darbyshire, Roll-Fischer and Pierson-Moskowitz were modified realistically to fit the observed sea states and compared with each other. Further, the comparative investigation was carried out on the standard deviations of wave bending moments of two ships in rough seas, which were obtained from those wave spectra and response operators.There are not so significant differences between the results obtained from those modified wave spectra. The results derived from modified Darbyshire spectra, however, have a tendency rather different from the others. Modified Pierson-Moskowitz wave spectra proposed by I. S. S. C. would be appropriate for short-term and long-term pridiction of wave bending moments in rough seas and acceptable as an interim proposal.

PpTHE GROWING dependence of the local public sector on intergovernmental aid and the current interest in new forms of aid to be directed to the development of slower growing regions, such as Appalachia, make an increased knowledge of the relationship between these intergovernmental grants and the actions of the local public sector of particular importance. Have these intergovernmental grants increased or decreased the activity of the local public sector? Is there a discernable difference in the impact of federal as opposed to state aid and in the impact of the programs among individual states? One method of measuring the effect of aid programs would be to consider the relationship between these transfers and expenditure levels.' In this paper, however, the focus is on the impact upon the proportion of locally received income disbursed to the public sector or local fiscal effort. Consideration of this particular relationship is useful because of the interest centered on local fiscal effort in the literature on intergovernmental relations. As intergovernmental aid is only one of the several factors which should bring about changes in the level of local fiscal effort, multivariate regression analysis is used to estimate the impact of all these factors. Before considering the details of the multivariate analysis, a review of the nature of the expected relationship between the local fiscal effort and intergovernmental transfers is useful. For lack of a better model let us assume that local governments complement the operation of the private market in providing goods which the private market cannot effectively handle. Attacking the problem in this framework means that the effect of an increase in intergovernmental transfers on fiscal effort can be thought of as the result of a combination of three factors: (1) the marginal evaluation by the community of the benefits of public consumption versus private actions concerning present or future private consumption and work effort or leisure, (2) the degree of legislated controls and restrictions over the use of transfers imposed by the donor jurisdiction, and (3) the institutional structure. Any community has available to it a package of state and federal aid programs. Some of these programs are tied to expenditure levels or require local matching as a prerequisite for participation. The community is able to purchase an additional amount of a specific public good at a discount. The actions of the community will reflect both an income and substitution effect. If the community chooses to increase its consumption of the cheaper public good, it will have to raise its fiscal effort. Other aid programs fall into a category of income grants that are not encumbered by matching provisions. It would seem reasonable to assume that a community would spend part of this additional income on public goods. In the process of making the remaining income available for private uses local fiscal effort as defined in this paper must be reduced. This means that aid has some positive effect on public expenditures, but some of the aid is used as a substitute for local charges. If more than one type of public service is being provided, adjustments may take * The author is Assistant Professor of Economics and Research Associate in the Bureau of Business and Economic Research at the University of Maryland. This research, undertaken while the author was at the University of Pittsburgh, was supported by Area Redevelopment Administration Technical Assistance Grant No. Co-6042. Computations performed at the University of Pittsburgh Computation Center were partially supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. G-11309. The author is indebted to Professors Harvey Brazer, George Break, Jerome WVells, George Green, and Alarina v. N. Whitman for their helpful criticism, and to William Duffy for his assistance in collecting data. 1 For some recent direct estimates of the effect of intergovernmental grants on the expenditures of specific types of jurisdictions see Edward F. Renshaw, "Note on the Expenditure Effect of State Aid to Education," Journal of Political Economy (Apr. 1960), 170-174; S. Sacks and R. Harris, "The Determinants of State and Local Government Expenditures and Intergovernmental Flows s of Funds," Nratio,tal Tax Jouirnal, (MIarch 1964), 75-85; and George A. Bishop, "Stimulative versus Substitutive Effects of State School Aid in New England," National Tax Journal (June 1964), 133-143.

