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This article presents a study of the amounts and kinds of foreign news carried in outstanding U.S. and South American dailies and a comparative analysis of the press treatment of foreign news. Most people in the U.S. and the other American nations learn about world events through the mass media rather than by direct contact, hence the foreign news coverage of the major newspapers can have a great influence on international relations. It was found that in total amount of foreign news covering seven world areas, the South American papers published about double the daily volume published by the U.S. newspapers. The New York Times published almost twice as much foreign news from the same areas as the South American press. A large part of the daily foreign news report in the average South American paper was devoted to news about and from the U.S. The average U.S. newspaper, on the other hand, was found to devote only about one-twentieth of the amount of space to news of South America that the South American paper devotes to the U.S.

In this third paper dealing with the algae of Brazil, four Chlorophycophyta and six Chrysophycophyta are described. These organism were found in the so called "Sete Lagoas" Lake-District, State of Minas Gerais. They are: Granulochloris maxima nov. sp., Pseudoquadrigula lagoensis nov. gen., nov. sp., Oedogonium spirostriatum, Pseudochaete crassisetum (Chlorophvceae), Phalansterium digitatum (Chrysophyceae), Tetraedriella polychloris, T. acuta, Goniochloris gigas, Peroniella minuta y Pseudostaurastrum enorme (Xanthophyceae). Except Oedogonium, all these genera are mentioned for the first time for Brazil and also for South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies by Adelman and by Friedlander and Silver, which have investigated whether regression equations derived from cross-section data can be used to predict the impact of socioeconomic development on changing levels of fertility, are reviewed critically. Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error. The results suggest caution in the use of cross-section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the light reaching the ground vegetation in the high forest phase and its relation on the differences in forest structure of two selected sites, where one is on the slopes of Mount Andes and the other is at the extreme western edge of the Amazon basin. The authors state that their observations and analysis have enabled them to associated some of the differences between the two forests with differences in light climate. They mention that the interactions between light and other factors, specially root competition, may be very important. They believe that future studies on light as an ecological factor in tropical forests will most productively be aimed to the reaction of individual species to light at various stages of growth.

Focuses on several issues which may have affected the economic development of South America in the post-war period. Impact of the political and economic relations between South America and North America on the southern economic development; South America's recovery of the foreign cotton market.

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the effects that the acreage aspects of the cotton programs have had upon movements of farm labor in the majority of the chief cotton-growing states of the South. A study along these lines is justified and needed on several counts. First, migration is an important avenue of labor-force adjustment in agriculture, perhaps more so than in most industries since occupation and place of residence are so closely related. Second, cotton acreage controls have constituted an 4 In addition to those already cited, see Walter Wilcox, "The Farm Policy Dilemma," Journal of Farm Economics, August 1958, pp. 563-571; and E. L. Baum and Earl O. Heady, "Some Effects of Selected Policy Programs on Agricultural Labor Mobility in the South," Southern Economic Journal, January 1959, pp. 327-337. important part of the federal farm programs since 1933 and are likely to continue to be important. Finally, cotton is one of the most labor intensive of all crops. The effects of these programs with respect to labor-force adjustment through migration need to be more clearly understood.[5]
The paper may be concluded rather briefly with the observation that the results of this analysis have not been consistent with the usual claim that the farm programs over the last three decades or so have tended to hamper movements of labor from farming. They have on the contrary tended to bear out the hypothesis that the net effect of the acreage aspects of the programs has been to speed up movement from farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on commercial uses of communications satellites for transoceanic communications. It states that educational television has been responsible for much of the interest concerning the potential benefits of communications satellites. It mentions that the use of conventional submarine cables to transmit television transmissions is prohibitively expensive. It considers the cost of taping television programs for rebroadcast compared to the expense of using communications satellites to broadcast television programs. It comments on differences in cost for a low-altitude and a synchronous satellite system.

The article discusses the European situation in education. This is a paper prepared for a gathering of philosophy teachers at Harvard University honoring Professor Maurice de Wulf of the University of Louvain. It presents a hopeful view of the crisis happening that it may have a positive outcome on education just like the international conflicts which South America has gone through.

