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This paper employs a simple, static, partial-equilibrium approach in order to describe the likely effects of mixed monopolistic, monopsonistic, and competitive elements at different levels of a vertical market network: and it then develops some of the implications for rice policy in Thailand of such a disaggregated view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, are a group of countries that have boundaries with each other and lie between India and China. In all but Vietnam, Theravada Buddhism is the predominant religion. Apart from these resemblances, the pattern of cultures and of political trends is variegated and complex. Thailand, however, is relatively homogeneous in culture and tranquil in politics. Yet in spite of its notorious charm, it has not attracted many field investigators. The major exception to this is the work of the Cornell University Thailand Project, and especially its study from 1948 to 1958 of the village of Bang Chan near Bangkok. From the improvised fieldwork in a north-east province the impression one gets is that some factors that divide and cause conflict within other societies are absent or at least well concealed in Thailand. The Thai intelligence is pragmatic rather than theoretical and hitherto sociology has had no very great appeal in Thailand. Of countries in the list, the one most fitted by temperament and intellectual tradition to produce its own sociologists is probably Vietnam. Unfortunately the widespread political disturbance is an adverse factor.

Among the numerous and varied problems that beset the developing nations of the world, perhaps none is receiving more attention than that of population. Very little or no really significant betterment accrues to the country because a large share of the resources for development must be devoted simultaneously to maintaining the ever-increasing population, thus leaving almost nothing or only minimal amounts for improvement of the level of living. To meet this situation enormous amounts of time, energy, skill, resources, and money have gone into the advocacy of family planning as one means to help reduce the size of the population. This article is devoted to one particular aspect of this program in Thailand. The analysis of female sterilization reported in this paper is made from data collected from a selected sample of women in Thailand in a project carried out in the fall of 1962. The main purpose of the research was to secure information pertinent in assessing the attitude of the Thais as regards the necessity for family planning.

This paper will attempt to trace the forms which financial transfers out of agriculture took in Thailand in one recent year. Financial transfers are predominantly savings out of income. They are not necessarily the only, or even the most important, form in which resources can he transferred; but for open, export-oriented developing economies, intersectoral savings are particularly difficult to measure and trace. As a prelude to any meaningful analysis of the function of intersectoral transfers in development planning, it appears useful to devise a technique, however rudimentary, of checking the sector saving data derived from national accounts against an estimate of the assets into which such savings are converted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the author's response to the paper "Income, Productivity and Factor Allocation in Thailand: A Comment," by Paul B. Trescott that was published in vol. 35 of the Journal "Economica." Comparison between agricultural and industrial productivity in Thailand; Influence of labor force on productivity; Differences between urban and rural cost-of-living; Welfare effects of labor movements in sectors.

The Thai bureaucracy, viewed as a subsystem of Thailand's self-contained political system, variously manifests cultural uniqueness. Insulated from external pressures as a result of the absorption of major societal interests within the government, the bureaucracy's orientation and preoccupations are conspicuously introverted. Political influence, personalities, and prerogative provide the immediate frames of reference of administrative officialdom. Career strategies, working doctrines, and standards of conduct in the civil service are flexibly calibrated to the particularistic norms of ranking superiors. Authority relationships, structured mainly by impermanent personal clique groupings, are tenuous and unstable. But efforts to institutionalize formal sanctions and channels of accountability founder on a cultural predilection for informal and covert control devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding upon 'formal-informal' distinctions, four modes of bureaucratic communications are defined. Communications within differing bureaucracies are compared using the four modes. The setting associated with each mode and its effectiveness in accomplishing various tasks are explored. Illustrations and descriptions of the four modes are given from cases of Thai local administrative behavior. A cultural explanation is sought for the choice of each mode. In the Thai situation the status of the officials determines the preferred mode of communication whereas the particular task determines the effectiveness of the communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses family planning in Thai culture. The effect of male-child preference on family planning, or the desire for more children is examined. The authors found that most families in Thailand show no preference for child gender, however ethnic Chinese in urban areas demonstrate a strong preference for sons. Thai family structure and reproductive behavior are examined in the broad context of sociological and demographic features of Thailand. Marriage and reproductive data are presented.

The article takes a brief look at Thai education within the national context to examine some of the problems in primary education and to observe what is being done and what can further be done to improve the situation. The rate of expansion in the Thai education system has been considerable, as data on primary school enrolments between 1950 and 1971 indicate. The education system has increasingly been seen as a means of bringing about social and economic development. The author describes the system as wasteful and irrelevant to most of those who live in the rural areas, using up vital resources and not leading to greater economic or agrarian development. Many of these problems are recognized, but reforms set in motion do not go far enough but merely help to perpetuate the existing system.