Detailed discussions of mass reversal in the quantized field theory are given. The construction of the mass reversal operator M is possible and the explicit form IS given. It is shown that the mass reversal operation does not imply the hypothetical reversal of the sign of the intrinsic mass of the elementary particle, but the change of the direction of the intrinsic spin relative to the momentum for the spinor field. One result of this operation on the interaction Hamiltoman IS to forbid the mixing of the couplings with and without derivatives for the pion-nucleon mteraction. It seems natural to take the mass reversal as a new fundamental invariance (symmetry) prmciple other than those hitherto investigated. Several attempts have been suggested to explain the seemingly paradoxical facts between the copious productions of the new particles and their metastabilities by introducing the new quantum numbers as many as required. As the other approach to this problem, we may try to discover the physical laws from all the possible invariance principles in the framework of the present field theory and then determine which physical laws, accordingly which invariance principles, should be discarded and which ones should be reserved or generalized. It will be worthwhile for this approach to deduce the selection rules, which restrict the interactions among the new particles, from the investigation of the symmetry properties of physical laws with respect to mirage, charge-conjugation, etc., or to find out the superselection rules, as W atanabe1l has summarized in his review articles. In this respect the mass reversal recently proposed by Tiomno2> in c-number theory will be investi­ gated in detail in the framework of the quantized field theory. In Tiomno's paper, mass reversal is supposed to -reverse the sign of the explicit masses and the masses of boson field operators and to interchange the large components with the small ones for the spinor field. As the spinor field has no classical analogue and further the mass reversal does not hold in the classical mechanics, we cannot determine whether his opinion is allowed in c-number theory or not. However, if we attempt to pass from c-number theory into q-number theory with Tiomno's interpretation of mass reversal, there appear some ambiguities concerning the mass reversal for the spinor field. This situation makes us to take another interpretation of mass reversal for spinor field than Tiomno's. The charge conjugation is usually understood as the exchange of two real " charge

The average frequency spacing 〈Δfmax〉 between adjacent maxima of the frequency response curve between two points in a room is determined by experiment, theory, and Monte Carlo computation. In earlier papers it had been shown that, above a certain critical frequency, 〈Δfmax〉 is reciprocally related to reverberation time and not dependent on other room characteristics—disproving a belief that 〈Δfmax〉 is a useful measure of the acoustical quality of rooms. Theory predicts 〈Δfmax〉 = 3.91/T60, where T60 is the reverberation time. Monte Carlo computation gives 3.90/T60. Measurements in two very different rooms using a vacuum tube voltmeter for reading the sound pressure are in good agreement with these predictions. Measurements with a logarithmic level recorder give, as in earlier investigations, much larger values. The discrepancy cannot be explained by the level recorder's 0.5‐db quantization. This paper shows that: (1) The Monte Carlo method is a useful tool for solving complex problems in room acoustics. (2...

One of the previous papers by Coutts(1) in this series has directed attention to the value of the data obtained from what is now generally referred to as the perforated box experiment devised by the present writer and Raczkowski(3). In a further paper Coutts(2) has described an improved and simplified technique, which gives results that are either identical with the old method (pore space) or else related to them by simple linear expressions (water retention; volume expansion or “swelling”). As Coutts’ procedure is now being followed at Rothamsted, and is likely to be taken up by other workers, it appears desirable to record some hitherto unpublished data bearing on the technique of the method, obtained at Rothamsted some years ago by Prof. Ohga (S.M. Educational Institute, Mukden, Manchuria) and dealing with the effect on the results of the degree of packing to which the soil is subjected. The original method, followed by Coutts in its essential details, is to add the soil in small quantities, tapping the box on the bench after each addition, until the box is nearly full, at which stage the filling is completed in the manner described in the original communication.

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The fate of basal nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) enriched with 15N was investigated in the paddy field in 1969 and 1970. The paddy soil was relatively poor in organic matter, fine-textured and poorly drained. Rice plant was transplanted at two different times and was grown with two rates of basal nitrogen addition as previouly reported. The soil ammonium nitrogen derived from the basal fertilizer was more in the plots with the high rate of basal nitrogen than in those with the low rate. It decreased gradually and almost disappeared in every experimental, plot at the end of June. The fact above-mentioned was coincident with the results of a previous paper indicating that the absorption of basal nitrogen was finished in all the experimental plots at the end of June. The quantities of fertilizer nitrogen left in the soil after harvest ranged from 18 to 21 per cent. On the other hand, 22 to 27 per cent of the nitrogen was absorbed by rice plant. Therefore, the recovery of basal nitrogen was less than 50 per cent. According to the frequent determinations of the amounts of nitrogen absorbed by rice plant and soil ammonium nitrogen, it was assumed that ammonium formation in the soil had two maxima during the growing season -one, from the early to middle June and another, from the end of July to early in August.