The article discusses the occurrence of Salix humboldtiana in temperate South America at or near the latitude of Buenos Aires. It is cited that Lucien Hauman refers to the occurrence of the genus as a riparian shrub in the Monte, where the vegetation is xerophilous. It is mentioned that the occurence of this willow is as far south as the lower reaches of the River Chubut. It is said that the river is approximately 44 degrees of south latitude, 9 degrees farther south than Cape Agulhas in South Africa.

The article provides an overview of the study "Versuch einer Uebersicht der siphonogamen Polsterpflanzen," by H. Hauri and C. Schröter published in the 1914 issue of "Engler's Botanische Jahrbuch." In this article, a list of the known phanerogamic cushion plants and their general characteristics are presented. An analysis of the plants' geographical distribution revealed that half of the species grow in South America and New Zealand. In Europe and Asia, these plants are confined to the mountains.

The relation between career mobility and reproductive behavior is examined for five cities of developing Latin American nations Bogota, Columbia; San Jose, Costa Rica; Mexico City, Mexico; Panama City, Panama; and Caracas, Venezuela. The data are obtained from fertility surveys conducted between September, 1963, and August, 1964, in the above-named cities under the auspices of the Centro Latinoamericano de Demografla (CEIJADE), and the analysis is based on information from 600-800 women per city who have been married only once and married ten years or more. Career mobility is defined as an occupational change of the husband between the date of marriage and 1963-1964, based on the Hall-Jones occupational scale. Reproductive behavior is operationalized as the number of live births. The conclusion of the multiple classification analysis is that the process of career mobility in four out of five Latin American samples is not a significant factor in explaining differential reproductive behavior. These results are compatible with a variety of North American studies which stress that variation heretofore ascribed to the process of mobility is an additive composite of past and present status effects. These findings are discussed; a theoretical and methodological critique of mobility-fertility research is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study by historical comparison of the fertility trends related to mortality levels is made between Latin America and Europe. The purpose of such study is to show why Latin America did not repeat the European mortality-fertility pattern during 1930-1960. Differences between the two areas are established, and an explanation is given about the particular Latin America mortality-fertility model. The effects of such a Latin America trend are pointed out, principally in relation to population growth, city growth and labor force. Hypothetical Latin American populations are calculated under the assumption that the area has repeated the European pattern. A comparison between these hypothetical populations with the actual ones shows how different the situation of the area has actually been. Nevertheless, an analysis of the necessary fertility changes in order to reproduce the European model shows that it was impossible for Latin America to repeat the European mortality-fertility experience during 1930-1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research which describes the studies of elemental input by pollen rain in a temperate forest, and nutrient retention by litter fungi from North, Central and South America. It notes that the study of nutrient retention and leakage from land is of prime importance to understanding the acceleration of eutrophication of lakes and its relation to land use.It mentions that the study points to the need for detailed work on the role of litter and litter organisms in nutrient cycling, and particularly in respect to the changes produced by various land uses. It concludes that the key to maintaining high water quality from land under management lies in understanding the nutrient retention mechanisms of soil and litter and the cycling pathways on land.

The article reports on the production of American gold and silver in the early sixteenth century. The estimates of gold and silver production before the nineteenth century in England were relatively low. Mexico had the greatest production of gold and silver in the American continent. The production of gold and silver in Peru is accounted through three divisions. The richest in the golden booty sought by the Spanish conquerors was the region called by them the Realm of New Granada, today the republic of Colombia. The production of gold on the islands and coasts of the Caribbean is discussed. There is review on all the regions of the New World from which gold and silver were obtained in the sixteenth century. The royal money from the Indies passed through the Casa de Contratacion in Seville.

The article discusses issues related to trade relations between the U.S. and South America. This may seem strange after all we have read and heard about the South American market in the last two years; but it is, nevertheless, true. As the article attempts no explanation of the point, except to state that the bulk of agricultural exports goes to Europe, some further discussion on the subject may be useful. South America is, commercially speaking, a battle-ground between the U.S. and Europe, with the latter holding the position of advantage. Until the U.S. offers rarer opportunities for new or increased business than now, our manufacturers will spend little time in getting up special styles of goods for the markets of Buenos Ayres or Baranquilla.