It is argued that mutually inconsistent religious beliefs do not necessarily product cognitive conflict in their adherents. Examples gathered from research undertaken in Thailand are presented showing that there are various ways people use to cope with a logical contradiction between one master religious principle to which they subscribe and certain other specific beliefs and practices to which they also subscribe. It is suggested that for Thai Buddhists, and perhaps for most people everywhere, the test of the compatibility of religious beliefs and practices is not whether they are logically consistent but whether they are felt to cohere, that is, whether they are felt to be true. Several hypotheses are developed to account for how people manage to acquire and sustain the conviction that the various elements of their religion are true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on special tabulations of 1960 census data on migration within Thailand, this analysis attempts to assess the role of migration in the urbanization process and the relation between migration and fertility. The importance of migration to urban growth is evidenced by the clearcut positive relationship between the percentage of persons classified as either lifetime or 5-year migrants and the urban character of their 1960 place of residence. Yet, the evidence also points to an increasing proportion of urban growth in recent decades attributable to natural increase. The specific relation between fertility and migration varies depending on the measure of migration used: Compared to nonmigrants in their place of destination, the fertility levels of lifetime migrants are not very different; but those of 5-year migrants are considerably lower. Regardless of migration status, however, fertility level is markedly lower for those living in urban places compared to those in rural places. This suggests the important role of both migration and urbanization in affecting fertility levels in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing both census and population register data for the period 1947-1967, this analysis assesses changing levels and rates of urbanization in Thailand, compares regional variations in urbanization patterns, and relates such differences to selected indicators of economic and demographic development. Although the overall level of urbanization remains low, the rate of urbanization is high and the increase in the number of moderate sized urban places significant. Greater Bangkok, accounting for over half of Thailand's urban population and almost two-thirds of all urban growth, has increased its primacy in Thailand's urban structure. But urban development has also begun to permeate all regions of the country and to be an important factor in the complex process of national social and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A report is presented on child day care in three countries. In Thailand, a country with limited resources, urban and rural children may benefit from such a service. Swedish day nurseries and analogous facilities on Israeli kibbutzim provide conditions favoring physical, emotional and intellectual development. The relevance of these observations to the United States is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both in the developed and the developing world the role of religion in affecting fertility levels and changing rates of population growth is a major concern. The article focuses on religious differentials in fertility in Thailand. In 1960 the Thai census enumerated 26.3 million persons. The 1969 population was estimated to be about 35.0 million. Thailand is quite homogeneous with respect to religious composition. According to the 1960 Census, 93.6% of the population are Buddhist, 3.9% are Moslem, most of whom are concentrated in the four southern provinces adjoining Malaysia, and 1.7% are Confucian, a majority of whom live in Bangkok. Together, the remaining minority groups of Christians, Hindus and others constitute less than 1% of the population. Despite its small proportion of non-Buddhists, the Thai government, as part of its growing concern with the overall rate of population growth, has been increasingly interested in the extent of fertility differentials among religious minority groups within Thailand and their need for and receptiveness to family planning. Yet, only limited data have been available to date on religious differentials in fertility in Thailand.

The article presents information on books related to social anthropology. According to the author there are three books which are essentially about United States, Thailand, and Great Britain, rather than just about Jews, Chinese, and coloured people in these countries respectively. In fact, they come close to deserving this high praise, because the authors are clearly aware of the wider implications of the minority groups they have set out to study. Researcher Marshall Sklare brings the more extensive setting right into the title of the book he edits: "The Jews: Social Patterns of an American Group." The American scene, although not explicitly sketched in, is implicit in many of the contributions which compose the book. Author G. William Skinner in "Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History," fits his sinological scholarship into a framework of considerable Thai learning. Few works on South-East Asia have shown so firm a grasp of total social systems. Researcher Sydney Collins, while confining himself to what his title says his book is about-Coloured Minorities in Britain, Studies in British Race Relations Based on African, West Indian and Asiatic Immigrants--is at pains to discuss how his minorities articulate with those parts of British society with which they make immediate contact.

Urbanization and bureaucratization are usually connected with a high rate of social mobility in western industrialized societies. In Thailand, however, mobility has declined between at least certain strata of Thai society following the consolidation of a bureaucratic elite in the expanding urban centre of Bangkok. The growing size, the monopolization of certain status symbols, the development of a distinct subculture, and the concentration of economic and political power are indications that the bureaucratic elite is developing into a social class. It is therefore concluded that urbanization and bureaucratization in formerly loosely structured societies may lead to the formation of a class system and to a temporary decline of social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on inferences from a sample of 910 village families, it is asserted that the nuclear family is both (1) the ideal form and also (2) the statistical normative form. To a limited extent, (about one-third of all cases) extended families were found. The sample data were obtained in 35 villages in six widely separated provinces of Thailand. The foregoing findings regarding Thai family forms were largely identical with the results reported by Janlekha in his study in a single village-Bang Chan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the development of the legal system in Thailand and its role in the country's political affairs. It looks at evolution of the country's law from the traditional legal system into an amalgamation of indigenous and foreign laws, influenced by the western countries. Despite the greater Western influence on Thai laws, the author believes that the evolutionary process of the law should remain an indigenous process to promote changes with broad support from the Thai people.

Explains the economic and social forces underlying the economic transformation of Southeast Asian countries from agrarian societies to commercial ones. Types of labor activity in an agrarian economy; Establishment of a pluristic society in Burma based on a racial division of labor; Percentage of crop given by a farmer to his landlord in the Philippines; Increase in rice specialization for the Thai farmer.

Analyzes the concept of political corruption as applied to the case of Thailand. Alternative conceptual approaches to the study of corruption as a universal reality; Factors that contributed to the existence of corruption in the country.

Recent work carried out at the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, and at the Postgraduate Medical School of London has shown that isoniazid-sensitive cultures of tubercle bacilli obtained before the start of chemotherapy from South Indian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are of lower average virulence than corresponding cultures from British patients. The present paper from the Centre extends these studies to areas outside India by comparing isoniazid-sensitive cultures from 81 Thai patients and 67 British patients for their guinea-pig virulence. As assessed by the amount of disease visible at post-mortem examination six weeks after intramuscular injection of the cultures, by the mortality of the guinea-pigs and by the results of spleen culture, the Thai cultures were less virulent than the British cultures. However, a retrospective comparison with the earlier studies suggests that the Thai cultures were intermediate in their virulence between British and Indian cultures. These findings contribute to the over-all study of the geographical distribution of attenuated tubercle bacilli.