The purposes of this paper are to introduce and contextualise my recent doctoral fieldwork research in Higher Blackley, North Manchester, England, and to discuss the difficulties in understanding and monitoring the fragmentation of the self in fieldwork (Coffey 1999:121). How do we deal, as ethical but also politically motivated human beings, with responses or actions which make us cringe, make us afraid, confused or unhappy? How do we reconcile our own moral, ethical and political perspectives with those of individuals who hold very different perspectives in the field? A Weberian tradition has legitimated research programmes that attempt to equate objectivity with an attitude of emotional disengagement, cognitive objectivity and moral indifference. When faced with anger, fear or depression, a sense of "passionate detachment" was often a desired state for me; however, it was a desire that proved to be part of the very fabric of fieldwork and a result of the "self" which I brought into the field. Through asking the question "Is a happy anthropologist a good anthropologist?" I will demonstrate that, in a rhetorical sense, this question opens up many avenues for elaboration and exploration, in attempts to better understand the world in which we may find ourselves during our fieldwork experiences.

AT the anniversary meeting of the Chemical Society held March 31, 1884, the President read an address to the Fellows, which contains a series of remarks upon the prosecution of original research in England requiring some notice, particularly as a separate issue of the address has been circulated by the author. Attention is directed to the fact that we have an increased number of laboratories in Great Britain1 A and greater facilities for the prosecution of research through the aid of the Government grant and the Chemical Society's fund. Notwithstanding this the startling and anomalous fact is to be observed that the number of papers read before the Society is declining year by year.

The paper uses a proposition-strategy-consequence analysis as a vehicle for presenting behavioral science findings in a form useful to the designer or administrator of a professional development system.

Plant and laboratory test data may often yield more information if modern statistical methods are applied to them.Some of the more elementary concepts are defined and their method of application illustrated. The paper is intended to introduce the subject to those who have not yet studied it.

In the previous paper (Nishiyama, 1952c), the writer presumed that the transparent fluid constituting a part of sperm-serum of a cock might be a fluid originated in blood. This experiment was performed by using isotope P32 to test whether this presumption might be true or not.The specific activity of the transparent fluid was higher than that of blood at 10 minutes after the intravenous injection of 0.8mc. of P32. A severe decrease in specific activity of the fluid was observed for six hours after the injection, and thereafter, the grade of decrease became much slower. There seemed no temporary increase at all in the decreasing curve of the specific activity. Moreover, the decreasing curve of the secific activity of the transparent fluid resembled considerably to that of the plasma.From these evidences, the writer believes that the transparent fluid is a fluid of blood origin.

With reference to Herbert S. Denenberg's study on the value of Best's general policyholders' ratings, the author develops models to predict a decline or maintenance in the ratings. He also uses the ratings as events to be predicted by two sets of accounting data-namely, statutory insurance company accounting data and the same data adjusted to historical cost data-thereby providing some empirical evidence concerning the relative merits of alternative accounting procedures. In a study1 published in 1967, Herbert S. Denenberg noted the importance of Best's general policyholders' ratings in serving as surrogates for the degrees of solvency of property-liability insurance companies. Because of the importance attached to those ratings by parties external to the insurance companies and by parties within the companies, it would be useful to be able to predict a decline or maintenance of the ratings. This paper describes the methodology and results of an empirical study which deals with the use of accounting data to make predictions concerning the maintenance or decline of Best's general policyholders' ratings. It also illustrates how the ratings can serve as events of interest, to be predicted in comparing the usefulness of two alternate sets of accounting data-namely, statutory insurance company accounting data and that same data adjusted to conventional accounting data-thereby providing some empirical evidence with respect to the controversy concerning the use of non-conventional accounting procedures by insurance companies. Nature of the Ratings The A. M. Best Co. assigns general policyholders' ratings to propertyliability companies. These ratings consist of six grades: A+, A, B+, B, C+, and C. In Best's Insurance Reports (Property-Liability),2 one can find a description of the principal factors used in determining the ratings: Philip J. Harmelink, Ph.D., is assistant professor of accounting at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He has authored articles appearing in accounting and tax journals. This paper was submitted in July, 1973. 1Herbert S. Denenberg, "Is 'A-Plus' Really a Passing Grade?" The Journal of Risk and Insurance, September, 1967, pp. 371-384. 2A. M. Best Co., Best's Insurance Reports (Property-Liability), vol. 7, Morristown: A. M. Best Co., 1970, xvii-xviii.