This article presents information regarding the rural standards of living in the South America. Throughout the South, and in most other parts of the country, there is more illiteracy in the rural districts than in the cities, partly because of the greater distances between schools, and partly for other reasons which it would take too long to discuss here. The percentage of whites is usually somewhat greater among the farmers than in the aggregate population, for there is of course more of a tendency among the Afro-Americans to be farm laborers rather than farm. But there is a significant exception in regions where the Afro-Americans greatly outnumber the whites, as will be seen more plainly presently when people take up the several natural regions. In such areas the white population tends to concentrate in the cities and towns and engage in trading, manufacturing, etc., leaving large areas of farm land inhabited entirely by Afro-Americans. The value of farm land per acre seems to depend more on density of population and intensity of farming than on intrinsic fertility, at least in the South.

The article discusses the ecological and floristic convergence of some plant formations in South America. The author considers certain traits of flora, vegetation and climate as a first approximation to compare corresponding ecosystems. The comparative analysis may be viewed at three different approaches. The first is the assessment of the degree of environmental similarity under which similar types occur. The second concerns the structural and functional convergence of vegetation. The third approach focuses on a morpho-ecological characterization of each of the communities through their main plant components.

Discusses the regulation of the petroleum industry in South America. Effect of a disordered price situation and a substantial increase in imports; Laws concerning the importation, transport and distribution of petroleum products; Promotion of direct competition through government organizations.

Discusses how the ABC countries of temperate South America have been forced to attain a greater measure of self-sufficiency by the nationalistic policies of industrial nations. Factors contributing to industrial expansion; Limitation of the countries' capacity to purchase abroad; Continued production of many articles which previously were imported.

This article studies the railway materials trade in the countries of Asia and South America. The Chinese railways have accordingly, under the necessary limitations of time and space, been chosen for investigation, together with the railways of Brazil, Argentina and Chile, which make up almost nine-tenths of the South American railway mileage. When the manufacturers of an investing nationality are able to supply needed material of good quality at low prices, the national prejudice may doubtless have an appreciable influence. Governments have at times attempted, with doubtful success, to give their manufacturers a preference. But current discussion refers to that great majority of investments which are shaped by the parties at interest free from government interference. The building of railways by a foreign corporation in Argentina or Brazil-it is apparently assumed that the administrators of such an enterprise will be led by motives of patriotism to prefer the products of their own countrymen. This is highly improbable. Many billions of goods are exchanged between nations because men have no marked preference for the goods of their competitors. Moreover, any chiefs of South American railways who might by some eccentricity be inclined to this sort of patriotism would in most instances find it impossible to gratify such sentiment.

In the past twenty years and more, attention has been frequently called to the small share of the people of the U.S. in the trade of the countries of their sister continent to the south of, and many writers and statesmen have urged their manufacturers and merchants to push into this territory. Moreover, the digging of the Panama Canal has directed to the South American neighbors, and has called attention to the trade possibilities of that part of the earth at a peculiarly opportune time. Again, the revival of the Pan-American conferences in 1906 and 1910 has done a good deal in the same direction. These conferences cannot be said to produce very tangible or direct results. Indeed, they are mostly pour parlors into which some people seem to think it impolite to inject discussion of such base matters as trade. They have done good in making the representatives of the various countries better acquainted. The purpose of the present article is to discuss some of the causes of the previously existing condition, together with some of the suggestions made to change and improve them.

In this article the author examines the challenges encountered by accountants in several countries in establishing principles for making adjustments on price changes. For certain reasons many accountants argue that adjustments should be made to the financial statements in order to take account of the change in prices during a particular period. In the Netherlands adjustments for changes in the replacement cost of assets are recognized by the accounting profession despite the fact that their use is not permitted for taxation purposes. In South American countries the practice of adjusting their corporate financial statements for general price-level changes is becoming accepted as essential.

Gourd from three localities in New guinea are more similar to those of America and Africa (Lagenaria siceraria subsp. siceraria) than to gourds of Asia and the Pacific region (Lagenaria siceraria subsp. asiatica). Such gourds could have arrived in New Guinea by ocean currents from America or Africa, or they could have been introduced by man. Gourd are used as penis sheaths in New Guinea, South America, and Africa. If contacts between New Guinea and South America and Africa occurred in the pre-Columbian period, the gourds, along with their use as penis sheaths, may have been introduced from America or Africa to New Guinea, but no decision can be reached as to how and when these gourds arrived in New Guinea and their use as a phallocrypt was acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the social and economic conditions of Indian pastoralists of the Guajira Peninsula in South America. Adaptation of the European economic systems and technology; Effort to maintain the linguistic and cultural identity; Value system and social structure of the Indian society.