The threshold repeated stress (nominal) to develop crack at the root of a notch is different from the threshold one (nominal) to spread the developed crack. At the branch point these two kinds of threshold stresses become equal to each other. In steel, branch point has close relation with the yield point of the material. In this paper it is shown that, although annealed copper shows no definite yield point in tension, branch point can be observed in rotary bending test of notched copper specimens. At the branch point the fatigue limit expressed by the maximum stress at the root of notch is equal to the stress at which tangent modulus of fatigued material begins to decrease sharply. It is suggested that severely deformed zone at the root of notch, appeared before fatigue crack is formed there, plays an important role in the mechanism of fatigue crack propagation.

In [3] we gave a complete set of elementary axioms for the valued field of p-adic numbers. In this paper we show how the valued field F((t)) of formal power series over a field F (of characteristic 0) may be similarly characterized, if a complete set of axioms for F is known. This enables us to answer affirmatively (for the characteristic 0 case) the question of A. Robinson [14] whether the elementary equivalence of two fields F and F' (written F _ F') implies the elementary equivalence of the formal power series rings F[[t]] and F'[[t]]. At the same time we obtain the result that if F is a decidable field of characteristic 0, then F((t)) and F[[t]] are decidable. In particular, the rings R[[t]] and C[[t]] of formal power series over the fields R of reals and C of complexes are decidable. This answers a question raised in R. Robinson [17]. The decidability of C[[t]] may be contrasted with the undecidability of the ring of entire functions over C proved in R. Robinson [17]. To offset partially the impression to which this might give rise, namely, that analysis is intrinsically more difficult than algebra, we mention the result proved in ? 2 that the ring of germs of analytic functions is elementarily equivalent to C[[t]], and hence is also decidable. In ? 1, we prove the algebraic results necessary for ? 2. It is first shown that ultraproducts of abelian groups have a certain analytic property called Z-completeness. As a corollary, we then identify denumerable ultraproducts of Z-groups of cardinality ? 2o0. The Z-completeness property also enables us to prove that ultraproducts of L-fields have cross-sections in the sense defined in [2]. This result allows us to apply Theorem 2 of [2] to show that any two L-fields of cardinality < 2Ro with elementarily equivalent residue class fields have isomorphic ultrapowers. The applications mentioned earlier are all consequences of this result. In ? 3 we show that, for each of the theories we have previously shown decidable, there is an elimination of quantifiers. We also give a different

THE original cages used by us for rearing Glossina austeni were made of deal (coniferous softwood) by the local carpenter; the wood was left untreated. A precision wood-working firm was commissioned to make similar cages in large numbers. On their advice, mahogany plywood, exterior grade, was used, and the cages surface-sprayed with a melamine resin which would seal the wood against absorption of faeces and facilitate the washing of dirty boxes.

The slogan "Down with nonbehavioral objectives" has dominated and still dominates educational research in this country. It is taken to mean that the goals of instruction shall be stated in terms that command agreement as to reference by all who use them. Presumably, goals defined in terms of overt behavior are most likely to meet these criteria. However, it seems to me that objectivity rather than behaviorality carries the basic import of the slogan. For, primarily, the motive of the slogan is to exorcise the evils of fuzziness and idiosyncracy from subjective judgments. Accordingly, language behavior (usage) that employs only terms unambiguous in reference, whose total meaning can be made explicit, would also satisfy the intent of the demand for "behavioral objectives." In this paper I shall so construe the slogan, and my objections will be aimed against the demand for total explicitness as well as against the stricter demand for overt behavioral equivalents of all terms used in educational research.

This work was undertaken to study the application of the S.E.M. observation of papers, particularly specialty papers.The S.E.M. provides the informations on the shape and form of pigments, the fibrillation of fibers, and the surface of synthetic papers, coated papers and specialty papers, etc..By attaching the tension apparatus to S.E.M., the author have observed the behavior of coated layer during stretching of the specimens, and also have observed the stripping motion of fibers of the base papers.The S.E.M. combined with energy dispersive X-ray analyser could be used for the qualitative or semiquantitative analysis of the pigment or filler distributions on the coated papers and fibers.

Small-signal behavior of unipolar currents injected in semiconductors or insulators is theoretically studied. The one-dimensional problem of plane-parallel electrodes is considered. Analysis neglects diffusion but takes into account carrier mobility field dependence, ionized impurities, and trapping. Arbitrary boundary conditions are assumed. The present theory describes the small-signal response by a set of four complex quantities recalling the Llewellyn-Peterson coefficients for vacuum tubes. The present paper represents a generalization of previous results obtained by Yoshimura in the following respects: new physical phenomena (hot carrier effects and trapping) are taken into account, and new applications of the derived coefficients are suggested. This paper also contains a brief comment on physical situations and devices that can be studied by the present theory, paying particular attention to high-frequency negative-resistance devices.

T " nHAT the New Zealand economy is based upon agriculture' is evidenced by the fact that agricultural products normally contribute between 60 and 70 per cent of the total value of national production, and also by the fact that products of pastoral farming alone usually constitute more than nine-tenths of the value of the dominion's exports. It is, therefore, only natural that the New Zealand railway system2 should be intimately related to the country's agricultural activity. Indeed, a large part of the railnet was built, either in response to the needs of farming, or in order to encourage agricultural development. Today, rail traffic provides a useful means of assessing the flows of farm products and farm supplies in New Zealand, and the nature of this traffic is a reflection of the character of agriculture in various parts of the dominion. The interrelationship between the railways and agriculture is made closer by the dominance of railways in New Zealand's internal freight transportation. In the years since the end of the Second World War, New Zealand's railways have carried approximately five times the tonnage handled by coastal shipping. Highway competition is severely restricted by law. In areas where rail service is available, trucks are generally limited to hauls of 30 miles or less. Exception is made in the case of fat lambs, which are permitted truck journeys of as much as 50 miles in competition with train service. As a result of these statutory provisions, trucks rarely haul goods for distances of more than 30 miles, and railways seldom carry freight over shorter distances. Considering the importance of agriculture in New Zealand, and the close relationships between farming and the New Zealand Railways, it is not surprising that haulage of agricultural products and supplies amounted to more than a third of all net ton-miles of freight transportation service rendered by the railways during the period covered by this study. Detailed traffic data are not available for all agricultural commodities and supplies, and this analysis is necessarily limited to traffic in the most important types of agricultural products and supplies hauled by the railways: livestock, dairy products, wool, frozen meat, wheat, agricultural lime, timber, fuels, fertilizer, and miscellaneous manufactured goods. This study is based largely on traffic data compiled by the railways for I In New Zealand, a distinction is made between agricultural and pastoral activity. The term agriculture is used in this paper in its broad and generally accepted sense. 2 The railway system here considered is the New Zealand Government Railways, which make up practically the entire railnet of New Zealand. In addition, there are a few short, private lines which feed timber, coal, and other bulky goods into the government system.