Discusses the surface configuration of Southeastern Brazil. General concept of southeastern Brazil as a plateau; Coastal lowlands; Deltas; Flood plain basins; Crystalline plateaus; Diabase areas.

Reports on the interplay of influences in man's adjustments to the environment in South America. Incas' adjustment to the Andine environment; Man and environment at Chuquicamata in the desert of Atacama in northern Chile; Agricultural industries in Argentina and Brazil.

The article discusses U.S. manufacturing industries. It describes the migration of industry, including the movement of industrial investment, from North America to Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. It analyzes economic aspects of this migration that are more or less applicable to all such geographical shiftings. North American capital has sought employment in all parts of Latin America at different times. Mercantile and mining investments go back to an early period. The Panama Railroad antedated the American Civil War(1861-1865) and one or two cotton spinning mills were operated in Mexico by Americans before the middle of the last century. Copper in Peru, tin in Bolivia, oil all the way from Mexico to Venezuela, and plantation products like sugar and bananas have long attracted money and management from the United States. The migration of industry did not start until the present century and did not become important until after the World War I(1914-1918). It does not represent a transfer of industries from the United States to South America but rather an expansion of North American industries to the other continent under the wing of a parent company in the home land.

This paper is a report on the first (serological) phase of a study organized by WHO in collaboration with the WHO International Reference Centre for Respiratory Virus Diseases other than Influenza in Bethesda, Md., USA, to define the viral etiology of severe respiratory infections in children, particularly in tropical areas. Paired sera from 528 children up to 5 years old admitted to hospital with severe respiratory illness of probable viral etiology were collected in 10 countries and sent frozen to the International Reference Centre, where standard complement-fixation tests were made for the following agents: parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3, influenza virus types A and B, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Coxiella burneti and psittacosis-ornithosis.Some 41% of paired sera showed rising antibody titres for one or more of these agents, multiple infections being observed in 8%. In most of the countries the pattern of infection was similar. RS virus was the most important respiratory tract pathogen of early life, particularly in the first year of life and in cases of bronchiolitis and pneumonia; the parainfluenza viruses were next in importance, particularly in cases of croup, but, in contra-distinction to RS virus infections, they were commoner in older children. Influenza, adenoviruses, and M. pneumoniae were of moderate importance, and C. burneti and the psittacosis-ornithosis agents were relatively rare. This pattern is similar to that which has been observed in temperate climates.

The purpose of this paper is to bring together all the available information concerning the control of Simulium vectors of onchocerciasis in Africa and Central and South America.Some of the larger control schemes are described in detail. Insecticidal formulations, rates of dosage, and methods of application are given when available, and costs per square mile (or square kilometre) are quoted where possible as a guide to future operations.The efficacy of ground application (larviciding) as compared with aerial application (larviciding and adulticiding) is discussed and it is concluded that ground larviciding is likely to achieve the best results, at less cost, in onchocercal foci where the vectors usually breed in small, densely wooded streams.Data in connexion with fly densities, prior and subsequent to control schemes, are quoted when available.

The wide variety of clinical syndromes produced in man by infection with members of the genus Leishmania has caused a great deal of confusion for many years, and has proved a serious obstacle to the rational classification of the leishmaniases.The situation has been complicated still further by the morphological identity of many species of Leishmania and by the behavioural similarities in vitro and in laboratory animals of species and strains producing distinct clinical or epidemiological patterns in humans. There has been a general failure to use standardized, comparable, and reproducible techniques in experimental studies of the various species of Leishmania; in particular, with one or two notable exceptions, there has been failure to adopt quantitative methods when studying Leishmania and the leishmaniases.This paper therefore attempts to classify the leishmaniases from clinical and epidemiological standpoints, and illustrates the provisional classification adopted with special reference to the situation in the USSR.