Following a publication in Berichten des Deutschen Wetterdienstes No. 38 p. 416 the present paper ourlines a method for the approximate solution of the quasistatistical and quasigeostrophical basic equations in an arbitrary baroclinic atmosphere taking into consideration the normal boundary conditions. Certain influence functions are calculated for a standard atmosphere by means of a relaxation method, in these calculations it is assunied that the inhoniogenius term of the differential equation is equal to unity at one grid point and disappears at all the other. The solutions permit us to determine the reaction of the atmosphere to a point source perturbation and calculate its horizontal and vertical range. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01054.x

The purport of this short paper is to describe in as few words as possible the technic of a nephropexy which has satisfactorily suited my cases for more than three years. In the multiplicity of procedures practiced by surgeons and in the many relapses that occur some prominent internists find reasons to discontinue altogether operations for the relief of floating kidney. It is safe to assert that there is no drug or external support that cures a case of this order, while even the simplest fixation by operation relieves many of them. Since applying the technic here described there have been no recurrences. Floating kidney is no longer a border line disease; it belongs to the field of surgery. A brief survey of its pathology is overwhelmingly convincing of the demands on surgery for its treatment. Let me make it clear that a kidney should not be insulted by an

* The author is associate professor of history in the University of Michigan. 1 The standard treatment of British strategy in this period is in J. W. Fortescue, History of the British Army (13 vols. in 20, London, 1899-I930), III, chaps. xvi-xx. This work is invaluable for reference, but its judgments are few and not always sound. Much of the source material for a study of British plans is in Benjamin F. Stevens, ed., The Campaign in Virginia, 1781: An Exact Reprint of Six Rare Pamphlets on the Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, etc. (2 vols., London, I 888). The most valuable part of these volumes is the correspondence between Clinton, Cornwallis, and Germain, from May of I780 to December of 178I. Despite the editor's diligence, the correspondence is incomplete. A number of important letters are still in manuscript among the Sir Henry Clinton Papers in the Clements Library of the University of Michigan (cited hereafter as CP). A study of the Yorktown campaign, based on these papers, appeared in 1931: Randolph G. Adams, "A View of Cornwallis's Surrender at Yorktown," American Historical Review, XXXVII (October, I93I), 25-49. The article is an excellent survey of British planning in the final months; it was written before the Clinton Papers were fully catalogued, however, and contains a number of misstatements and misinterpretations.

In view of the fact that the chemical changes taking place in the formation of vitamin D on irradiating ergosterol remain still unexplained, it was hoped to obtain some information on the nature of these changes by a study of the monomolecular surface films on water of some of the best defined fractions of the mixture of products formed. The technique employed in the measurements of the films, as described by one of us in various papers (Adam, 1926, 1; 1926, 2; 1928), consists essentially in obtaining substances in a layer, one molecule thick, on the surface of water, and measuring the area per molecule and its variation on compressing the film laterally. The simplest way of regarding the molecules in the films is as small boating objects, adhering to each other laterally by their mutual attractions, and adhering individually to the water.

Science is the process of seeking unity in the diversity of natural phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that group theory brings unity to the theory of elementary particles. The prime motivations are first, to find a quantitative representation of the Lorentz transformation, and second, to find a quantitative representation of angular momentum. Since both of these have continuous parameters, groups with continuous parameters, particularly Lie groups, are of interest. The first portion of the paper develops the definition of Lie groups and their associated Lie algebras. The prerequisite definitions of transformations, groups, group representations, and continuous groups are given. The second portion of the paper presents illustrations to support the conclusion that group theory brings unity to elementary particle theory. The major examples are spin and angular momentum of a particle.

La primera parte del trabajo ha sido dedicada a discutir los problemas de la Clasificación, Terminología y Nomenclatura estratigráfica en la Argentina. Sucintamente se analizan las dificultades que los estratígrafos argentinos actuales encuentran en estos aspectos por la falta de claridad que ha regido la distinción de las unidades y los nombres aplicados a las rocas, a las faunas y al tiempo. Como en los EE. UU. se han vivido situaciones semejantes, se analizan las proposiciones de su Código Estratigráfico, y su aplicabilidad a la Estratigrafía de Argentina. Especialmente se analizan las exigencias formales de la clasificación cronoestratigráfica y geocronológica, y la practicabilidad de sus equivalencias. Dado que en la distinción de las unidades cronoestratigráficas y geocronológicas no se han seguido en la mayoría de los casos las proposiciones del Congreso Geológico Internacional de Copenhague, de 1961, ni las del mencionado Código norteamericano, los autores eluden premeditadamente el uso de la clasificación cronoestratigráfica y sólo aplican la clasificación geocronológica. Pero al reconocer las Edades del Cenozoico mamalífero de Argentina lo hacen con el significado que le diera en los EE.UU. Savage, es decir, Edades-mamífero (“Land-Mammals Ages”), señalando que su correspondencia con las Edades reconocidas según las exigencias formales vigentes y su equivalencia con los Pisos respectivos serán determinadas por el avance de los estudios, y por el sometimiento más riguroso a los cánones estratigráficos. La segunda parte del trabajo se dedica al análisis de los criterios que se han seguido para reconocer las Edades-mamífero, y se analizan las bases de sus correlaciones continentales y extracontinentales, y por ellas se- las asigna a las Épocas universalmente reconocidas. Las conclusiones se sintetizan en dos cuadros: uno de todas las Edades-mamífero de Argentina y su correlación con las Edades de América del Norte y Europa, y otro de las Edades del Cenozoico mamalífero representadas en la provincia de Buenos Aires, indicando la asignación a ellas de las unidades litoestratigráficas fundamentales reconocidas hasta el momento. Finalmente se incluye una lista sistemática de los taxa de mamíferos de cada Edad, y se señalan para cada una de ellas los “fósiles guías” y los “fósiles característicos”, indicando además aquellos taxa que aparecen y desaparecen en cada una. The first part of the paper deals with the stratigraphical classification, terminology and nomenclature of units specially those mammal-bearing of Argentina. Difficulty is emphasized in applying stratigraphical codes in connexion with the stages and ages. Savage criteria is here adopted re- cognizing only Land-Mammal Ages. The second part analizes the criteria used for recognizing the Argentine Land-Mammals Ages specially those of the Province of Buenos Aires. An attempt is made to correlate them with those of Europe and North America. Finally a sistematic list ending with the genus with indication of “guide fossils” and “characteristic fossils”, etc., of each Land-Mammal Ages of the Province of Buenos Aires is displayed.

EEG findings in schizophrenia have been discussed by a number of workers. Various types of abnormalities have been described, including major paroxysmal discharges in a small proportion of cases. The authors have investigated the significance of photic activation procedure, the correlation between EEG and psychopharmacological treatment and the longitudinal study of each case in schizophrenic patients. From these studies, attention was focused on the correlation between photically activated theta waves and hallucination. Then we are interested in the correlation between activated theta waves and the existence, frequency, intensity (or content) of hallucination and patient's attitude to it. For this purpose, a number of patients with hallucination are needed as the subjects. This paper attempts to provide some data on these problems obtained in schizophrenic patients with hallucination.

In this paper, I extend into the domain of plant life the consideration of intersection begun by Haas within the framework of body-part terms. Under discussion here are the diachronic complexities manifested by some northern Hokan morphemes occurring in terms for plants, trees, and bushes. These morphemes, all having a general interpretation 'of the plant world', make up two separate phonological subsets whose members are cognate. The fact that there are extra-Hokan similars for each subset leads to consideration of the possible extra-Hokan connections.

Introduction___________________________ Acknowledgments. ___________________ Previous palynological work in the area_____ Methods._______________________________ Processing samples and preparing slides. Quantitative and qualitative counts. _ _. Fossil palynomorph localities ______________ Stratigraphy___________________________ Midway-Sabine Stage boundary _______ Sabine-Claiborne Stage boundary. _____ Page

The papers by Bowden, Young & Rowe and by Shooter show that the mechanism of friction of non-metals is similar to that of metals; strong adhesion occurs at the points of real contact and these regions must be sheared for sliding to take place. The reality of this strong adhesion is difficult to demonstrate directly, since, in general, the ‘junctions’ are broken by released elastic stresses as the load is removed. With a soft metal, such as indium, however, strong normal adhesive forces are readily observed (McFarlane & Tabor 1948; Parker & Hatch 1950). It is interesting to compare the frictional behaviour of non-metals with adhesion experiments using indium as one of the surfaces (Moore & Tabor 1952). With grease-free diamond surfaces the coefficient of adhesion σ (i. e. the adhesive force divided by the normal load) is about unity and is similar to that observed on metals. The junctions break at a short distance from the diamond interface, indicating that the adhesive bond is stronger than the bulk strength of indium. This is consistent with the suggestion that the adhesive forces at the diamond surface may be responsible for the frictional properties of diamond.

SynopsisThe results of an investigation into all the valuation elements of a homogeneous group of superannuation funds relating to 75 administering Authorities and involving nearly 200 separate Local Authorities operating in Southern England are presented.The principal conclusions arrived at are:—Transferability:The element of withdrawal has been investigated in particular detail in view of the possible compulsory introduction of complete preservation of transfer rights.The true cost of introducing complete transferability (as opposed to the apparently trivial cost on any traditional valuation basis) is about 10% of the present annual outlay on superannuation, provided that transfer values are properly related to reserves.The reduction in the employee's contributions from 5% or 6% to 3% as proposed in the Labour Party's “National Superannuation” would be much more costly, the total additional burden on Local Authorities amounting to about 1½d. in the pound of rateable value.The present scale of statutory transfer values laid down by the Government Actuary is suitable in the case of bulk transfers or of transfers, at all ages, within the Local Authority field. Owing, however, to the preponderance of withdrawals at the young ages the present scale of transfer values would be unsuitable if complete transferability were introduced. It would be necessary (a) to recast the present scale of transfer values at the younger ages, or (b) to adopt the “cold storage” system, or (c) to limit the payment of transfer values in the case of transfers to employment other than Local Government employment to employees who transfer after an age not earlier than 35.Even so, Local Authorities, were they allowed to do so, could quite readily administer their own schemes side by side with a national scheme.Mortality:So far as mortality is concerned, (i) it does not appear that service mortality can be represented by any standard assured table, (ii) the mortality of age pensioners may in the particular examples be suitably represented by a select annuitants' table, (iii) the mortality of ill-health retirements may be taken as such that, as at the date of retirement, ill-health annuity values may be regarded as constant up to some given age x + n where x is normal retirement age and n is number of years by which impaired lives require to be rated up.Subject to a small ad hoc reserve, ill-health retirements may as a matter of fact be ignored in Local Authority valuations.Retirement Ages:The usual assumption that optional age retirement takes place at the earliest date at which the option is exercisable is too far removed from reality and there are grounds for suggesting that a valuation assuming all retirements to take place at one age, viz., the normal retirement age, would be preferable.Salary Scales:A warning is given as to the, usually unacknowledged, fallacies inherent in a salary scale derived from a mere consideration of average salaries at each age at a given point of time and examples are given as to the difficulty, if not the impossibility, failing the possession of powers to invest in equity shares, of providing in advance by means of a specially constructed salary scale for even a moderate annual increase in salary and wage levels.The paper closes with a description of the investment structure of 27 administering Authorities at 31st March 1955 and a discussion of some of the problems peculiar to Local Government funds—the effects of the introduction of the Local Government Superannuation Act, 1953, the various methods of modifying retirement allowances and grants, the determination of the degree of approval for income-tax purposes, the “Article 7” liability (new entrants) and apportionments of charges amongst different Authorities and amongst different departments of the one Authority.

To the Editor: —The theory, so ably supported by Metchnikoff, which ascribes to the leukocytes the function of picking up and destroying bacteria which find their way into the blood or tissues (phagocytosis) is now generally accepted as having been demonstrated by observation and experimental evidence. I have no desire to detract from the credit due to Metchnikoff in connection with this theory, but in justice to myself desire to call attention to the fact that this theory was suggested by me several years before the publication of Metchnikoff's first paper on the subject. In support of this statement, I quote from my book entitled "Bacteria," published in 1884 (William Wood & Co., New York), pp. 250 and 251: "If we add a small quantity of culture-fluid containing the bacteria of putrefaction to the blood of an animal, withdrawn from the circulation into a proper receptacle, and maintained in a

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